Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Chapter 29
Alternating-Current Circuits
Conceptual Problems
3
Suppose you increase the rotation rate of the coil in the generator
shown in the simple ac circuit in Figure 29-29. Then the rms current (a) increases,
(b) does not change, (c) may increase or decrease depending on the magnitude of
the original frequency, (d) may increase or decrease depending on the magnitude
of the resistance, (e) decreases.
Determine the Concept Because the rms current through the resistor is given by
peak NBA
I rms = rms =
=
, I rms is directly proportional to . (a) is correct.
R
2
2
11
Consider a circuit consisting solely of an ideal inductor and an ideal
capacitor. How does the maximum energy stored in the capacitor compare to the
maximum value stored in the inductor? (a) They are the same and each equal to
the total energy stored in the circuit. (b) They are the same and each equal to half
of the total energy stored in the circuit. (c) The maximum energy stored in the
capacitor is larger than the maximum energy stored in the inductor. (d) The
maximum energy stored in the inductor is larger than the maximum energy stored
in the capacitor. (e) You cannot compare the maximum energies based on the data
given because the ratio of the maximum energies depends on the actual
capacitance and inductance values.
Deleted: 171
173
Chapter 29
174
Determine the Concept The maximum energy stored in the electric field of the
1 Q2
and the maximum energy stored in the magnetic
capacitor is given by U e =
2 C
1
field of the inductor is given by U m = LI 2 . Because energy is conserved in an
2
LC circuit and oscillates between the inductor and the capacitor, Ue = Um = Utotal.
(a ) is correct.
True or false:
17
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(a) False. A transformer is a device used to raise or lower the voltage in a circuit.
(b) True. A transformer is a device used to raise or lower the voltage in a circuit.
(c) True. If energy is to be conserved, the product of the current and voltage must
be constant.
(d) True. Because the product of current and voltage in the primary and secondary
circuits is the same, increasing the current in the secondary results in a lowering
(or stepping down) of the voltage.
(e) True. Because electrical energy is provided at a higher voltage in Europe, the
visitor would want to step-up the voltage in order to make her hair dryer work
properly.
(f) True. Because electrical energy is provided at a higher voltage in Europe, the
visitor would want to step-up the current (and decrease the voltage) in order to
make his razor work properly.
Alternating-Current Circuits
175
I rms =
I peak = 2I rms
Pav
rms
100 W
= 0.8333 A = 0.833 A
120 V
= 1.18 A
(c) Express the maximum power in
terms of the maximum voltage and
maximum current:
Substitute numerical values and
evaluate Ppeak :
21
What is the reactance of a 1.00-H inductor at (a) 60 Hz, (b) 600 Hz,
and (c) 6.00 kHz?
Picture the Problem We can use X L = L to find the reactance of the inductor at
any frequency.
X L = L = 2fL
(a) At f = 60 Hz:
X L = 2 60 s 1 (1.00 H ) = 0.38 m
X L = 2 60 s 1 (1.00
176
Chapter 29
Deleted:
X L = 2 600 s 1 (1.0
25
A 20-Hz ac generator that produces a peak emf of 10 V is connected
to a 20-F capacitor. Find (a) the peak current and (b) the rms current.
Picture the Problem We can use Ipeak = peak/XC and XC = 1/C to express Ipeak as
I peak =
XC =
peak
XC
1
1
=
C 2fC
I rms =
I peak
2
25.1 mA
= 18 mA
2
Deleted:
Alternating-Current Circuits
2
T=
For an LC circuit:
T = 2 LC
T = 2
L=
L=
177
1
LC
(1)
(2.0 mH )(20 F) =
1.3 ms
1
T2
=
4 2C 4 2 f 2C
4 60 s
2
) (80 F)
1 2
= 88 mH
Because I = dQ dt :
Q
dI
+L =0
C
dt
d 2Q Q
d 2Q 1
+
=
0
or
+
Q=0
dt 2 LC
dt 2 C
Q(t ) = Q0 cos(t )
where =
1
LC
178
Chapter 29
Q(t ) = Q0 cos t
I=
dQ d
= [Q0 cos t ] = Q0 sin t
dt dt
(a) A spreadsheet program was used to plot the following graph showing both the
charge on the capacitor and the current in the circuit as functions of time. L, C,
and Q0 were all arbitrarily set equal to one to obtain these graphs. Note that the
current leads the charge by one-fourth of a cycle or 90.
1.2
1.2
Charge
0.6
0.0
0.0
-0.6
-0.6
I (mA)
Q (mC)
Current
0.6
-1.2
-1.2
0
10
t (s)
I = Q0 sin t
sin = cos +
2
I = Q0 sin t = Q0 cos t +
2
(1)
Driven RL Circuits
A coil that has a resistance of 80.0 has an impedance of 200 when
35
driven at a frequency of 1.00 kHz. What is the inductance of the coil?
Picture the Problem We can solve the expression for the impedance in an LR
circuit for the inductive reactance and then use the definition of XL to find L.
Alternating-Current Circuits
Express the impedance of the coil in
terms of its resistance and inductive
reactance:
Z = R 2 + X L2
X L = Z 2 R2
Express XL in terms of L:
X L = 2fL
2fL = Z 2 R 2 L =
L=
179
Z 2 R2
2f
(200 )2 (80.0 )2
2 (1.00 kHz )
= 29.2 mH
39
A coil that has a resistance R and an inductance L has a power factor
equal to 0.866 when driven at a frequency of 60 Hz. What is the coils power
factor if it is driven at 240 Hz?
Picture the Problem We can use the definition of the power factor to find the
relationship between XL and R when the coil is driven at a frequency of 60 Hz and
then use the definition of XL to relate the inductive reactance at 240 Hz to the
inductive reactance at 60 Hz. We can then use the definition of the power factor to
determine its value at 240 Hz.
cos =
cos 2 =
R
=
Z
R
R + X L2
2
(1)
R2
R + X L2
2
1
X L2 (60 Hz ) = R 2
2
cos
1
1 = 13 R 2
X L2 (60 Hz ) = R 2
2
(0.866 )
180
Chapter 29
X L2 ( f' ) 4f' 2 L2
f' 2
=
=
X L2 ( f ) 4f 2 L2
f2
or
2
f'
X L2 ( f' ) = X L2 ( f )
f
2
240 s 1 2
X L (60 Hz )
X L2 (240 Hz ) =
1
60 s
1 16
= 16 R 2 = R 2
3 3
(cos )240 Hz
R
R2 +
16 2
R
3
3
19
= 0.397
Figure 29-33 shows a load resistor that has a resistance of RL = 20.0
41
connected to a high-pass filter consisting of an inductor that has inductance
L = 3.20-mH and a resistor that has resistance R = 4.00-. The output of the ideal
ac generator is given by = (100 V) cos(2ft). Find the rms currents in all three
branches of the circuit if the driving frequency is (a) 500 Hz and (b) 2000 Hz.
Find the fraction of the total average power supplied by the ac generator that is
delivered to the load resistor if the frequency is (c) 500 Hz and (d) 2000 Hz.
Picture the Problem = V1 + V2 , where V1 is the voltage drop across R and V2, is
r r r
the voltage drop across the parallel combination of L and RL. = V1 + V2 is the
r r
r
relation for the phasors. For the parallel combination, I = I RL + I L . Also, V1 is in
phase with I and V2 is in phase with I RL . First draw the phasor diagram for the
currents in the parallel combination, then add the phasors for the voltages to the
diagram.
Alternating-Current Circuits
181
r
I RL
r
I
r
IL
r
V2
r
I RL
r
I
r
V1
r
IL
I 2, peak =
V2, peak
(1)
Z2
where Z 22 = RL2 + X L2
tan is given by:
tan =
=
I L , peak
I R , peak
(2)
V2, peak X L
V2, peak RL
RL
R
R
= L = L
X L L 2fL
RL
2fL
= tan 1
(3)
Apply the law of cosines to the triangle formed by the voltage phasors to obtain:
2
peak
= V1,2peak + V22, peak + 2V1, peakV2, peak cos
or
2
2
2
I peak
Z 2 = I peak
R 2 + I peak
Z 22 + 2 I peak RI peak Z 2 cos
Z 2 = R 2 + Z 22 + 2 RZ 2 cos
182
Chapter 29
Z = R 2 + Z 22 + 2 RZ 2 cos
I peak =
(4)
peak
(5)
Z
1
I peak
2
I rms =
(6)
20.0
2 (500 Hz )(3.20 mH )
= tan 1
20.0
= 63.31
= tan 1
10.053
Z2 =
2
L
R + X L2
1
Z2 =
(20.0 )
+ (10.053 )
= 8.982
Substitute numerical values and evaluate Z:
Z=
I peak =
100 V
= 8.806 A
11.36
I rms =
1
(8.806 A ) = 6.23 A
2
and
1
V2, peak
2
1
(79.095 V ) = 55.929 V
=
2
V2,rms =
Alternating-Current Circuits
The rms values of I RL ,rms and
I RL ,rms =
I L ,rms are:
V2,rms
RL
183
55.929 V
= 2.80 A
20.0
and
I L ,rms =
V2,rms 55.929 V
=
= 5.56 A
XL
10.053
(c) The power delivered by the ac source equals the sum of the power dissipated in
the two resistors. The fraction of the total power delivered by the source that is
dissipated in load resistor is given by:
P
= 1 + R
PRL + PR PRL
PRL
= 1 + I rms R
2
I R ,rms RL
PRL
PRL + PR
f =500 Hz
(6.23 A )2 (4.00 )
= 0.502 = 50.2%
= 1 +
2
(2.80 A ) (20.0 )
PRL
PRL + PR
f = 2000 Hz
(3.28 A )2 (4.00 )
= 0.800 = 80.0%
= 1 +
2
(2.94 A ) (20.0 )
Chapter 29
184
Picture the Problem We can use Kirchhoffs loop rule to obtain a differential
equation relating the input, capacitor, and resistor voltages. Because the voltage
drop across the resistor is small compared to the voltage drop across the capacitor,
we can express the voltage drop across the capacitor in terms of the input voltage.
V (t ) VC IR = 0
where VC is the potential difference
across the capacitor.
Vin peak cos t Vc R
dQ
=0
dt
Because Q = CVC:
dQ d
dV
= [CVC ] = C C
dt dt
dt
dVC
=0
dt
the differential equation describing the
potential difference across the
capacitor.
dVC
dV
= 0 RC C = 0
dt
dt
Substituting for RC
dVC
yields:
dt
Vpeak cos t VC RC
dVC
d
= RC Vin peak cos t
dt
dt
Show that the average power dissipated in the resistor of the high-pass
V in2 peak
.
filter of Problem 44 is given by Pave =
2
2R 1+ ( RC )
49
Picture the Problem We can express the instantaneous power dissipated in the
resistor and then use the fact that the average value of the square of the cosine
function over one cycle is to establish the given result.
The instantaneous power P(t)
dissipated in the resistor is:
P (t ) =
2
Vout
R
Alternating-Current Circuits
The output voltage Vout is:
From Problem 44:
Vout = VH cos(t )
Vin peak
VH =
1 + (RC )
VH2
cos 2 (t )
R
Vin2 peak
=
cos 2 (t )
2
R 1 + (RC )
P (t ) =
185
Pave =
Vin2 peak
2 R 1 + (RC )
51
The circuit shown in Figure 29-36 is an example of a low-pass filter.
(Assume that the output is connected to a load that draws only an insignificant
amount of current.) (a) If the input voltage is given by Vin = Vin peak cos t, show
that the output voltage is Vout = VL cos(t ) where V L = V in peak
1+ ( RC ) .
2
(b) Discuss the trend of the output voltage in the limiting cases 0 and
.
Picture
diagram
r
Vapp and
r
VR
r
Vapp
r
VC
(1)
186
Chapter 29
Vin peak
Z
X C cos(t )
1
Z = R +
Vout =
Vout =
(2)
1
cos(t )
1 C
2
R +
C
Vin peak
Vin peak
1 + (RC )
cos(t )
or
Vout = VL cos(t )
where
VL =
Vin peak
1 + (RC )
(b) Note that, as 0, VL Vpeak . This makes sense physically in that, for low
frequencies, XC is large and, therefore, a larger peak input voltage will appear
across it than appears across it for high frequencies.
Note further that, as , VL 0. This makes sense physically in that, for high
frequencies, XC is small and, therefore, a smaller peak voltage will appear across it
than appears across it for low frequencies.
Alternating-Current Circuits
187
horizontal axis is VL + VC = Vout. Requiring that the impedance of the trap be zero
will yield the frequency at which the circuit rejects signals. Defining the
bandwidth as = trap and requiring that Z trap = R will yield an expression
for the bandwidth and reveal its dependence on R.
r
Vapp
r r
VL + VC
r
VL
r
VR
t t
r
VC
(1)
Z = R2 + (X L X C )
Because Vout = VL + VC :
(2)
Vout =
Vpeak
Z
Z trap cos(t )
Vpeak
2
R 2 + Z trap
Z trap cos(t )
Z trap = X L X C = 0
1
= 0 =
C
1
LC
188
Chapter 29
= trap
Because trap =
1
:
LC
For trap:
(3)
1
2
= R LC 1= RC
C
trap
1 = RC
2
2 trap
trap
trap RC
2
:
Solve for 2 trap
2
2 trap
= ( trap )( + trap )
2
2 trap
2trap ( trap )
= trap =
2
RCtrap
R
2L
Pav =
2
2
R rms
R rms
=
=
Z2
R2
2
rms
Pav =
2
2
(0) rms
R rms
=
= 0
Z2
( X L X C )2
Alternating-Current Circuits
189
Q=
0 L
(1)
and
f =
0 =
Q=
Q=
f =
f0
= 0
Q 2Q
(2)
1
LC
L
LC R
1 L
R C
1
10 mH
= 14.1 = 14
5.0 2.0 F
7.07 103 rad/s
= 80 Hz
2 (14.1)
R
=
Z
R
R 2 + (X L X C )
R 2 + L
cos =
(5.0 )2
+ 8000 s 1 (10 mH )
1
8000 s (2.0 F)
= 0.27
190
Chapter 29
69
In the circuit shown in Figure 29-42 the ideal generator produces an
rms voltage of 115 V when operated at 60 Hz. What is the rms voltage between
points (a) A and B, (b) B and C, (c) C and D, (d) A and C, and (e) B and D?
Picture the Problem We can find the rms current in the circuit and then use it to
find the potential differences across each of the circuit elements. We can use
phasor diagrams and our knowledge of the phase shifts between the voltages
across the three circuit elements to find the voltage differences across their
combinations.
V AB = I rms X L
(1)
I rms =
R + (X L X C )
= 51.648
and
1
1
=
1
2fC 2 60 s (25 F)
= 106.10
XC =
I rms =
115 V
= 1.5556 A
Substitute numerical values in
equation (1) and evaluate VAB:
(b) Express the potential difference
between points B and C in terms of
I rms and R:
(c) Express the potential difference
between points C and D in terms of
I rms and XC:
Alternating-Current Circuits
(d) The voltage across the inductor
leads the voltage across the resistor
as shown in the phasor diagram to
the right:
191
r
V AC
r
V AB
r
V BC
2
2
+ V BC
V AC = V AB
(80.0 V )2 + (77.780 V )2
= 111.58 V = 0.11 kV
r
V BC
r
V BD
2
2
+ V BC
V BD = VCD
(165.05 V )2 + (77.780 V )2
= 182.46 V = 0.18 kV
The Transformer
A rms voltage of 24 V is required for a device whose impedance is 12
79
. (a) What should the turns ratio of a transformer be, so that the device can be
operated from a 120-V line? (b) Suppose the transformer is accidentally
connected in reverse with the secondary winding across the 120-V-rms line and
the 12- load across the primary. How much rms current will then be in the
primary winding?
Picture the Problem Let the subscript 1 denote the primary and the subscript 2
the secondary. We can use V2 N1 = V1 N 2 and N1 I1 = N 2 I 2 to find the turns ratio and
the primary current when the transformer connections are reversed.
(a) Relate the number of primary
and secondary turns to the
primary and secondary voltages:
(1)
192
Chapter 29
N 2 V2, rms 24 V
1
=
=
=
N1 V1, rms 120 V
5
I1, rms =
N2
I 2, rms
N1
I 2, rms =
V2, rms
I1, rms =
N 2 V2, rms
N1 Z 2
Z2
5 120 V
= 50 A
I1 =
1 12
General Problems
85
Figure 29-45 shows the voltage versus time for a square-wave voltage
source. If V0 = 12 V, (a) what is the rms voltage of this source? (b) If this
alternating waveform is rectified by eliminating the negative voltages, so that only
the positive voltages remain, what is the new rms voltage?
Picture the Problem The average of any quantity over a time interval T is the
integral of the quantity over the interval divided by T. We can use this definition
to find both the average of the voltage squared, V 2 av and then use the definition
( )
Vrms =
(V )
2
0 av
Vrms = V02 = V0 = 12 V
Alternating-Current Circuits
(b) Noting that the voltage during the
second half of each cycle is now
zero, express the voltage during the
first half cycle of the time interval
1
2 T :
V = V0
V 2 = V02
( )
Calculate V 2 av by integrating V2
from t = 0 to t = 12 T and dividing
(V )
2
av
1
T
2
V2
= 0
T
dt =
0
by T:
Substitute to obtain:
Vrms =
1
2
V02 =
V0
2
193
V02 12 T 1 2
[t ] 0 = 2 V0
T
12 V
2
= 8.5 V
d 2Q Q
+ = peak cos t . (b) Show by direct substitution that this equation is
dt 2 C
peak
L 2 02
peak
L
2
2
0
peak
XL XC
and
peak
L 2 02
) . In Part
results from (a) and (b) to establish the result for Ipeak given in the problem
statement.
(a) Apply Kirchhoffs loop rule
to obtain:
Q L dI
C
dt
=0
194
Chapter 29
dI Q
+ = max cos t
dt C
Because I = dQ dt :
L
d 2Q Q
+ = max cos t
dt 2 C
Q = Qpeak cos t
dQ
= Qpeak sin t
dt
and
d 2Q
= 2 Qpeak cos t
dt 2
Substitute for
dQ
d 2Q
and
in the
dt
dt 2
differential equation to obtain:
2 LQpeak cos t +
= peak cos t
Qpeak
cos t
C
= peak cos t
2 LQpeak +
Qpeak =
Qpeak =
Qpeak
C
= peak
peak
2L +
1
C
peak
1
L 2 +
LC
peak
L 2 02
Alternating-Current Circuits
(c) From (a) and (b) we have:
I=
=
dQ
= Qpeak sin t
dt
peak
sin t = I peak sin t
L( 2 02 )
= I peak cos(t )
where
I peak =
peak
L
2
peak
L
1
C
2
0
peak
L
2 02
peak
XL XC
195
196
Chapter 29