AN EXPERIMENTATION MADE ON PLASTIC AND

DEMOLISHED WASTE IN CONCRETE MIX

A THESIS

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In

CIVIL ENGINEERING
By

S. SAI KRISHNA YADAV

11741A0168

S. SANJEEV KUMAR

11741A0176

B. RANGANATH

12745A0112

N. RAVI TEJA

12745A0113

CH. SUDHEER

12745A0117

B. VIJAY

12745A0122

Under the esteemed guidance of

Dr. G.VANI M .Tech, Ph.D, FIE, MISTE.

Professor& Head
Department of Civil Engineering,
Intell Engineering College, Anantapuramu

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INTELL ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Affiliated to JNTU Anantapuramu & Approved by AICTE)
ANANTAPURAMU-515001, ANDHRAPRADESH
2011-2015
1

ABSTRACT

In the present scenario, no construction activity can be imagined without using

concrete. Concrete is the most widely used building material in construction industry. As it is
widely used for construction of various structures, the economy is depended upon the cost of
material used in making concrete.
On the other hand, due to rapid urbanization and industrialization all over the
world, huge quantities of plastic waste and demolished waste are being generated. The
disposal of these wastes is a very serious problem because, it requires huge space and also it
causes environmental pollution. In this situation construction industry is in need of finding
cost effective materials for increasing the strength of concrete.
So, in this project it is dealt with the possibility of using the plastic waste and
demolished waste as the partial replacement of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate in
concrete mix. In this perspective, it is aimed at comparing the properties of conventional
concrete mix with the concrete mix prepared using plastic waste and demolished aggregate.
In the present experimental investigation, plastic waste is used as replacement
of fine aggregate partially by 10% and coarse aggregate is replaced with demolished
aggregate partially by 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. The conventional mix has been
designed for M25 grade concrete and is adopted with a water-cement ratio of 0.45. In this
investigation seven mixes are prepared; the specimens used are cubes of size 150mm
x150mm x 150mm, cylinders of size 150mm x 300mm and impact moulds of size 150mm x
75mm.
Initially Conventional mix is prepared by using conventional materials
(cement, natural sand, natural aggregate and water)

and their physical and mechanical

properties were evaluated. Now, the concrete with recycled wastes are prepared and these are
also tested for their properties, likewise all the seven mixes were prepared. For every mix 18
specimens (6 cubes, 6 cylinders, 6 impact specimens) were casted and thus totally 126
2

specimens were prepared. Specimens of every mix were tested for compressive strength at 7
and 28 days after curing.
With constant percentage replacement of plastic waste in place of sand and
varying percentage replacement of coarse aggregate with demolished aggregate, it is found
that the density of concrete can be varied from 2500 to 2100 kg/m3. The workability of fresh
concrete was decreased with increase in addition of recycled aggregate. From the results it is
found that by replacing the natural sand and coarse aggregate by plastic waste and recycled
aggregate in the normal concrete, compressive strength (fck) and split tensile strength (ft)
increases upto 10% and then decreases with increase of recycled wastes.
From the experimental investigation, it is concluded that fine aggregate
replaced with 10% of plastic waste and coarse aggregate replaced with 10% of recycled
aggregate, the properties of fresh concrete were good and also it reached the target mean
strength of conventional concrete.

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

List of Tables

iii

List of Figures

iv

List of Plates

Nomenclature

vi

CHAPTER - 1
Introduction

CHAPTER - 2
Review of Literature

CHAPTER - 3
Objective and Scope of Investigation

CHAPTER - 4
Experimental Investigation

Tables

20

Plates

22
4

CHAPTER - 5
Discussion of Test Results

26

Table

28

Figures

31

Plates

33

CHAPTER - 6
Conclusions & Recommendations

34

Appendix

36

References

41

LIST OF TABLES
4.1

Sieve Analysis of Fine aggregate

4.2

Sieve Analysis of Coarse aggregate

4.3

Sieve Analysis of Demolished aggregate

5.1.1

Workability of various Concrete Mixes

5.1.2

Densities of various Concrete Mixes

5.2.1

Cube Compressive Strength

5.2.2

Cylinder Split Tensile Strength

5.2.3

Impact Resistance of Concrete

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 5.1.1

Density of Concrete versus Percentage Replacement of Plastic waste and

Demolished Aggregate

Fig 5.2.1

Cube Compressive strength versus Percentage Replacement of Plastic waste

and Demolished Aggregate

Fig 5.2.2

Split Tensile Strength versus Percentage Replacement of Plastic waste and

Demolished Aggregate

Fig 2.2.3

Impact Resistance versus Percentage Replacement of Plastic waste and

Demolished Aggregate

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 4.1

A View of Plastic Waste Granules

Plate 4.2

A View of the Demolished Aggregate used

Plate 4.3

A View of Set of sieves for Fine aggregate

Plate 4.4

A View of Set of sieves for Coarse aggregate

Plate 4.5

A View of Slump Cone Test being done

Plate 4.6

A View of Before casting of Specimens

Plate 4.7

A View of the Moulds

Plate 4.8

A view of cast specimens in moulds

Plate 4.9

Specimens in Curing Tank

Plate 4.10

A view of Compression testing of Cube

Plate 4.11

A view of Split Tensile strength test of Cylinder

Plate 4.12

A view of testing of Impact Specimen

Plate 4.13

After Testing of Specimens

Plate 5.1

Crack Pattern of Cube, Cylinder and Impact specimen

NOMENCLATURE
1. Kg

Kilogram

2. Lit

Litre

3. KN

Kilo newton

4. KN/s

Kilo newton per second

5. Kg/m3

Kilogram per cubic meter

6. N/mm2

Newton per millimeter square

7. mm

millimeter

8. fck

Characteristic compressive strength of concrete at 28 days in N/mm2

9. ft

Split Tensile strength of Cylinder

10. P

Compressive load on the cylinder

11. L

Length of the cylinder

12. D

Diameter of the cylinder

13. PW

Plastic Waste

14. RCA

Recycled Coarse Aggregate

15. CA

Coarse Aggregate

16. FA

Fine Aggregate

17. ASTM

American Society of Testing of Materials

18. ISI

Indian Standard Institution

19. N

100% Natural aggregate concrete

20. A

10% Plastic waste, 90% natural Sand and 100% natural coarse aggregate
concrete

21. B

10% Plastic waste, 90% natural Sand, 10%Demolished aggregate and

90% natural coarse aggregate concrete

22. C

10% Plastic waste, 90% natural Sand, 20%Demolished aggregate and

80% natural coarse aggregate concrete

23. D

10% Plastic waste, 90% natural Sand, 30%Demolished aggregate and

70% natural coarse aggregate concrete

24. E

10% Plastic waste, 90% natural Sand, 40%Demolished aggregate and

60% natural coarse aggregate concrete

25. F

10% Plastic waste, 90% natural Sand, 50% Demolished aggregate and
50% natural coarse aggregate concrete

10

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
GENERAL
Now-a-days infrastructure development across the world created demand for
construction materials. Concrete is the premier civil engineering construction material,
concrete contains ingredients like cement, aggregates, water and admixtures. At present,
huge quantities of construction materials are required in developing countries due to
continued infrastructural growth and also huge quantities of plastic wastes and demolition
wastes are generated every year in developing countries like India. The disposal of this waste
is a very serious problem because on one side it requires huge space for its disposal while on
the other side it pollutes the environment. It is also necessary to protect and preserve the
natural resources like stone, sand etc. Continuous use of natural- resources, like river sand is
another major problem and this increases the depth of river bed resulting in drafts and also
changing the climatic conditions.

So, the sustainable concept was introduced in construction industry due to growing
concern about the future of our planet, because it is a huge consumer of natural resources as
well as waste producer. This has created what we call the biggest problem of the world,
demolished waste and plastic waste accumulation. Hence there is a need to recycle these
waste into something more useful and environment friendly. To achieve this, major emphasis
must be laid on the use of waste from various industries. The use of aggregates from
construction and demolition waste in pavement beds is the most usual way of reusing this
material. Even though considered as a valid re-use technique, it is not the best economic
valorization of this resource and it is considered by many researchers to be a down-cycling
process that depreciates the capacities of the material. But the production of structural
concrete with recycled aggregates, however, offers great potential and recycles the materials
11

viably and effectively. Research into new and innovative use of waste materials being
undertaken world-wide and innovative ideas that are expressed are worthy of this important
subject.

In addition to the environmental benefits in reducing the demand of land for

disposing the waste, the recycling of plastic and demolition wastes can also help to conserve
natural materials and to reduce the cost of waste treatment prior to disposal. The largest
proportions of demolition waste are concrete rubbles and plastic wastes are covers, polythene
bags, PVC pipes etc. It has been shown that the crushed concrete rubble, after separated from
other construction and demolition wastes and sieved, can be used as a substitute for natural
coarse aggregates in concrete. Re-use of bulky wastes is considered the best environmental
alternative for solving the problem of disposal.
Today, more than ever before, the civil engineer is required to give thought and time
to problems of concrete making and its utilization with economy. The results accomplished
in the field by the engineer-in-charge depend upon his knowledge of concrete and of the
constituent materials.

12

CHAPTER-2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In this chapter a brief literature survey conducted on utilization of plastic waste and
demolished waste in making concrete has been presented.
Recycled aggregate is becoming an increasingly popular way to utilize aggregate left
behind when structures or roadways are demolished and also the waste plastics which are
produced from industries and households. In the past, these two wastes were disposed of in
low lying areas, but with more attention being paid to environmental concerns, concrete
recycling allows reuse of the plastic waste and demolished waste while also keeping
construction costs down. When structures made of concrete are demolished or renovated and
also when the plastics are thrown away after getting used, concrete recycling is an
increasingly common method of utilizing the rubble and plastic waste individually or
combined. Concrete and Plastic waste was once routinely trucked to landfills for disposal,
but recycling has a number of benefits that have made it a more attractive option in this age
of greater environmental awareness, more environmental laws and the desire to keep
construction costs down.

Tomas U. Ganiron Jr. [1] has reported that Plastic as a substitute to fine aggregate to
concrete mixture has shown unusual characteristic upon accumulation of water in the mixture
for the material had floated on the surface of the water, nevertheless, upon the completion of
mixing the material has suitably bonded to the mixture. In the analysis of its grain particle, in
comparison to sand, which is one of the major components of concrete mixture, plastic,
implies significant lightness in terms of its mass evaluation. Overall, the effect of the plastic
on the properties of the specimen was acceptable.

13

Shodolapo Oluyemi Franklin, Mmasetlhomo Tommy Gumede, [2] stated that it is obvious
that structural compressive strengths may be developed in concretes incorporating up to
100% recycled aggregates based on standard mix design procedures. They also noted that the
compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths, as well as the modulus of elasticity of
recycled aggregate concretes, are generally lower than that of conventional concretes made
entirely from natural aggregates.

Ganesh Tapkire1, Satish parihar, et al.,[3] reported that by using the plastic in concrete mix
reduces to the weight of cube upto 15% and it is possible to use the plastic in concrete and
bonding admixture in concrete and also increase the percentage of plastic in concrete.

Shiva Kumar. M, Nithin K, B.M Gangadharappa, [4] reported that aggregate ratio of 1:8 with
50 % of CA and 50% of Building Demolished Waste (BDW) is recommended for low
traffic volume. Similarly mix design with w/c ratio of 0.40 and 0.45 with 50% of CA and
50% of BDW is suitable for intended use.

Youcef Ghernouti, Bahia Rabehi, et al.,[5] stated that the bulk density has decreased
considerably for all concretes with the content of replacement of sand by plastic waste that
also becomes lighter than conventional concrete with 40% of plastic waste. Being given that
the concrete must have good workability, fluidity is significantly improved by the presence
of this waste.

Ashraf M. Wagih, et al., [6] stated that concrete rubble could be transformed into useful
recycled aggregate used in concrete production with properties suitable for most structural
concrete applications.
14

Mohd. Monish et al., [7] stated recycled aggregate concrete may be an alternative to the
conventional concrete and water required producing the same workability increases with the
increase in the percentage of demolished waste.

Nitish Puri, Brijesh Kumar, Himanshu Tyagi, [8] stated that there is a considerable increase
in the compressive strength as well as flexural strength of concrete when the aggregates are
fully or partially replaced with construction debris. However maximum strength was shown
by concrete mix having 25% recycled debris aggregates and 75% natural aggregates.

Mohan Reddy, Bhavani and Ajitha [9] reported that the present study reveals that concrete
can be successfully produced using Recycled Coarse Aggregate (RCA) that have been
produced from demolition and construction waste. Concrete produced by RCA does not
perform as well as concretes produced by CA in terms of strength. However, the concrete
still has a strength that would make it suitable for some applications.

K. Ramadevi, R. Manju [10] was observed that the split tensile strength increased up to 2%
replacement of the fine aggregate with PET bottle fibers and it gradually decreased for 4%
and 6% replacements. Hence, the replacement of the fine aggregate with 2% replacement
will be reasonable with high split tensile strength compared to the other specimens casted
and tested.

R. Kumutha and K. Vijai [11] reported that from the obtained results, it is clear that there is a
possibility to use crushed coarse aggregate in making concrete since the target mean strength
is achieved. As there is considerable reduction in flexural strength with recycled aggregates,
further research is needed to explore about the usage of recycled aggregates in combination
of different fibrous materials.

15

Prabir Das, R. Lakshmi, S. Nagan, et al., [12] has reported that the use of waste plastics in
concrete is relatively a new development in the world of concrete technology and lot of
research must be done to use this material is actively used in concrete construction. The use
of plastics in concrete lowered the strength of resultant concrete, therefore. The research
must be oriented towards systems that help in overcoming this drawback of use of plastics in
concrete.

Al-Manaseer AA, Dalal TR, et al., [13] stated that a reduction in the mechanical resistance
according to the increase in percentage of plastic waste, which remains always close to the
reference concrete, when they recorded a fall of compressive strength at 28 days about 10
and 24 % or the concretes containing 10 and 20 % of waste respectively.

Keeping the above literature survey in view, in the present investigation, an attempt has been
made to study the behavior of concrete which comprises of both waste plastic and
demolished waste in various percentage replacement to fine aggregate and coarse aggregate
respectively.

16

CHAPTER-3

OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION

3.1 GENERAL
From the brief literature survey conducted in this investigation it has been observed
that even though lot of research work was conducted on utilization of plastic waste as fine
aggregate in concrete mix and also demolished aggregate as coarse aggregate in concrete
mix, but no work has been reported on the concrete made with replacement of sand with
plastic waste and coarse aggregate with demolished aggregate combined. A M25 grade
concrete with constant water cement ratio of 0.45 has been adopted to study various
properties. Cubes of size 150 x 150x 150 mm, cylinders of 150mm dia x 300 mm height and
impact specimens of size 150mm dia x 75 mm height were cast and tested to know the
compressive strength, split tensile strength , modulus of elasticity etc.,

3.2 OBJECTIVES
The specific objectives of the present investigation are as listed below.
To conduct the feasibility study of producing concrete with plastic waste and
demolished aggregate.

To study the effect of various replacements of fine aggregate by plastic waste

with a constant percentage of 10% and replacement of natural aggregate by
demolished aggregate in different percentages (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and
50%) on workability properties, 28 days compressive strength, split tensile
strength, modulus of elasticity etc.,
To find an alternative construction material which can be effectively used in
construction industry.
17

 To decrease the production cost of conventional concrete.

To reduce the impact of plastic waste and demolished waste on environment.
To reduce the overall cost of concrete i.e. to make concrete economical.

18

CHAPTER-4

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
To start with mix design has been conducted for M25 concrete making use of ISI
method of mix design using normal constituents of concrete. In the course of investigation,
natural sand has been replaced by 10% (constant for all the mixes) of plastic waste and also
coarse aggregate has been replaced by 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of demolished
aggregate. For the study of various properties different specimens has been cast and tested.
Here a constant water-cement ratio of 0.45 has been adopted. The experimental part of the
investigation has been planned in the following three stages.

Stage I:

Selection of Materials and their testing

Stage II:

Casting of specimens and curing

Stage III:

Testing of specimens

STAGE I:
Main constituents of concrete viz., fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, cement, water,
plastic waste and demolished aggregate have been procured from various places. Fine
aggregate has been procured from local river, coarse aggregate (20mm) has been procured
from plant. Potable water is used for mixing and curing of concrete. Plastic waste (1-4mm
sizes pieces) which is produced from households, factories, commercial places etc., has been
procured from Estate (Bellary Bypass) and the demolished aggregate is obtained from
demolished buildings, tested concrete specimens from laboratory are procured and made into
pieces and they are sieved to 20mm size.

19

Cement :
Locally available Nagarjuna Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of 53 grade of cement
brand conforming to ISI standards has been procured and various tests have been carried out
according to IS8112-1989 from them it is found that
a) Specific gravity of cement is 3.15
b) Initial and Final setting times of cement are 32 minutes and 580 minutes
respectively
c) Fineness of cement is 4%
Fine aggregate:
Locally available river sand is procured and is found to be conformed to Zone-I of table 4 of
IS:383-1970. Various tests have been carried out as per the procedure given in IS: 383-1970.
From them it is found that
a) Specific Gravity of fine aggregate is 2.60
b) Bulk Density
Loose: 1400 kg/m3
Compacted: 1557 kg/m3
c) Fineness modulus of fine aggregate is 2.90
The sieve analysis results are presented in Table 4.1 and the set of sieves is shown in
Plate 4.3
Plastic Waste:
The waste plastics are collected from dump sites and from various factories, the collected
plastic is cleaned and made into pieces of varying size from 1-4 mm. Various tests have been
conducted on plastic waste and following results are found out.
a) Specific gravity of plastic waste is 0.46
b) Density of plastic waste is 72 kg/m3
c) Fineness Modulus of plastic waste is 4.7
20

Coarse Aggregate:
Machine crushed aggregate conforming to IS: 383-1970 consisting of 20mm maximum size
of aggregates has been obtained from the local quarry. The test result of coarse aggregate as
below.
a) Specific Gravity of coarse aggregate is 2.64
b) Water absorption of coarse aggregate is 1.02%
c) Bulk Density
Loose: 1481 kg/m3
Compacted: 1651kg/m3
d) Fineness modulus of Coarse aggregate is 6.75
The sieve analysis results are presented in Table 4.2 and the set of sieves is shown in Plate4.4
Demolished Aggregate:
Demolished aggregate is procured from demolished structures and the concrete specimens
from laboratory. After collecting, they are broken down into pieces and also various tests are
conducted on it.
a) Specific Gravity of Demolished aggregate is 2.45
b) Water absorption of demolished aggregate is 0.31%

The demolished aggregate is shown in Plate 4.2 and its sieve analysis results are presented in
Table 4.3

Water:
Potable water which is available in the laboratory has been used in this experimental program
for mixing and curing.

21

MIX DESIGN:
Mix design can be defined as the process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete
and determining their relative proportions with the objective of producing concrete of certain
minimum strength and durability as economically as possible. The design of concrete mix is
not a simple task on account of widely varying properties of the constituent materials, the
condition that prevail at the work and the condition that are present.
Design of concrete mix requires complete knowledge of various properties of the
constituent materials, the complications, in case of changes on these conditions at the site.
The design of concrete mix needs not only the knowledge of material properties of concrete
in plastic condition, but also needs wider knowledge and experience of concreting. Even
then, the proportion of the materials of the concrete found out at the laboratory requires
modifications and readjustments to suit the field conditions.
In the present investigation M25 grade of concrete is considered. The mix of concrete
is designed as per the guidelines given in IS 10262, and the mix proportion is 1:1.36:2.66
with a water/cement ratio of 0.45. Subsequently mixes were prepared with replacement of
fine aggregate by plastic waste at a constant percentage of 10% and replacing the coarse
aggregate by demolished aggregate at percentages of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50. For every
weight replacement cubes, cylinders and impact specimens are cast and tested to find various
test results.

Mixing of Concrete:
Initially the ingredients such as cement and sand are mixed, to which plastic waste is
added and thoroughly mixed. After some time coarse aggregate and demolished aggregate
are added and thoroughly mixed. Water is measured exactly, then it is added to the dry mix
and it is thoroughly mixed until a mixture of uniform colour and consistency are achieved
which is then ready for casting. Prior to casting of specimens, workability is measured in
accordance with the code IS: 1199-1959 and determined by slump and compaction factor
tests.
22

STAGE II:
Casting of Specimens:
After the completion of workability tests, the concrete has been placed in the standard
metallic moulds in three layers and has been compacted each time by tamping rod. Before
placing the concrete inside faces of the mould are coated with the machine oil for easy
removal after wards. The concrete in the moulds have been vibrated for 30 seconds using the
table vibrator and the surfaces of the specimens have been finished smoothly. The cast
specimens are shown in Plate 4.8.

Slump cone test:

Slump cone is a mould of 1.18 mm thick galvanized metal in the form of the lateral
surface of the height 300 mm. The base and the top shall be open and parallel to each other
and at right to the axis of the cone. The mould shall be provided with a foot piece on each
side for holding the mold in place, and with handles for lifting the mould from the sample.
Tamping rod around, straight steel rod 16 mm in diameter and approximately 600 mm in
length. The tamping end shall be a hemisphere 16 mm in diameter.
Dampen the mould and place it on a flat, moist, non-absorbent rigid surface. Hold
firmly in place by standing on the two foot pieces. Fill the cone 1/3 full and uniformly rod
the layer 25 times to its full depth. Fill the cone with a second layer until 2/3 full by volume
and rod 25 times uniformly, ensuring that the rod just penetrates into the first layer. Overfill
the cone with the third layer and rod uniformly 25 times with the rod just penetrating into the
second layer. Strike off the excess concrete level with the top of the cone by a screening and
rolling motion of the tamping rod. Remove any spilled concrete from around the bottom of
the cone. Immediately remove the mould from the concrete by raising it carefully in a
vertical direction without lateral or torsional motion. Measure the difference between the
height of the mould and the height of the specimen at its highest point to the nearest.
23

This distance will be the slump of the concrete. The apparatus of slump cone and slump is
show in Plate 4.5. When practicable, duplicate slump test should be made and the average of
the two slumps reported. The concrete temperature at time of testing should also be reported.
The entire operation from the start of filling to the removal of the mould should be carried
out without interruption and be completed within an elapsed time of 1.5 minutes.
Density of concrete:
The density of concrete varies, depending on the density of the aggregate used to mix
the concrete and the amount of air within it. Floors, bridges and other structural components
use high-density concrete, while low-density concrete works in areas with harsh weather and
in some roads. Density is defined as mass divided by volume. Kilogram per cubic metre is
the typical unit for measuring concrete density. The unit weight is determined by the formula
below.
D = (McMm)/Vm
Where,
D = Density of the concrete in N/m3
Mc = Weight of the measure holding the concrete in N
Mm =Weight of the empty concrete measure in N
Vm = Volume of the measure in m3
Fresh concrete in the Mould is shown in Plate 4.7

Curing Procedure:
After the casting of cubes, cylinders and impact specimens, the moulds are kept for
air curing for one day and the specimens are removed from the moulds after 24 hours of
casting of concrete specimens. Marking has been done on the specimens to identify the
percentage of plastic waste and percentage of Demolished aggregate. Then they are placed in
24

water tank for curing. All the specimens have been cured for desired age. Specimens in
curing tank are shown in Plate 4.9
The identification of the specimens is as follows:
1. N-100% Natural aggregate concrete or Conventional concrete
2. A -10 % Plastic waste, 90% Natural Sand and 100% Natural coarse aggregate
concrete
3. B - 10% Plastic waste, 90% Natural Sand, 10% Demolished aggregate and 90%
Natural coarse aggregate concrete
4. C-10% Plastic waste, 90% Natural Sand, 20% Demolished aggregate and 80%
Natural coarse aggregate concrete
5. D-10% Plastic waste, 90% Natural Sand, 30% Demolished aggregate and 70%
Natural coarse aggregate concrete
6. E-10% Plastic waste, 90% Natural Sand, 40% Demolished aggregate and 60%
Natural coarse aggregate concrete
7. F-10% Plastic waste, 90% Natural Sand, 50% Demolished aggregate and 50%
Natural coarse aggregate concrete

Details of Tests Conducted :

1. Cube compressive strength of concrete
2. Cylindrical split tensile strength of concrete
3. Impact resistance of concrete

25

1. Cube Compressive Strength of Concrete :

For each percentage of plastic waste and demolished aggregate, 6 cube specimens
have been cast. In all 42 cubes of size 150mm x 150mm x 150mm have been cast.

2. Cylindrical Compressive Strength of Concrete :

For each percentage of plastic waste and demolished aggregate, 6 cylinder

specimens have been cast. In all 42 cylinders of size 150mm diameter and 300mm height
have been cast.

3. Impact Resistance of Concrete :

For each percentage of plastic waste and demolished aggregate, 6 impact specimens
have been cast. In all 42 impact specimens of size 150mm diameter and 75mm height
have been cast.

STAGE III :

Testing of cubes for compressive strength :

The compressive loading tests on concretes were conducted on a compression testing
machine of capacity 2000KN. For the compressive strength test, a loading rate of 2.5 KN/s
was applied as per IS:516-1959[12]. The test was conducted on 150mm cube specimens at 7
and 28 days.

26

Compressive strength =

Load
Area

in N/mm2

The crushing of cube is shown in Plate 4.10

Testing of Cylinders for Split tensile strength :

Split tensile strength test was conducted in accordance with ASTMC96. Cylinders of
150 x 300mm size were used for this test, the test specimens were placed between two
platens with two pieces of 3mm thick and approximately 25mm wide plywood strips on the
top and bottom of the specimens. The split tensile strength was conducted in the same
machine on which the compressive strength test was performed. The specimens were tested
for 7 and 28 days. This test is conducted in a 2000KN capacity compression testing machine
by placing the cylinder specimen, so that its axis is horizontal to the plates of the test
machine. Narrow strips of packing materials i.e., plywood is placed between the plates and
the cylinder to receive compressive stress. The load was applied uniformly at a constant rate
until failure by splitting along the vertical axis takes place. Load at which the specimens
failed is recorded and the split tensile stress is obtained using the formula based on IS: 58161970. The splitting of cylinder is shown in Plate 4.11.
The following relation is used to find out the Split tensile strength of cylinder
=

Where,
P= Compressive load on the cylinder
L= Length of the cylinder
D= Diameter of the cylinder

The results have been tabulated and graphical variations have been studied

27

Testing of specimens for Impact Resistance:

The impact resistance of the specimen was determined by using drop weight method
of Impact test recommended by ACI Committee 544 procedure. The size of the specimen
considered is 150mm diameter and 75mm thickness and the weight of hammer (m) is 4.54
Kg with a drop of 457mm (h). The specimens are placed on the base plate with the finished
face up and positioned within four lugs of the impact testing equipment. The bracket with the
cylindrical sleeve is fixed in place and the hardened steel ball is placed on the top of the
specimen within the bracket. The drop hammer is then placed with is base upon the steel ball
and held vertically. The hammer is dropped repeatedly; the number of blows required for the
first visible crack to form at the top surface of the specimen is recorded and also for ultimate
failure is recorded.
The first crack was based on visual observation (N1). White washing the surface of
the test specimen facilitated the identification of this crack. Ultimate failure is defined in
terms of the number of blows required to open the cracks in the specimens (N2) sufficiently
to enable fractured pieces to touch three of the four positioning lugs on the base plate. The
stages of ultimate failure are clearly recognized by the fractured specimen butting against the
lugs on the base plate. A view of showing the impact energy test is shown in Plate 4.12.

The impact resistance of the specimen was determined at 28 days. The first visible
crack (N1) and then cause ultimate failure (N2) were noted for all the specimens. The impact
energy delivered to the specimen is calculated from equation given below.
EI = N x m x g x h
Where,
EI is Impact Energy (N m),
N is the number of blows,
m is mass of the drop hammer (kg),
g is gravity acceleration (m/sec2) and
h is height of drop hammer (m).
The results have been tabulated and graphical variations have been studied.
28

Table 4.1 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate

Weight of aggregate taken: 1000 gms
S.No

IS
Sieve
No.

Weight Retained
in (Grams)

Cumulative Weight
Retained in (Grams)

Cumulative
Percentage Weight
Retained (X)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

4.75
2.36
2.00
1.18
0.6
0.425
0.3
0.125
0.09
Pan

0
97
45.8
223.7
350
58.7
120.7
94.1
7.8
2.2

0
97
142.8
366.5
716.5
775.2
895.9
990
997.8
1000

0
9.7
14.28
36.65
71.65
77.52
89.59
99.00
99.78
100

Cumulative
Percentage
Weight Passing
N=100-X
100
90.30
85.72
63.35
28.35
22.48
10.41
1.0
0.22
0

Fineness modulus: 2.90

Table 4.2 Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate

Weight of aggregate taken = 5000 gms
S.No

IS
Sieve
No.

Weight Retained
in (Grams)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

25
20
12.5
10
6.3
4.75
Pan

0
1660
2080
1035
145
40
40
0

Cumulative Weight
Cumulative
Retained in
Percentage Weight
(Grams)
Retained (X)
0
1660
3740
4775
4920
4960
5000
5000

0
33.2
74.8
95.5
98.4
99.2
100
100

Fineness modulus: 6.75

29

Cumulative
Percentage Weight
Passing
N = 100-X
100
66.8
26.2
4.5
1.6
0.8
0
0

Table 4.2 - Sieve Analysis of Demolished Aggregate

Weight of aggregate taken = 5000gm

S.No

IS
Sieve
No.

Weight Retained
in (Grams)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

26.5
20
12.5
10
6.3
4.75
Pan

180
2760
1920
110
20
10
0

Cumulative
Cumulative
Weight Retained in Percentage Weight
(Grams)
Retained (X)
180
2940
4860
4970
4990
5000
5000

3.6
58.6
97.2
99.4
99.8
100
100

Fineness modulus : 5.85

30

Cumulative
Percentage Weight
Passing
N= 100-X
96.4
41.4
2.8
0.6
0.2
0
0

Plate 4.1

Plate 4.2

A VIEW OF PLASTIC WASTE GRANULES

A VIEW OF THE DEMOLISHED AGGREGATE USED

31

PLATE 4.3

A VIEW OF SET OF SIEVES

PLATE 4.4 A VIEW SET OF SIEVES

FOR FINE AGGREGATE

FOR COARSE AGGREGATE

PLATE 4.5 A VIEW OF SLUMP CONE TEST

BEING DONE

32

PLATE 4.6 A VIEW OF THE MOULDS

PLATE 4.7 FRESH CONCRETE IN

PLATE 4.8 A VIEW OF CAST

THE MOULD

SPECIMENS IN MOULDS

PLATE 4.9 SPECIMENS IN CURING TANK

33

PLATE 4.10

A VIEW OF COMPRESSION
TESTING OF CUBE

PLATE 4.11 A VIEW OF SPLIT

TENSILE STRENGTH TEST OF CYLINDER

PLATE 4.12 A VIEW OF TESTING OF IMPACT SPECIMEN

34

PLATE 4.13 AFTER TESTING OF SPECIMENS

35

CHAPTER-5

DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS

This chapter explains about the fresh properties of concrete such as Workability,
Density, and Compaction factor and also hardened properties such as compressive strength,
split tensile strength, impact resistance. A comprehensive summary of the test results of the
properties of all the concrete mixes are presented in tables and charts.

5.1 Properties of Fresh Concrete:

Visual observations during mixing and compaction of all the concretes suggested that
the concretes were homogeneous; there was no segregation and bleeding, the mixes were
compactable. The fresh state performance of the Plastic waste and Recycled aggregate
concretes was comparable with control concrete. This observation suggests that addition of
Recycled aggregate decreases workability. The workability and densities of fresh concretes
were also tested and presented in Table 5.1.1 and Table 5.1.2. Fig 5.1.1 shows relationship
between density of the concrete and % of Plastic waste and Recycled aggregate replacement,
there was good relationship between the variables.
From the table 5.1.1 and figure 5.1.1 it may be observed that the density gets reduced
with the replacement of sand by plastic waste and coarse aggregate with demolished
aggregate from 0 to 50%.
The density of 100% natural aggregate concrete is 2400 kg/m3 and density of F (10%
Plastic waste and 50% Demolished waste) concrete mix is 2100 kg/m3.

5.2 Properties of Hardened Concrete:

Compressive Strength:
The Cube compressive strength results with constant percentage replacement of fine
aggregate by plastic waste and varying percentage replacement of coarse aggregate by
demolished aggregate are presented in Table 5.2.1. The graphical variation of compressive
36

strength versus percentage replacement of fine aggregate by plastic waste and varying
percentage replacement of coarse aggregate by demolished aggregate are presented in Fig
5.2.1. From the above Table and Figure it may be observed that there is a decrease in
compressive strength with 10% Plastic waste and 0% to 50% replacement of demolished
waste in place of natural sand and coarse aggregate.

Split Tensile strength:

The Cylinder Split tensile strength results with constant percentage replacement of
fine aggregate by plastic waste and varying percentage replacement of coarse aggregate by
demolished aggregate are presented in Table 5.2.2. The graphical variation of Split tensile
strength versus percentage replacement of fine aggregate by plastic waste and varying
percentage replacement of coarse aggregate by demolished aggregate are presented in Fig.
5.2.2. From the above Table and Figure it may be observed that there is a decrease in
compressive strength with 10% Plastic waste and 0% to 50% replacement of demolished
waste in place of natural sand and coarse aggregate.

Impact Resistance Test:

The Impact resistance test results with constant percentage replacement of fine aggregate by
plastic waste and varying percentage replacement of coarse aggregate by demolished
aggregate are presented in Table 5.2.3. The graphical variation of Impact energy versus the
type of mix are presented in Fig 5.2.3

37

WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE
Table 5.1.1
Mix Name

% of Plastic
Waste

Slump in mm

Compaction
Factor in %

% of
Demolished
Waste
0

80

85.00

10

100

89.00

10

10

90

82.50

10

20

75

89.20

10

30

50

83.40

10

40

30

82.10

10

50

20

84.30

DENSITIES OF PLASTIC WASTE AND DEMOLISHED AGGREGATE

CONCRETE
Table 5.1.2
S.No

Mix Name

% of Plastic
Waste

% of
Demolished
Waste

Density in kg/m3

2373

10

2135

10

10

2270

10

20

2174

10

30

2188

10

40

2165

10

50

2130

38

CUBE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Table 5.2.1
S.No

Mix Name

Conventional Concrete (N)

Concrete with 10% PW and 0%

RCA
Concrete with 10% PW and 10%
RCA
Concrete with 10% PW and 20%
RCA
Concrete with 10% PW and 30%
RCA
Concrete with 10% PW and 40%
RCA
Concrete with 10% PW and 50%
RCA

3
4
5
6
7

Compressive strength (fck) in

N/mm2
7 Days
28 Days
16.30
29.30
9.41

21.60

14.07

24.40

8.15

30.96

10.74

27.50

11.11

25.75

8.15

22.30

CYLINDER SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

Table 5.2.2
S.No

Mix Name

Conventional Concrete (N)

Concrete with 10% PW and 0%

RCA
Concrete with 10% PW and 10%
RCA
Concrete with 10% PW and 20%
RCA
Concrete with 10% PW and 30%
RCA
Concrete with 10% PW and 40%
RCA
Concrete with 10% PW and 50%
RCA

3
4
5
6
7

39

Split tensile strength (ft) in N/mm2

7 Days
28 Days
2.30
2.70
1.96

2.23

2.04

2.39

1.75

2.32

1.70

1.94

1.68

1.86

1.67

1.72

IMPACT RESISTANCE TEST RESULTS

Table 5.2.3
S.No

Mix
Code

Mix Name

Conventional Concrete

Initial Crack
Impact Energy
(Nm) at 28
Days
9661.20

Concrete with 10% PW and 0% RCA

6492.80

Concrete with 10% PW and 10% RCA

5617.60

Concrete with 10% PW and 20% RCA

7408.70

Concrete with 10% PW and 30% RCA

6954.14

Concrete with 10% PW and 40% RCA

6085.72

Concrete with 10% PW and 50% RCA

5102.00

40

Density Of Concerete in kg/m3

2400

FA and CA
replaced with
PW and RCA

2350
2300
2250
2200
2150
2100
2050
2000

Type Of Mix

Compressive Strength of Cube at 28

Days In N/mm2

Fig 5.1.1 Density of Concrete Vs. Percentage Replacement of Plastic waste and Demolished
Aggregate
35
30

7 Days

25

28 Days

20
15
10
5
0

Type Of Mix

Fig 5.2.1 Cube Compressive strength Vs. Percentage Replacement of Plastic waste and
Demolished Aggregate

41

Split Tensile strength of cylinder at 28

Days in N/mm2

8
7

7 Days

28 Days

5
4
3
2
1
0

Type Of Mix

Fig 5.2.2 Split Tensile Strength Vs. Percentage Replacement of Plastic waste and
Demolished Aggregate
Impact Energy Of Specimen at 28
days in Nm

12000

Impact
Energy
At First
Crack

10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0

Type Of Mix

Fig 5.2.3 Impact Energy of Concrete Vs. Percentage Replacement of Plastic waste and
Demolished Aggregate

42

Plate 5.1 CRACK PATTERN OF CUBE, CYLINDER AND IMPACT SPECIMEN

43

CHAPTER-6

CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

From the work carried in this investigation following tentative conclusions can be
drawn

1. Use of Plastic waste results in the formation of lightweight concrete.

2. The density of concrete is found to decrease with the increase in percentage
replacements of sand by plastic waste and natural aggregate by demolished
aggregate.

3. A small reduction in workability of resultant concrete has been observed

4. However maximum strength was shown by concrete mix having 10% plastic
waste aggregates and 20% demolished aggregates. Hence this is supposed to be
the best combination with respect to compressive strength. On overall basis, it is
observed that compressive strength increases with increase in demolished
aggregate content and reaches an optimum value of 20% (and 10% plastic waste)
and afterwards it gets decreased for various contents of demolished aggregate.

5. The Split tensile strength of Plastic waste and recycled aggregate concrete is seen
to decrease with increase in percentage of demolished aggregate (and also plastic
waste) content and reaches an optimum value at 20% (and 10% plastic waste) and
afterwards gets decreased with increase in content of demolished aggregate.
6. Use of these waste materials not only cuts down the cost of construction, but also
contributes in safe disposal of waste materials.
7. The production cost decreased remarkably.

44

8. Based on the experimental investigations conducted, it is concluded that plastic

waste and demolished waste is in no way inferior to other natural materials.

9. This investigation concludes that, disposal of these (plastic and demolished)

wastes is no longer a problem and this technique reduces the hazardous impact
on environment.

RECOMMENDATIONS
The following recommendations are done from the investigation :
1. This type of concrete can be effectively used in construction of simple,
unimportant and non-load bearing structures.
2. This type of concrete can be used in making of lightweight concrete.
3. This type of concrete can be used in laying roads in rural areas and also for
construction of footpaths.
4. In future, work should be done in such a way that the percentage of plastic waste
is also to be varied in different percentages along with the demolished waste to
know its characteristics and performance.
5. Sand and Coarse aggregate can be replaced successfully in concrete.
6. Work can be carried out on other wastes such as E-waste, PVC waste etc., for its
replacement in place of fine aggregate.

45

APPENDIX1

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN FOR M25 GRADE

DESIGN PROCEDURE:
a) Characteristic compressive strength required
In the field at 28 days

b) Maximum size of aggregate

25 N/mm2
20mm

c) Degree of workability as per IS 456-2000

0.90

d) Degree of quality control

medium

e) Type of exposure

mild

TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS

a) Cement- ordinary Portland cement 53 grade satisfying the requirement of IS:2691976*

b) Specific gravity of cement

3.15

i) Coarse aggregate

2.64

ii) Fine aggregate

2.60

0.87

i) Coarse aggregate

Nil

ii) Fine aggregate

Nil

c) Specific gravity

d) Specific gravity
i) Waste plastic
e) Water absorption

46

f) Free (surface) moisture

i) Coarse aggregate

Nil

ii) Fine aggregate

Nil

i) Coarse aggregate

9.09

ii) Fine aggregate

3.20

g) Finess modulus(sieve analysis)

Target Mean Strength of Concrete:

ck = fck+ (t x S)
ck= + 1.65
ck= 25 + 1.654
= 31.6

Where,
ck = target average compressive strength at 28 days.
fck =characteristic compressive strength at 28 days.
S=Standard deviation.
t =Assumed as per IS 456-2000=1.65

47

SELECTION OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO

Water-Cement Ratio:
Adopt water cement ratio as 0.45

Selection of water and sand content:

For 20mm nominal maximum size aggregate and sand confirming to grading zone I, water
content per cubic meter of concrete = 186 kg and sand content as percentage of total
aggregate by absolute volume = 35% .
Minimum cement content as per table IS 456 2000 = 300

48

Change in condition

Percentage adjustment required

Water content percentage

Sand in total aggregate

0%

-2.4%

+3%

0%

0%

+1.5%

+3%

-0.9%

For decrease in watercement ratio

(0.55-0.45=0.10)
For increase in compaction
actor
(0.9-0.8=0.1)
For sand confirming to
zone I
Total

65% of coarse aggregate 35% of fine aggregate

Therefore, required sand content as percentage of total aggregate by
Absolute volume = 35-0.9 = 34.1%
Required water content = 186+ (3/100)*186 = 191.6 lit/m3

Determination of cement content:

Water cement ratio = 0.45
Water = 191.6 lit
Cement = 426 kg/m3
This cement content is adequate for mild exposure as per IS 456-2000.

49

Determination of coarse and Fine Aggregate Content:

For the specified maximum size of aggregate of 20mm, the amount of entrapped air in the
wet concrete is 2%
V= [W+C/SC+(1/P)*Fa/Sfa]*1/1000
0.98=(191.6 +

426
3.15

1
0.341

2.64

1
1000

Fine aggregate (fa) = 579.093 kg/m3

V= [W+C/SC+(1/P)*Ca/Sca]*1/1000
0.98=(191.6 +

426
3.15

1
10.341

2.64

1
1000

Coarse aggregate (ca) = 1136.35kg/m3

WATER

CEMENT

F.A

C.A

192

426

579

1136

0.45

1.36

2.66

ACTUAL QUANTITIES REQUIRED FOR THE MIX PER BAG OF

CEMENT

This mix is 0.45: 1: 1.36: 2.66 (by mass). For 50 kg of cement, the quantities of materials are
worked out as below:
Cement =50 kg
Water content = 22.5 litres
Fine aggregate = 68 kg
Coarse aggregate = 133 kg
50

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53

PROJECT ASSOCIATES

Ranganath Ballast

S.Sai Krishna Yadav

N. Ravteja

54

S.Sanjeev Kumar

B.Vijay

CH.Sudheer

55