Running head: THE UNITED NATIONS

SUCCESSES & FAILURES

The United Nations

Successes & failures
Engy B. Ahmed
Faculty of Alsun, Ain Shams Univ.

The United Nations

Successes & Failures

Introduction
Whether the United Nations is agreed or disagreed with, praised or criticized, the fact
remains that it is the only truly global organization in the history of mankind. Given the
importance of that organization, or rather of what it represents, this paper intends to shed some
light on its successes and failures. The paper comprises two parts: the first part presents a short
review of the successes and failures of the United Nations from the perspectives of two
renowned writers; Boutros Boutros Ghali, former UN Secretary and Jussi M. Hanhimaki, Ph.D.
Professor of International History and Politics in Finland. Due to the limitation of space, this
paper shall only focus on some of the successes and failures discussed by the two writers. The
second part is a glossary of the core terms used in UN documents with 500 entries categorized by
topic and extracted from various UN documents. In assessing the successes and failures of the United Nations, the paper begins with a
brief history of the organization, then it attempts to answer two main questions about the UN:
How far has the UN lived to the expectations of its founders? Despite ongoing criticism of the
organization, why does its membership expands constantly? To answer such questions, the paper
moves to the four pledges that were taken in the UN Charter and concludes with how far the UN
succeeded in fulfilling them.

A brief history of the UN

Between 1914, which marked the outbreak of the World War 1, and 1918, almost 20
million people were perished. Old empires collapsed and new nations emerged. In other words, a
new world order emerged and brought with it an urgent need for an effective international
organization. The late 19th century had witnessed the establishment of few international

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organizations for dealing with specific issues. However, it was not until the 20 th century that the
League of Nations, the predecessor of the United Nations was formed.
Amid the bloody world of 1918, president Woodrow Wilson outlined his idea of the
League of Nations. He, along with many other world leaders, had high hopes in an international
organization that had the power to settle international disputes before they escalate to a state of
war. However, the Senate voted against this idea and the country never joined the League.
The League of Nations started its operations in Geneva, Switzerland 1920 and was
dominated by France, Great Britain Japan and Italy. Its General Assembly constituted of twenty
eight members, mostly from Europe and Latin America. The League achieved limited success at
the beginning of its work as it settled a number of international territorial disputes. But shortly
after that, its weaknesses were revealed. In addition to the absence of the United States, Japan
and Italy simply walked out of the League when they didn't like its decisions, while the Soviet
Union was the only member to be expelled from the League. A series of aggressive acts and
attacks by the four permanent members followed and the League was paralyzed towards them. It
couldn't command the super powers or apply sanctions. Eventually, it was the League of Nations'
failure to prevent the breakout of World War II that wrote its end.
The World War II was a true global conflict between the so-called Grand Alliance headed
by (the US, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union) against axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan).
This world war transformed the world, as unions collapsed, and superpowers emerged at the cost
of the blood of about 72 million people! The establishment of the United Nations was, therefore,
urgently called for by the US president Roosevelt during the last years of war. Major powers
responded and the drafting of the UN Charter began in 1941. They were trying not to repeat the
sins of the past, so they offered the founders permanent membership as an incentive for them not

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to simply walk a way of the organization as Japan had previously done. The Permanent Five
were China, France, Great Britain, the US and the USSR. The UN was also intended to be
involved in key areas of world affairs: military security, economic and social development, and
the upholding of human rights and international justice.
As the delegates of fifty-one nations arrived for the first series of meetings in London in
January 1946, the general atmosphere of international relations was already deteriorating. The
Cold War was on the doorstep, further shaping the roles of the newly formed United Nations.
Internal conflict between the two superpower: the USA and the USSR was aggravating over
which countries should be accepted in the UN. Being a peace-loving state (a requirement
stated by the UN Charter) clearly did not suffice as a qualification. The end result was a
deadlock: after 1950 no new members were added for five years.
Although the Cold War profoundly affected the UNs effectiveness in its first decade,
there were a number of positive developments as well, most significant of which was the 1948
adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Additionally, in 1948, the UN sent its
first peace observers to the Middle East where armistice agreements were mediated between the
new state of Israel and its Arab neighbors. In the meantime, the UN was active in dealing with
the needs of World War II European refugees, resulting eventually in the creation of the UN High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1950. Another important event that brought the US and
the Soviet Union accidently on the same side was the crisis of the Suez Canal. After the Egyptian
Leader Gamal Abdul Nasser declared the nationalization of the Suez Canal in 1956, an alliance
formed by Britain, France and Israel directed a military hit against Egypt. Both the Americans
and Soviets voted in favor of a resolution calling for the immediate withdrawal of foreign troops
from Egypt.

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After decolonization, UN membership expanded; between 1956 and 1968 the

membership grew to 119 states. These new members consisted of former African and Asian
colonies of European powers and they shared two common features: they were economically
backward when compared to other UN members and they refused to choose a side in East-West
confrontation, opting for membership in the so-called Nonaligned Movement (NAM). NAM has
been, since the 1970s, the largest grouping of countries represented in the UN General Assembly.
The NAM was intended to place the focus of the UN activities on social and economic
issues. The first UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), held in 1964,
highlighted this goal by the formation of the Group of 77 (G-77), an organization of developing
countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa that attempts to keep development aid at the center
of the United Nations' agenda.
While the UN's ability to deal with international security issues was in some doubt during
the Cold War, the expanded UN was actively addressing many global challenges, particularly
those facing its newer member states. There were major UN-sponsored international conferences
on the environment (1972) and the status of women (1975). The UN adopted conventions against
racial discrimination (1969) and to combat gender-based intolerance and discrimination (1979).
And the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) succeeded in pushing for the signing of the
Treaty on the Protection of the Ozone Layer (the Montreal Protocol) in 1987. In 1980 the World
Health Organization (WHO) declared smallpox extinct (M.Hanhimaki, 2008).
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, there were lofty hopes that the UN Security
Council would finally take its rightful role as the provider and guarantor of international peace
and security. It could be said it was the golden age for agendas; as the UN adopted the "Agenda
for Peace", "Agenda for Development" and "Agenda for Democracy". It was maintained that

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"This era of global challenges leaves no choice but cooperation at the global level" (Annan, UN
Secretary General, 2001 as cited in M.Hanhimaki, 2008). However, these high-minded ideals
were far from realized.
The UN membership has largely increased, its budget jumped from USD 2.6 billion to
roughly USD 20 billion. It witnessed an explosion in the number of peace operations for peace
building and peace keeping and the cost of these operations grew tenfold. At the meantime, the
UN was almost hyperactive in its presentation of numerous ambitious undertakings and plans,
based on countless studies and conferences. This hyperactivity was almost crystallized in 2000,
when the UN unveiled its Millennium Development Program: the 8 Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs) to be realized in 2015. These are: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; Achieve
universal primary education; Promote gender equality and empower women; Reduce child
mortality; Improve maternal health; Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; Ensure
environmental sustainability; and Global partnership for development.
Such growth and activism could not, however, mask the harsh realities that the UN faced
in the postCold War era. Despite the explosion in the number of its peace operations, the
organizations failures have outweighed its successes. Although the UN may have succeeded in
the transformation of Namibia to majority rule, for example, it failed in preventing massive
killings in former Yugoslavia or Rwanda. Though the percentage of people living in extreme
poverty in Asia may have declined in the early years of the 20th century, similar numbers had
gone up in Africa.
The development of the UN was replete with challenges and frustrations as an
international body trying to deal with complex issues such as international and human security,

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post-conflict management, human rights, and social and economic development. This can
partially be attributed to the impossible hybrid structure of the UN.

"We the peoples of the United Nations"

"We the peoples of the United Nations," begins the United Nations Charter. It goes on to
list four principal aims for the global organization. First, the UN was to safeguard peace
and security in order "to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war." Second,
it was "to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights." Third, the UN was to uphold
respect for international law. And fourth, the new organization pledged "to promote social
progress and better standards of life." In the summer of 1945, the founders of the United
Nations thus vowed to make the world a better place (M.Hanhimaki, 2008).
Has the UN been able to achieve all, part, or any of these worthy goals over six decades
of its existence?
First, the founders of the UN pledged to make the world a safer place; to prevent a third
world war from erupting. The Security Council was awarded almost limitless power when it
came to dealing with violations of peace. The world seemed determined this time, never again, to
stand still and watch aggressors violate international borders and agreements.
The design was flawed. UN military operations could not be deployed rapidly; indeed,
the UN was not to have a military arm of its own. And don't forget the Permanent Five, those
states that can issue or prevent the issuing of any resolution more corresponding to their own
interests than to the interests of the world order. Consequently, the UN may have had a positive
role in preventing the outbreak of another world war, but it could not prevent or stop a series of
regional conflicts (from Korea and Vietnam to the Middle East and Africa). The peacekeepers
sent to the worlds trouble regions tended to arrive long after the worst hostilities had ended.

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Sometimes, as in Sudans Darfur region, their arrival was delayed while genocide progressed
(M.Hanhimaki, 2008).
The UNs second goal was to highlight the importance of human rights and respect for
international law. To accomplish this objective, treaties, declarations, and legal instruments
multiplied. The most important of these documents was undoubtedly the 1948 Universal
Declaration of Human Rights. Others were added to the human rights canon in the 1960s, thus
producing the International Bill of Rights. By the twenty-first century, the Human Rights
Council, the High Commissioner for Human Rights, and other bodies were busily reporting
abuses around the world, while the International Criminal Court and special tribunals were
prosecuting the worst human rights abusers at The Hague.
But the capacity of these bodies to implement some form of universal jurisdiction
remains limited as the High Commissioner and the Council, for example, cannot give orders
to sovereign states. The special rapporteurs who investigate abuses on behalf of the international
community have to be invited by the host government that, in many cases, is the very same
government that is being investigated. All too often deadlock has been the end result.
Finally, the UN pledged to promote social and economic progress .To accomplish this,
such institutions as the World Banklinked to but not technically part of the UN systemwere
set up to assist countries in need of assistance. By the 1960s, as the UNs membership was rising
with the proliferation of newly independent and often underdeveloped countries (mainly from
Africa), the organization responded by creating additional structures, of which the UN
Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the UN Development Program (UNDP)
are probably the best known.

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Two problems, still evident today, emerged as early as the 1960s. On the one hand, there
was no agreement on how to promote progress. For example, because the World Bank has been
funded mainly by the United States, its policies have been heavily influenced by Washington.
But the United States was, for more than four decades, engaged in fighting the Cold War and
promoting capitalism over communism as the correct way to organize economic life. In that
context, development aid often, too often, became a political tool unrelated to the real problems
of real people in the developing world.
Add to this a number of other elementscorruption, interagency competition, and lack
of resourcesand the reasons why development aid has not been a resounding success become
clearer. Indeed, the so-called Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) unveiled in 2000 called
for halving global poverty rates by 2015. By July 7, 2007the UNs official halfway point for
meeting this targetit seemed that Asian countries were on track toward meeting this goal. But
sub-Saharan Africa was lagging far behind its targets. It is no accident that the current UN
Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, has followed in his successors footsteps in calling for the rich
countries to get serious about development aid.

Conclusion
The United Nations has achieved a lot and have yet much more to achieve and the
shortcomings of the organization itself, inadequate mandates, insufficient financial and material
resources, the failure of Member states to fulfill their obligations or take on new responsibilities all represent a catalyst for criticism. Healthy criticism, however, is an indispensible support for
the UN in its efforts to revitalize the international system (Ghali, 1995). The United Nations may
not have lived up to all the ambitions of its founders, yet the fact remains clear: it is the only
organization that represents the interests of the entire world. As Lodge succinctly put it in 1954:

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"This organization is created to prevent you from going to hell. It isnt created to take you to
heaven." (Lodge, 1945, as cited in M.Hanhimaki, 2008). Another fact can not be ignored either;
there is an impossibly wide gap between the organization's ambitions, and its actual capacities.

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UN Core Terms
English Arabic
Main Bodies
Economic and Social Council
General Assembly
International Court of Justice
Secretariat
Secretary-General
Security Council
Trusteeship Council
United Nations International Children's
Emergency Fund (UNICEF)

UN Charter
Acts of aggression
Admission to membership
Affirmative vote
Breach of peace
Enforcement action
Exhibition of full powers
International machinery
Peace-loving states
Procedural matters
Regular session
Self-determination right
Sovereign equality
Statute
Territorial integrity
The five permanent members
United Nations Conference on International
Organization

(MDGs) Millennium Development

Goals
(H4+) Initiative
Abolishing school fees
Accountability mechanisms
Adequate rural infrastructure
Aid disbursements
Antenatal / prenatal care
Artemisinin-combination therapy

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Biodiversity
Blueprint
Building the Resilience of Nations and
Communities to Disasters
Cardiovascular diseases
Child mortality rates
Childcare leave
Cities without slums
Climate mitigation
Combating tax evasion
Commercialization
Community mobilization
comprehensive obstetric care
Continuum of care
Contraceptive Prevalence
Crop diversification
Curtailing illicit financial flows
Deforestation
Delivering on the commitments
Demographic data
Desertification
Diarrhoea
Disaggregated data
Disarmament Affairs
Discrimination against Women
Discriminatory laws
Disparities
Donor countries
Duty-free and quota-free
Ecosystems
Empowerment of women
Endemic
Environmental sustainability
Equitable trade and employment policies
Extreme/Abject poverty
Fiscal capacity
Follow-up International Conferenc
Forward-looking policies
Fossil fuel
Fostering effective partnerships

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Furthering the achievement of goals
Galvanizing (efforts)
Gender-based violence
Gender-responsive (plan)
Global Jobs Pact
Global Programme to Enhance Reproductive
Health Commodity Security
Hepatitis C
High-level events
HIV
Holistic and comprehensive approach
Hygienic care
Illicit activities
Immunization
Immunization
Impunity
Indigenous people
Informing policies
Innovative medicines and generics
Insecticide-treated bed nets
Intellectual Property Rights
Interdependence
Interlinked and mutually reinforcing interests
International coordination and governance
International financial stability
International Financial Transactions for
Development
Keeping the promise
Know-how
Land and soil degradation
landlocked developing countries
legitimacy
Macroeconomic policies
Male and female condoms
Marine biodiversity
Maternal health
Maternal Morbidity
Maternal Mortality
Maternity leave
Measles
Measles, polio, tuberculosis and tetanus
campaigns

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Successes & Failures
Microbicides
Micronutrient deficiency
Multiplier effects
Mobilization of resources
Multiple and interrelated crises
Neglected tropical diseases
Nutritional deficiencies
One-size-fits-all formula
Operationalization
Overarching framework
Pandemic
Partial subsidization
partially reversing prior gains
Plan of Implementation of the World Summit
on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg
Plan of Implementation)
PMNCH (The partnership for Maternal,
Newborn and Child Health)
Pneumonia
Policy coherence for development
Post natal care
Poverty Eradication
Preparedness for humanitarian emergencies
Protectionist tendencies
Public awareness
Relevant stakeholders
Replication
Responsive framework
Scaling up
Segments of society
Setbacks
Short-term liquidity
Slum-dwellers
Smallholder farmers
Social exclusion
Social inclusion
Social protection programmes
Solidarity
Sovereign debt
Spring bud plan
Sterile injecting equipment
Stigmatization of people

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Successes & Failures
Stolen assets
Structural impediments
tangible results
technical, managerial and entrepreneurial
training
The expeditious delivery of commitments
The Monterrey Consensus
Tracking and monitoring of water quality
Tracking completion and attendance rates
Trade distorting measures
Trafficking in children
Triangular cooperation
Under-five mortality
Uneven distribution
uneven progress
Unique mandate
United Nations Convention against
Corruption13
United Nations Convention to Combat
Desertification
United Nations Population Fund )UNFPA)
Universal social protection
Vaccination
Vocational training
Volatility of energy and food prices
Voluntary associations
Voluntary Digital Solidarity Fund
WFP (World Food Program)
Wide spectrum

Treaties

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Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE)

Abbreviations
abolition of the death penalty
Accession
Adoption
Agreement
Agreement on International Railways in the
Arab Mashreq
Amendments
Annex
Arbitration
Assembly of States Parties

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Auspices
Authentic languages
Authentication
Bilateral
Ceremony of signature
Clarification
Commence date
Commissions
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
Conciliation
Concurrence
Consent
Consent to be bound
Conservation and Management of Straddling
Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks
Consultation
Consultative capacity

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Convention on Biological Diversity

Convention on Cluster Munitions

Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on

the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Discrimination against Women

Convention on the Prohibition of the

Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use

of Chemical Weapons and on their

Destruction
Convention on the Prohibition of the Use,

Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti
Personnel Mines and on their Destruction
Convention on the Rights of Persons with

Disabilities

Convention on the Rights of the Child on the

Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
Correction

Credentials

Custodian of the treaty

Customary international law

Date of effect

Declarations

Definitive entry into force

Definitive signature

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Successes & Failures
Delivery
Denunciation
Depositary of Multilateral Treaties
Designation of depositary
Disarmament Treaties
Dispute resolution and compliance
mechanisms
Domestic legal requirements.
Elaboration
Empowerment
Entry into force
Ex officio registration
Execution
Filing
Final Act
Final clauses
Form of instrument of full powers
Full powers
General Survey
Head of Government
Head of State
Human rights
Indiscriminate Effects
Interior and Religious Affairs
International Cocoa Agreement
International Convention for the Suppression
of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism
International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights
International instruments
International Tropical Timber Agreement
Interpretative declaration
Interpretative statement
Key events
Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change
League of Nations
Legal Counsel
Legal Counsel
Legal order
Legislation
Limitations
Limited publication
Member States

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Successes & Failures
Memorandum of understanding (M.O.U.)
Millennium Summit
Minister for Foreign Affairs
Modifications to reservations
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete
the Ozone Layer
Non-compliance
Note Verbal
Notification
Objections
Office of Legal Affairs of the United Nations
Official seal
Optional and mandatory declarations
Pending
Permanent representative
Plenipotentiaries
Practical considerations
Prima facie
Promulgation
Protocol
Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees
Provisional application
Provisions
Publication
Ratification
Recording
Reference to
Regional economic integration organizations
Regulations
Repertory of Practice
Repertory of Practice
Requirement of instrument of full powers
Reservations
Rome Statute of the International Criminal
Court
Rule of law
Secretariat
Secretary-General circulates
Signature
Silent on reservations
Simple signature

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Successes & Failures
Sovereign State
Summary of Practice
Supplement
Termination
The negotiating States
Title of the instrument
Title of the treaty
Trafficking in persons
Transnational Organized Crime
Treaty closes for signature
Treaty opens for signature
Treaty-making capacity
United Nations Convention Against Corruption
United Nations Convention on Contracts for
the International Carriage of Goods
United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea (UNCLOS)
United Nations Convention to Combat
Desertification
Use of good offices
Vienna Convention
Withdrawal
Withdrawal of reservations

Resolutions
Ad hoc
Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF)
Afghanistan National Development Strategy
(ANDS)
African Union-Regional Task Force
Agencies
Allied Democratic Forces (ADF(
Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)
Ammunition
Anti-money laundering
Arabian Peninsula
Arms embargo
Arms Trade Treaty
Asset freeze
Asset Recovery Law
Attacks

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Successes & Failures
Benchmarks
Bicommunal, bizonal federation
Biological weapons
Buffer zone
Central African Republic (CAR)
Chemical Weapons
Civilian casualties
Collective Security Organization (CSTO)
Combat
Compulsory recruitment
Concessions
Condemnation
Conflict
Conscription / enlistment of children
Consensus
Constitutional Drafting Assembly
Contravention
Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
Counter-Terrorism
Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC)
Country Team
Deauville initiative
Demobilization
Democratic Forces for the Liberation of
Rwanda (FDLR)
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
Department for peacekeeping operations
(DPKO)
Deployment
Designation Criteria
Deterioration
Disarmament, Demobilization, Repatriation,
and Reintegration (DDRR)
Disaster Management
Displaced persons
Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD)
Economic Community of Central African
States
(ECCAS)
Eritrea Monitoring Groups (SEMG)
European Gendarmerie Force (EGF)

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Successes & Failures
European Union through its police mission
(EUPOL Afghanistan)
Expanded Joint Verification Mechanism
(EJVM)
Extension of State authority
Extrajudicial killings
Facilitation
Federal Government of Somalias
Financial Action Task Force
Geneva Conventions
Genocide
German Police Project Team (GPPT)
Global Counterterrorism Forum (GCTF)
Good neighbourliness
Green Line
Group of Eight Summit in Lough Erne
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
Harassment
Heads of State and Government of the
International Conference on the Great Lakes
Region (ICGLR)
Heads of State or Government of the NonAligned Movement
Heart of Asia Ministerial Conference
High Level Implementation Panel
Host Countries
Hostage-taking
Hostilities
Humanitarian access
Humanitarian Pledging Conference
Illicit Traffic
Immunities
Impartial
Implementation Mechanism
Improvised Explosive Devices
Impunity
Independence
Independent Human Rights Commission
(AIHRC)
Informal Working Group on General issues of
Sanctions
Inter-Ministerial Steering Committee

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International Commission of Inquiry

International Conference on the Solutions
Strategy for Afghan Refugees
International Criminal Court (ICC)
International humanitarian law
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)
Inter-tribal fighting
Intimidation
Joint Coordination and Monitoring Board
(JCMB)
Joint Declaration
Justice and Equality Movement-Mohamed
Bashar (JEM-Bashar)
Kidnapping
Liberation and Justice Movement
Libyan Africa Investment Portfolio (LAIP)
Libyan Investment Authority (LIA)
Lords Resistance Army (LRA)
Mandate (to a mission)
Mediation
Methodological standards
Mine Action Programme
Mineral smuggling
Ministry of Interior Prison
Mission to the Central African Republic
(MISCA)
Mixed tribunals
Mutual Accountability
National criminal jurisdictions

National Dialogue Conference

National Dialogue Conferences Good
Governance Working Group
National Drugs Control Strategy
National Electoral Authority (NEA)
National Priority Programmes
National Priority Programmes
National Security Adviser
National Transparency
Non-governmental organization (NGOs)

Non-interference
North Atlantic Treaty Organizations (NATO)
Notifications

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Successes & Failures
Operation Enduring Freedom coalition
Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
Panel of Experts
Paris Pact Initiative
Parliamentary elections
Payment of ransoms
Peace and Security Department of the African
Union Commission
Peacebuilding
Peacekeeping troop
Perpetrators
Perpetuating the problem
Pledges
Presidential statement
Privileges
Proliferation
Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court
Provincial Reconstruction Teams
Quadrilateral Summit
Recommendations
Reconciliation
Recruitment
Regional Economic Cooperation Conference
on Afghanistan (RECCA)
Regional Infrastructure
Reintegration Programme
Reporting and review
Round-up document
Safe release
Security Council Subsidiary Organs Branch
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC)
Southern African Development Community
(SADC)
Sovereignty
Specialized chambers
Surveillance
Suspension
Territorial integrity
Tokyo Declaration
Transformation Decade
Transition
Transitional Charter

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Travel ban
Trilateral Summit
UN Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the
Central African Republic (BINUCA)
United Nations/African Union Hybrid
Operation in Darfur (UNAMID)

United Nations Assistance Mission in

Afghanistan (UNAMA)
United Nations Common Humanitarian Fund
United Nations Development Assistance
Framework (UNDAF)
United Nations Office in Burundi (BNUB)

United Nations Office on Drug and Crime

(UNODC)
United Nations Support Mission in Libya
(UNSMIL)
Violations
Voluntary Repatriation
World Bank

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References
M.Hanhimaki, J. (2008). The United Nations: A very Short Introduction. New York, USA.
Oxford University Press.
Ghali, B.B. (1995). Confronting New Challenges: Annual Report on the work of the
organization. New York, USA. United Nations Department of Public Information.
Development and MDGs (n.d). Retrieved from the United Nations Website:
https://unp.un.org/Default.aspx
Security Council Resolutions (2014). Retrieved from the United Nations Website:
http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/index.shtml
Treaty Book (2012). The Treaty Section of the Office of the Legal affairs. New York, USA.
United Nations Publications.
UN Charter (n.d). Retrieved from United Nations Website:
https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/