Ministry Of Higher Education

Al-Salam Higher Institute For

Engineering And Technology
Mechanical Power Department

Centrifugal pump
By
Abdelaal mohamed khttap
Cairo 2014

Ministry Of Higher Education

Al-Salam Higher Institute For
Engineering And Technology
Mechanical power department

Centrifugal pump
By
Abdelaal mohamed khttap
Cairo 2014

II

Acknowledgements
All thanks are extended to all who helped me in gathering information to
make this report. Special thanks to the assistant stuff of technical report
course. Finally the student is very grateful for all stuff of mechanical power
department who provided him by useful courses which enhance his skills that
was one of the main reasons of his success.

III

Preface
Centrifugal pump is one of the most important pumps used in the modern
industries. This report discusses the structure, advantages and disadvantages
of centrifugal pumps, types of centrifugal pumps and the different
applications of centrifugal pumps.
The main body of the text contains the following subjects.

Chapter (1)
This chapter introduces the history of pumps and the developments of them
Chapter (2)
This chapter introduces the structure and the main components of centrifugal
pump. Small brief discussion about every main component in the centrifugal
pump.
Chapter (3)
This chapter introduces the advantages and disadvantages of different types
of centrifugal pumps and how to overcome these disadvantages.
Chapter (4)
This chapter discusses the different applications of the different types of
centrifugal pump.
Chapter (5)
This chapter introduces the conclusions that have been concluded from the
search about the centrifugal pump and its performance.

IV

Letter of Authorization
The Authorization Of This Work Is Made By A Student Of Al-Salam Higher
Institute For Engineering And Technology, Mechanical Power Department,
And He Spare No Effort To Produce This Work And His Name Is:
3:

Contents
Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... III
Preface .............................................................................................................................................. IV
Letter of Authorization ...................................................................................................................... V
List of Table ..................................................................................................................................... VIII
List of Figure.................................................................................................................................... VIII
Nomencalture ................................................................................................................................... IX
Abstract.............................................................................................................................................. X
Chapter 1:Introdution ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.1Historical Background: .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2Centrifugal Pump: ..................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 2:Centrifugal Pump Design .................................................................................................. 2
2.1 Introduction to the Chapter [3]: ................................................................................................ 2
2.2 Principle of the Centrifugal Pump:........................................................................................... 2
2.3 Hydraulic Components: ........................................................................................................... 2
2.3.1 Inlet flange and inlet:........................................................................................................ 3
2.3.2 Impeller [6]: ........................................................................................................................ 3
2.3.2 Coupling and Drive:........................................................................................................... 4
2.3.4 Impeller Seal: .................................................................................................................... 4
2.3.5 Cavities and axial bearing: ................................................................................................ 5
2.3.6 Volute casing, diffuser and outlet flange: ......................................................................... 6
2.3.7 Return channel and outer sleeve:..................................................................................... 6
Chapter 3: Advantages, Disadvantages and problems of Centrifugal pumps ................................... 8
3.1 Advantages: ............................................................................................................................. 8
3.2 Disadvantages: ......................................................................................................................... 8
3.3 The dangers of letting the pump dry[5]: ................................................................................... 8
3.4 Diagnosis of Pump Problems [2]: .............................................................................................. 8
3.4.1 Hydraulic Problems [2]: ...................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 4: Different Types and Applications of Centrifugal Pumps ................................................ 10
4.1 General and Sepecific Applications: ...................................................................................... 10
4.1.1Other Applications[11]: ...................................................................................................... 13
4.2 Different Types of centrifugal Pumps: ................................................................................... 13
VI

4.2.1 Standard end suction compact centrifugal pump 2 Pole [8]:........................................... 13

4.2.2 End Suction Centrifugal Pump 2 Pole [8]: ........................................................................ 13
4.2.3 In line Centrifugal Pump 2 Pole: ..................................................................................... 14
4.2.4 Stainless steel In line Centrifugal Pump 2 Pole [9]: .......................................................... 15
4.2.5 Magnetic Coupling Pump 2 Pole[9]: ................................................................................. 15
4.2.6 Self-priming centrifugal pump4 pole: ............................................................................. 16
4.2.7Self-priming centrifugal pump 2 pole: ............................................................................. 16
Chapter 5: Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 17
References ....................................................................................................................................... 18

VII

List of Table
Name
Table (2.1): Some impeller calculations

Page
4

List of Figure
Name
Fig. (1-1): Water pump in ancient Greece

Page
1

Fig (2-1): Centrifugal pump structure

Fig (2-2): Inlet for inline, end suction, double suction and submersible pump

Fig (2-3): Primary and Secondary flows in the cavities

Fig (2-4): Pressure forces which cause axial thrust

Fig (2-5): The components of the volute casing

Fig. (4-1): Pumps used in Petroleum Industry

11

Fig. (4-2): Pumps used in Pipe line

13

Fig. (4-3): End suction compact Centrifugal pump

14

Fig. (4-4): End suction Centrifugal Pump 2 Pole

14

Fig (4.5): In Line Centrifugal Pump 2 Pole

15

Fig. (4-6): Stainless Steel in Line Centrifugal Pump

16

Fig.(4-7): Magnetic Coupling Pump 2 Pole

16

VIII

Nomencalture
Symbol
dw
d1,opt
d2
fd1
fq
g
Hopt
kn
n
nq
QE
QLa
Qopt
Qsp

NPSH
Pmax

Quantity
Saft diameter
Optimum Impeller inlet diamter
Impeller outer diameter
Application of Impeller Type
Impeller eyes per Imperller
Acceleration of gravity
Optimum Head
Blokage caused by hub
Rotional speed
Specific speed
Flow rate axial thrust balancing device
Flow rate through Impeller
Optimum flow rate
Leakage flow rate through seal at impeller inlet
Approch Flow Angle
Impeller inlet angle
Coefficient
Volumetric effciency
Cofficient for NPSH calculation
Cofficient for NPSH calculation
Mathmatical Constant = 3.14
Shear strees
Optimum head coefficient
Angular Velocity
Net Positive Suction Head
Maximum power

IX

Unit
m
m
m
m/s2
m
rpm
rpm
m3/s
m3/s
m3/s
m3/s
Degree
Degree
N/m2
Rad/s
watt

Abstract
Centrifugal pumps are considered the most important type of pumps that used
in different applications of life so this report discuss briefly the structure and
design of different components of centrifugal pump and the function of every
component .The advantages and disadvantages of different types of
centrifugal pump and how to overcome these disadvantages and to improve
the performance .The different applications of centrifugal pumps in modern
industries and other applications .The conclusions that were deduced from the
process of search and doing experiments.

Chapter 1:Introdution

Introduction
1.1Historical Background:
The earliest pumps we know of are variously known, depending on which culture
recorded their description, as Persian wheels, waterwheels, or norias. These devices were
all undershot waterwheels containing buckets that filled with water when they were
submerged in a stream and that automatically emptied into a collecting trough as they
were carried to their highest point by the rotating wheel. Similar waterwheels have
continued in existence in parts of the Orient even into the twentieth century. Because
pumps have existed for so long and are so widely used, it is hardly surprising that they are
produced in a seemingly endless variety of sizes and types and are applied to an apparently
equally endless variety of services. Although this variety has contributed to an extensive
body of periodical literature, it has also tended to preclude the publication of
comprehensive works. [1]

1.2Centrifugal Pump:
A centrifugal pump is a rotating machine in which flow and pressure are generated
dynamically. The inlet is not walled off from the outlet as is the case with positive
displacement pumps, whether they are reciprocating or rotary in configuration. Rather, a
centrifugal pump delivers useful energy to the fluid or pumpage largely through velocity
changes that occur as this fluid flows through the impeller and the associated fixed
passageways of the pump; that is, it is a rotodynamic pump. All impeller pumps are
rotodynamic, including those with radial-flow, mixed-flow, and axial-flow impellers: the
term centrifugal pump tends to encompass all rotodynamic pumps. [1]

Fig.(1-1): Water pump in ancient Greece

1

Chapter 2:Centrifugal Pump Design

Centrifugal pump design

2.1 Introduction to the Chapter [3]:
In this chapter, we introduce the components in the centrifugal pump and a range of the
pump types. This chapter provides the reader with a basic understanding of the principles
of the centrifugal pump and pump terminology.
The centrifugal pump is the most used pump type in the world. The principle is simple,
well-described and thoroughly tested, and the pump is robust, effective and relatively
inexpensive to produce. There is a wide range of variations based on the principle of the
centrifugal pump and consisting of the same basic hydraulic parts.

2.2 Principle of the Centrifugal Pump:

An increase in the fluid pressure from the pump inlet to its outlet is created when the pump
is in operation. This pressure difference drives the fluid through the system or plant.
The centrifugal pump creates an increase in pressure by transferring mechanical energy
from the motor to the fluid through the rotating impeller. The fluid flows from the inlet to
the impeller centre and out along its blades. The centrifugal force hereby increases the
fluid velocity and consequently also the kinetic energy is transformed to pressure. [3]

2.3 Hydraulic Components:

The hydraulic components are the parts in contact with the fluid.

Fig (2-1): Centrifugal pump structure

2

2.3.1 Inlet flange and inlet:

The pump is connected to the piping system through its inlet and outlet flanges. The
design of the flanges depends on the pump application. Some pump types have no inlet
flange because the inlet is not mounted on a pipe but sub-merged directly in the fluid.

The inlet guides the fluid to the impeller eye. The design of the inlet depends on the pump
type. The four most common types of inlets are in line, end suction, double suction and
inlet for submersible pumps.
The design of the inlet aims at creating a uniform velocity profile into the impeller since
this leads to the best performance. [3]

Fig (2-2): Inlet for inline, end suction, double suction and submersible pump

2.3.2 Impeller [6]:

The blades of the rotating impeller transfer energy to the fluid there by increasing pressure
and velocity. The fluid is sucked into the impeller at the impeller eye and flows through
the impeller channels formed by the blades between the shroud and hub.
The design of the impeller depends on the requirements for pressure, flow and application.
The impeller is the primary component determining the pump performance. Pumps
variants are often created only by modifying the impeller. [3]

In a radial impeller, there is a significant difference between the inlet diameter and the
outlet diameter and also between the outlet diameter and the outlet width, which is the
channel height at the impeller exit. In this construction, the centrifugal forces result in high
pressure and low flow. Relatively low pressure and high flow are, on the contrary, found
3

in an axial impeller with a no change in radial direction and large outlet width. Semi axial
impellers are used when a trade-off between pressure rise and flow is required.
The impeller has a number of impeller blades. The number mainly depends on the desired
performance and noise constraints as well as the amount and size of solid particles in the
fluid. Impellers with 5-10 channels have proven to give the best efficiency and are used
for fluid without solid particles.[3]
2.3.2.1 Calculations of Impeller Design:
Table (2.1): Some Impeller Design Calculations [2]
n, Qopt, Hopt, 1
QLa = Qopt + Qsp + QE = Qopt/v

Given quantities
Flow rate through impeller
Shaft diameter

dw=

Impeller outlet diameter

d2=

=3.65

d1*

Impeller inlet diameter for minimum

relative velocity
=
Impeller inlet diameter for selected

d1=2.9

Impeller inlet diameter for selected

coefficients

d1,opt=

Where

2.3.2 Coupling and Drive:

The impeller is usually driven by an electric motor. The coupling between motor and
hydraulics is a weak point because it is difficult to seal a rotating shaft. In connection with
the coupling, distinction is made between two types of pumps: Dry-runner pumps and
canned rotor type pump. The advantage of the dry-runner pump compared to the canned
rotor type pump is the use of standardized motors. The disadvantage is the sealing between
the motor and impeller. [3]

2.3.4 Impeller Seal:

A leak flow will occur in the gap between the rotating impeller and stationary pump
housing when the pump is operating. The rate of leak flow depends mainly on the design
of the gap and the impeller pressure rise. The leak flow returns to the impeller eye through
4

the gap. Thus, the impeller has to pump both the leak flow and the fluid through the pump
from the inlet flange to the outlet flange. To minimize leak flow, an impeller seal is
mounted. [7]

2.3.5 Cavities and axial bearing:

The volume of the cavities depends on the design of the impeller and the pump housing,
and they affect the flow around the impeller and the pumps ability to handle sand and air
The impeller rotation creates two types of flows in the cavities: Primary flows and
secondary flows. Primary flows are vortices rotating with the impeller in the cavities
above and below the impeller; Secondary flows are substantially weaker than the primary
flows. [7]
Primary and secondary flows influence the pressure distribution on the outside of the
impeller hub and shroud affecting the axial thrust. The axial thrust is the sum of all forces
in the axial direction arising due to the pres-sure condition in the pump. The main force
contribution comes from the rise in pressure caused by the impeller. The impeller eye is
affected by the inlet pressure while the outer surfaces of the hub and shroud are affected
by the outlet pressure,. The end of the shaft is exposed to the atmospheric pressure while
the other end is affected by the system pres-sure. The pressure is increasing from the
center of the shaft and outwards.
The axial bearing absorbs the entire axial thrust and is therefore exposed to the forces
affecting the impeller. [7]

Fig (2-3): Primary and Secondary flows in the cavities

Fig (2-4): Pressure forces which cause axial thrust

2.3.6 Volute casing, diffuser and outlet flange:

The volute casing collects the fluid from the impeller and leads into the outlet flange. The
volute casing converts the dynamic pressure rise in the impeller to static pressure. The
velocity is gradually reduced when the cross-sectional area of the fluid flow is increased.
This transformation is called velocity diffusion. An example of diffusion is when the fluid
velocity in a pipe is reduced because of the transition from a small cross-sectional area to a
large cross-sectional area.
The volute casing is designed to convert dynamic pressure to static pressure is achieved
while the pressure losses are minimized. The highest efficiency is obtained by finding the
right balance between changes in velocity and wall friction. Focus is on the following
parameters when designing the volute casing: The volute diameter, the cross-section
geometry of the volute, design of the tongue, the throat area and the radial positioning as
well as length, width and curvature of the diffuser.
The volute casing consists of three main components: Ring diffuser, volute and outlet
diffuser. See Fig (2-5)
The primary ring diffuser function is to guide the fluid from the impeller to the volute.
The cross-section area in the ring diffuser is increased because of the increase in diameter
from the impeller to the volute. Blades can be placed in the ring diffuser to increase the
diffusion.
The primary task of the volute is to collect the fluid from the ring diffuser and lead it to the
diffuser. To have the same pressure along the volute, the cross-section area in the volute
must be increased along the periphery from the tongue towards the throat. The throat is the
place on the outside of the tongue where the smallest cross-section area in the outlet
diffuser is found. The flow conditions in the volute can only be optimal at the design
point. At other flows, radial forces occur on the impeller because of circumferential
pressure variation in the volute. Radial forces must, like the axial forces, be absorbed in
the bearing.
The outlet diffuser connects the throat with the out-let flange. The diffuser increases the
static pressure by a gradual increase of the cross-section area from the throat to the outlet
flange.

2.3.7 Return channel and outer sleeve:

To increase the pressure rise over the pump, more impellers can be connected in series.
The return channel leads the fluid from one impeller to the next. An impeller and a return
6

channel are either called a stage or a chamber. The chambers in a multistage pump are
altogether called the chamber stack.
Besides leading the fluid from one impeller to the next, the return channel has the same
basic function as volute casing: To convert dynamic pressure to static pressure. The return
channel reduces unwanted rotation in the fluid because such a rotation affects the
performance of the subsequent impeller. The rotation is controlled by guide vanes in the
return channel.
In multistage inline pumps the fluid is lead from the top of the chamber stack to the outlet
in the channel formed by the outer part of the chamber stack and the outer sleeve.
When designing a return channel, the same design considerations of impel-ler and volute
casing apply. Contrary to volute casing, a return channel does not create radial forces on
the impeller because it is axis-symmetric.

Fig. (2-5): The components of the volute casing

Chapter 3: Advantages, Disadvantages and problems of

Centrifugal pumps
3.1 Advantages:
Simple operation.
Low first cost and maintenance.
Insignificant excessive pressure builds up in casing.
Impeller and shaft are the only moving parts.
Quiet operations.
Wide range of pressure, flow and capacities.
Utilize small floor space in different positions. [4]

3.2 Disadvantages:
High viscous liquids are not handled well.
Centrifugal Pumps usually dont have the capabilities of handling high pressure
applications in comparison to other types of pumps, i.e., Regenerative turbines.
In general, Centrifugal pumps cannot deliver high pressure without changes in design
and are not suitable for high pressure delivery at low volumes except the multistage
pumps. [4]

3.3 The dangers of letting the pump dry[5]:

Pump gland & bearing damage due to overheating

Shaft misalignment
Seal ring damage
Wear ring damage

3.4 Diagnosis of Pump Problems [2]:

Pump operating problems may be either hydraulic or mechanical. In the first category, a
pump may fail to deliver liquid, it may deliver an insufficient capacity or develop
insufficient pressure, or it may lose its prime after starting. In the second category, it may
consume excessive power, or symptoms of mechanical difficulties may develop at the seal
chambers or at the bearings, or vibration, noise, or break-age of some pump parts may
occur. [2]

3.4.1 Hydraulic Problems [2]:

1. Pump does not deliver liquid

3. Pump loses prime after starting

2. Insufficient capacity delivered

4. Pump requires excessive power

8

5. Insufficient pressure developed

6. Pump vibrates or is noisy at all flows

7. Pump vibrates or is noisy at low flows

8. Pump vibrates or is noisy at high flows

9. Shaft oscillates axially

10. Impeller vanes are eroded on visible side

3.4.1.1 Possible Causes of Hydraulic Problems [2]:

1. Pump not primed
2. Pump suction pipe not completely filled with liquid
3. Insufficient available NPSH
4. Excessive amount of air or gas in liquid
5. Air pocket in suction line
6. Air leaks into suction line
7. Air leaks into pump through stuffing boxes or through mechanical seal
8. Water seal pipe plugged
9. Seal cage improperly mounted in stuffing box
10. Inlet of suction pipe insufficiently submerged.

3.4.2 General Mechanical Problems [2]:

1. Foreign matter in impellers
3. Foundation insufficiently rigid
5. Loose pump or motor bolts

2. Misalignment
4. Loose foundation bolts
6. Inadequate grouting of base plate

3.4.2.1 Mechanical Problems of Sealing Area [2]:

1. Shaft or shaft sleeves worn or scored at packing
2. Incorrect type of packing for operating conditions
3. Packing improperly installed
4. Gland too tight, prevents flow of liquid to lubricate packing
5. Excessive clearance at bottom of stuffing box allows packing to be forced into pump
interior
6. Dirt or grit in sealing liquid
3.4.2.2 Mechanical Problems of Bearings [2]:
1. Excessive radial thrust in single-volute pumps
2. Excessive axial thrust caused by excessive wear at internal clearances or, if used, failure
or excessive wear of balancing drive
3. Wrong grade of grease or oil
4. Excessive grease or oil in rolling element bearing housings
5. Lack of lubrication
6. Improper installation of rolling element bearings such as damage during installation,
incorrect assembly of stacked bearings, use of unmatched bearings as a pair, and so on
7. Dirt getting into bearings
8. Moisture contaminating lubricant
9. Excessive cooling of water-cooled bearings

Chapter 4: Different Types and Applications of

Centrifugal Pumps
4.1 General and Sepecific Applications:
1-Centrifugal pumps are the most common type of kinetic pump, and are used most often
in applications with moderate-to-high flow and low head. As the workhorse of the
chemical process industries (CPI), centrifugals are almost always more economical to
own, operate and maintain than other types of pumps.[11]
2-The Centrifugal Pump is one of the most widely used pumps in the wastewater treatment
industry. This type of pump can move high volumes of liquid in a relatively efficient
manner. This pump is very dependable, has relatively low maintenance requirements, and
can be constructed out of a wide variety of materials. It is considered to be one of the most
dependable pumps available for wastewater liquid transfer.
3-Within the petroleum industry pumps are necessary to process fluids especially
hydrocarbons. Another important application within the petroleum industry is in the mud
circuit on a drilling rig. On drilling rigs, mud which consists mainly of water and bentonite
as well as of several different additives depending on many different factors is used. The
heart of the mud circuit is the mud pump which is in general a high pressure piston pump.
It provides the major part of head to overcome the systems resistance. The mud is pumped
through a piping system to the derrick and through the standpipe to a certain high. Now
through the Kelly hose via the gooseneck into the upper Kelly cock. It flows through the
Kelly and the lower Kelly cock into the drill string down the borehole. At its end, the mud
leaves the drilling collars through the drilling bit. The mud pressure is increased by its
nozzles and released into the borehole (fig1). The mud cools the bit and collects the
cuttings to transport them up to the surface where the mud is cleaned. It leaves the
borehole and is forced through the BOP Stack and the chock manifold system. Now bigger
cuttings are removed in the shall shaker and the mud is collected in the settling pit. It is
now pumped though a degasser to remove any gasses collected from the borehole to avoid
explosions. After degassing, the sand is removed in a desander and the mud is processed to
the mud cleaner. It consists of several desilters. Here small cuttings even smaller than
74m, are removed. Desander and desilter are so called hydro cyclones of different sizes,
commonly charged by centrifugal pumps. At the end of the mud conditioning circuit, a
centrifuge is located to remove anything left. The mud is now stored in tanks and kept in
motion by nozzles or agitators. Finally the mud is sucked through the hopper to the mud
pump by another centrifugal pump. To sum up, centrifugal pumps can be found on several
locations within the mud circuit of a drilling rig like to charging degasser, desander, mud
cleaner as well as the mud pump. On rigs centrifugal pumps can also be found as fuel or
cooling water pumps for e.g. diesel engines.[11]

10

Fig. (4-1): Pumps used in Petroleum Industry

11

4-Other typical applications for centrifugal pumps are pipeline applications. Pipelines are
used for economical transport of hydrocarbons like oil and gas over long distances. At the
beginning of a pipeline system, in most cases huge storage tanks can be found to ensure a
continuous flow through the pipeline. The oil is forced through the pipe by a few powerful
centrifugal pumps in serial. On its long way, pumping stations are required to overcome
the resistance and heights. These pumping stations are distributed over the whole length of
the pipeline, but can be found especially before mountains. As an example, the 1280km
long TransAlaska pipeline has 11 pumping stations with 4 pumps each. Usually only 7
stations are in operation and provide the head to overcome height differences and the fluid
pipe friction. The other 4 pump stations are on standby and are activated if necessary to
ensure sufficient head at peak loads. The pipeline has a maximum capacity of around
330.000m per day. So it is obviously that pipelines are a perfect application of high
capacity pumps like centrifugal pumps. There are also several valves to control the flow or
to shut in the pipeline in case of an accident along it. On the map fig (4-2). It can be easily
seen that the pump stations are not distributed regularly over the pipelines length. At the
end of a pipeline, usually a distributing station like a major harbor or refineries can be
found. In case of the TransAlaska Pipeline, it is the harbor in Valdez to distribute the oil
from the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field to up to four tankers simultaneously.

Fig. (4-2): Pumps used in Pipe line

12

4.1.1Other Applications[11]:
1-Energy and Oil - refineries, power plants
2-Building Services - pressure boosting, heating installations, fire protection sprinkler
systems, drainage, air conditioning
3-Industry and Water engineering - boiler feed applications, water supply (municipal,
industrial), wastewater management, and irrigation, sprinkling, drainage and flood
protection
4-The Chemical and Process Industries - paints, chemicals, hydrocarbons,
pharmaceuticals, cellulose, petro-chemicals, sugar refining, food and beverage production

4.2 Different Types of centrifugal Pumps:

4.2.1 Standard end suction compact centrifugal pump 2 Pole [8]:
4.2.1.1 Applications:
1. Agriculture
3. Cooling water supply

2. Industry
4. Other general water supply

4.2.1.2 Features:
1. Compact and light weight
2. Easy maintenance and inspection due to back pull out construction
3. Long life mechanical seal is adopted for shaft sealing

Fig. (4-3): End suction compact Centrifugal pump

4.2.2 End Suction Centrifugal Pump 2 Pole [8]:

4.2.2.1 Applications:
1. Cold and hot water circulation
2. Cooling water for building and factory equipment's
13

3. Industry
4. Other general water supply
4.2.2.2 Features:
1. Compact and light weight
2. Easy maintenance and inspection due to back pull out construction
3. Long life mechanical seal is adopted for shaft sealing

Fig. (4-4): End suction Centrifugal Pump 2 Pole

4.2.3 In line Centrifugal Pump 2 Pole:

4.2.3.1 Applications:
1. Cold and hot water circulation
3. Setting for machinery equipment

2. Industry

4.2.3.2 Features:
1. Strong against deterioration of bearing and insulation due to TEFC motor
2. Long life and strong against leakage due to adoption of high quality mechanical seal
which can stand antifreeze
3. No rusting and easy maintenance because of rust proof materials (such as stainless steel)
for impeller, bolts and nuts are used

Fig (4-5): In Line Centrifugal Pump 2 Pole

14

4.2.4 Stainless steel In line Centrifugal Pump 2 Pole [9]:

4.2.4.1 Applications:
1. Cold and hot water circulation
2. Water supply to buildings
3. Industry
4. Hot water supply
5. Setting for machinery equipment 6. Other general water supply
4.2.4.2 Features:
1. Precision cast stainless materials protect the pump from rust and thus maintenance is
easy.
2. Long life and strong against leakage due to adoption of high quality mechanical seal
which can stand antifreeze.

Fig. (4-6): Stainless Steel in Line Centrifugal Pump

4.2.5 Magnetic Coupling Pump 2 Pole[9]:

4.2.5.1 Applications:
1. Chemical industry
2. Pharmaceutical industry
3. Medicine Industry
4. Water treatment
5. Electronics industry
6. Research and development
7. Other various industry and plant
4.2.5.2 Features:
1. Seal less construction of magnet coupling
2. Excellent corrosion resistance and long life
3. Easy maintenance and inspection because of back pull out construction

15

Fig.(4-7): Magnetic Coupling Pump 2 Pole

4.2.6 Self-priming centrifugal pump4 pole:

4.2.6.1 Applications:
1- Self priming water supply
3-Drainge

2- Agricultuer and irrigation

4- Industry

4.2.6.2 Features:
1- Self priming construction does not required foot valve and makes priminf works easier
2-High efficiency and high suction performance
3- Easy maintenance and inspection because of back pull out construction
4- Sealed ball bearings required no oiling.

4.2.7Self-priming centrifugal pump 2 pole:

4.2.7.1 Applications:
1-Snow melting
3-Industry

2-Agriculture
4- Cooling water

4.2.7.2 Features:
1- Compact and light weight
2- Easy maintenance and inspection due to Back pull out construction
3- Long life mechanical seal is adopted for Shaft sealing
4- Simple end suction top centerline Discharge position enable steady Installation with
high discharge pipe loading
5- Wide applications for various usages.

16

Chapter 5: Conclusions
The report can be summarized in these following paragraphs:
In earlier ages water wheels were used to raise water into higher levels but with mowing in
time these water wheels were developed to be pumps then these pumps development more
into a lot different pumps which differ into shapes, structure and applications.
The centrifugal pumps are considered the most important types of pumps as they are used
in most modern industries and other life applications. So the study of the design of the
centrifugal pump was very important because the application depends on the design and
the structure of the pump. In this report the major components were carefully studied to
get the parameters that increase the performance of the pump and how to long the age of
the major component, how to select the specific materials to protect the pump body from
corrosion
The advantages, disadvantages of the centrifugal pump were discussed in a brief way and
also general problems of the pump were discussed then the problems were classified into
hydraulic problems, mechanical problems and possible causes of these problems.
Due to the wide range of applications and millions of sold pumps, nowadays centrifugal
pumps are technically mature machines. Reasons for high efficiencies are a lot of
experience as well as modern finite element optimization. These flow optimization
procedures are standard engineering methods and lead to well constructed casings and
impellers. This leads to many different special designs, constructed for a specific range of
applications. Equipped with well selected anti wear systems and materials in combination
with reasonable maintenance, a long lifespan can be met.
At the end of the report there was a last chapter that discusses the different types of
centrifugal pumps and their applications and features and how to choose the convenient
pump for the convenient application.

17

References
1- Igor J. Karassik, Joseph P. Messina, etc ,Pump Handbook, McGraw-HILL, New
York, Volume 3, P.P (1-20), 2001.
2- Johann Friedrich Glich ,Centrifugal pumps , Springer, London, Volume 2, P.P
(338- 350), 2010
3- WWW.Grundfos.com
4-WWW.Pumpplus.com
5-WWW.aaaco.com
6-Paresh Girdhar, Octo Moniz, Particular Centrifugal Pumps, Newnes, London, Vol.1
P.P (10-43), 2004
7- Larry Bachus, Angel Custodio, Know and Understand Centrifugal Pumps, Elsevier,
Amsterdam, Vol.2, P.P (57-73), 2006
8- WWW.Kawamoto.com
9- Val S.Lobanoff, Robert R.Ross, Centrifugal Pumps Design & Applications, Gulf,
USA, Vol.2, P.P (113-139)
10-Stepanoff A. J. ,Centrifugal and Axial Flow Pumps, Krieger, USA, Vol.1, P.P (5080)
11-WWW.Worldpumps.com

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