4706 Final Slides

RF Measurements for LTE
Presented by:
Martha Zemede
August 7, 2008
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
Previous Agilent LTE webcasts

Concepts of 3GPP LTE
TechOnline , September 20, 2007
This webcast will cover what LTE is, where it came from and provide context against the other
3.9G technologies such as HSPA+ and WiMAXTM. There will be a brief introduction to the new
OFDM air interface as well as the complimentary changes being planned for the network
system architecture evolution or SAE.
Addressing the Design & Verification Challenges of 3GPP LTE
TechOnline , October 02, 2007
This webcast will investigate system design and verification challenges of 3GPP LTE and
show how Agilents new design simulation capabilities can help.
Understanding SC-FDMA -- The New LTE Uplink
TechOnline , March 20, 2008
Everything you wanted to know about SC-FDMA but were afraid to ask! This webcast will
provide you with an intuitive understanding of SC-FDMA, LTE's new uplink modulation format.
The pros and cons of SC-FDMA vs. OFDMA will be discussed concluding with measurements
of typical SC-FDMA distortions using Agilent's industry-leading 89600 Vector Signal Analyzer
software
LTE Protocol Primer
TechOnline , June 26, 2008
This webcast will introduce the various LTE protocol layers, their functions, interactions,
processes and message structures. The various LTE signals will also be discussed. This talk
will include comment on the completeness of the relevant standards.
2
9 Oct 2007
Page 2
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Agilent LTE Analysis Software

This presentation contains screen images from two separate Agilent LTE signal analysis software
89600 Vector Signal Analysis Software
LTE Modulation Analysis Option
N9080A LTE Measurement Application

for X-Series Signal Analyzers
Both of these software share same measurement algorithm and same measurement
features and capabilities. Major differences are:
89600 software works with over 30 different Agilent hardware frontends including X-Series signal
analyzers vs. N9080A LTE application is for X-Series signal analyzers only
89600 software has windows graphical user interface using mouse and keyboard and Microsoft .COM
remote programming vs. N9080A has hardkey/softkey manual user interface and SCPI remote
programming
3
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Agenda
Brief overview of LTE FDD frame structure
Brief overview of LTE physical layer channels and signals
List of LTE physical layer transmitter tests
LTE modulation quality test requirements
Downlink
Uplink
Modulation quality signal analysis and troubleshooting techniques

Agilent LTE signal analysis solutions
Agilent LTE measurement solutions overview
Appendix LTE physical layer RF measurements
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Agenda
Downlink
Uplink

LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Physical Layer definitions

Frame Structure
Frame Structure type 1 (FDD)
FDD: Uplink and downlink are transmitted separately
One radio frame = 10 ms

One slot = 0.5 ms
#0
#1
#2
#3
#18
#19
One subframe = 1ms

Subframe 0
Subframe 1
Subframe 9
Frame Structure type 2 (TDD)

One radio frame, Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 ms
One half-frame, 153600 x Ts = 5 ms
One subframe, 30720 x Ts = 1 ms

One slot,
Tslot =15360 x Ts = 0.5 ms
#0
DwPTS
Guard period
#2
UpPTS
#3
#4
#5
DwPTS
#7
#8
#9
UpPTS
Guard period
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Slot structure and physical resource element

A Resource Block (RB) is basic
scheduling unit.
One slot, Tslot
DL
N sy
m b OFDM
symbols
Resource block
RB
DL
x N sc
N sy
mb
Resource
element
(k, l)
DL
RB
N RB
x N sc
subcarriers
A RB contains:
7 symbols (1 slot) X 12 subcarriers
for normal cyclic prefix
6 symbols (1 slot) X 12 subcarriers
for extended cyclic prefix
Minimum data allocation is 1 ms (2 slots)
and 180 kHz (12 subcarriers).
Condition (DL)
RB
N sc
RB
N sc
subcarriers
Normal
f=15kHz
cyclic prefix
f=15kHz
Extended
cyclic prefix f=7.5kHz
Condition (UL)
:
l=0
7
l= N syDLm b 1
Normal
cyclic prefix
Extended
cyclic prefix
NRBsc
NULsymb
12
12
24
6
3
NRBsc
NULsymb
12
12
6
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
LTE Physical Layer Overview

LTE air interface consists of two main components:
1. Physical signals
These are generated in Layer 1 and are used for system

synchronization, cell identification and radio channel
estimation
2. Physical channels
These carry data from higher layers including control,

scheduling and user payload
The following is a simplified high-level description of the

essential signals and channels.
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
LTE Air Interface:

Downlink Physical Signals
P-SS - Primary Synchronization Signal
S-SS - Secondary Synchronization Signal

RS Reference Signal (Pilot)
Base
Station
(eNB)
P-SS:
- Used in cell search and initial synchronization procedures
- Carries part of the cell ID (one of 3 sequences) and identifies 5 ms timing
- Transmitted on 62 out of the reserved 72 subcarriers (6 RBs) around DC at
OFDMA symbol #6 of slot #0 & #10
User
- Modulation sequence = One of 3 Zadoff-Chu sequences
Equipment
S-SS:
- Used to identify cell-identity groups. Also identifies frame timing (10 ms)
- Carries remainder of cell ID (one of 168 binary sequences)
- Transmitted on 62 out of the reserved 72 subcarriers (6 RBs) around DC at
OFDMA symbol #5 of slot #0 & #10
- Modulation sequence = Two 31-bit binary sequences; BPSK
(UE)
RS:
- Used for DL channel estimation and coherent demodulation
- Transmitted on every 6th subcarrier of OFDMA symbols #0 & #4 of every slot
- Modulation sequence = Pseudo Random Sequence (PRS). Exact sequence
derived from cell ID, (one of 3 * 168 = 504).
9
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
LTE Air Interface:

Uplink Physical Signals
DM-RS - (Demodulation) Reference Signal
S-RS - (Sounding) Reference Signal
Base
Station
(eNB)
DM-RS: There are two types of DM-RS. PUCCH-DMRS and PUSCH-DMRS

PUSCH-DMRS:
- Used for uplink channel estimation
- Transmitted on SC-FDMA symbol #3 of every PUSCH slot
- Modulation sequence = nth root Zadoff-Chu
PUCCH-DMRS:
- Transmitted on different symbols depending on PUCCH format and cyclic
prefix. For normal cyclic prefix and PUCCH format 1, it is transmitted on
SC-FDMA symbols #2, #3 and # 4 of every PUCCH slot. For PUCCH format
1, it is transmitted on SC-FDMA symbols #1 and 5
- Modulation sequence = Zadoff-Chu
User
Equipment
(UE)
S-RS:
- Used for uplink channel quality estimation when no PUCCH or PUSCH
is scheduled.
- Modulation sequence = Based on Zadoff-Chu
10
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
LTE Air Interface:

Downlink Physical Channels (1 of 2)
Broadcast Channel
PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel
Indicator Channels
PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
PHICH Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel
PBCH:
Base
Station
(eNB)
- Carries cell specific information such as system bandwidth, number of Tx

antennas etc
- Transmitted in the centre 72 subcarriers (6 RB) around DC at OFDMA symbol #0 to
#3 of Slot #1 of sub-frame #0
- Modulation scheme = QPSK
PCFICH:
User
Equipment
(UE)
- Carries information on the number of OFDM symbols used for transmission of

PDCCHs in a sub-frame
- Transmitted on symbol #0 of slot 0 in a sub-frame
PHICH:
- Carries the hybrid-ARQ ACK/NACK feedback to the UE for the blocks received
- Transmitted on symbol #0 of every sub-frame (Normal duration) and symbols #0, 1
& 2 of every sub-frame (Extended duration) if the number of PDCCH symbols = 3
- Modulation scheme = BPSK (CDM)
11
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
LTE Air Interface

Downlink Physical Channels (2 of 2)
Control Channel
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
Shared (Payload) Channel

PDSCH - Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Base
Station
(eNB)
PDCCH
- Carries uplink and downlink scheduling assignments and other
control information depending on format type (there are 4 formats)
- Transmitted on the first 1, 2 or 3 symbols of every subframe
User
Equipment
(UE)
PDSCH
- Carries downlink user data
- Transmitted on sub-carriers and symbols not occupied by
the rest of downlink channels and signals
- Modulation scheme = QPSK, 16QAM, 64 QAM
12
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
LTE Air Interface:

Uplink Physical Channels
Random Access Channel
PRACH - Physical Random Access Channel
Control Channel
PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel
Shared (Payload) Channel
PUSCH - Physical Uplink Shared Channel
Base
Station
(eNB)
PRACH:
- Used for call setup
- Modulation scheme = uth root Zadoff-Chu
PUCCH:
- Carries ACK/NACK for downlink packets, CQI information and scheduling
requests
- Never transmitted at same time as PUSCH from the same UE
- Two RBs per sub-frame, the outer RB regions, are reserved for PUCCH
- Modulation scheme = On/Off keying, BPSK and QPSK
User
Equipment
(UE)
PUSCH:
- Carries uplink user data
- Modulation scheme = QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
13
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Downlink frame structure type 1

N syDLmbOFDM symbols (= 7 OFDM symbols @ Normal CP)
160
2048
144
2048
144
2048
CP
CP
CP
144
2048
144
2048
144
2048
144
2048
CP
CP
CP
(x Ts)
1 slot
= 15360 Ts
= 0.5 ms
etc.
The Cyclic Prefix is created by prepending each

symbol with a copy of the end of the symbol
RS - Reference Signal (Pilot)

Sub-Carrier (RB)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 sub-frame
= 2 slots
= 1 ms
PBCH - Physical Broadcast Channel

PCFICH Physical Control Channel Format Indicator Channel
PHICH (Normal) Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
PDCCH (L=3) - Physical Downlink Control Channel
Time (Symbol)

#0
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
#15
#16
#17
#18
#19
1 frame
= 10 sub-frames
= 10 ms
14
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Downlink frame structure analysis

Slot#0 Symbol#0
RS + PCFICH + PHICH + PDCCH
PHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel

PDCCH - Physical Downlink Control Channel
2 3
Frequency
(Sub-Carrier or RB)
Time (Symbol)
15
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Downlink frame structure analysis

PHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
Slot#0 Symbol #6:

P-SS + PDSCH
PDCCH - Physical Downlink Control Channel

2 3
Frequency
(Sub-Carrier or RB)
Time (Symbol)
16
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Uplink mapping
PUSCH
Demodulation Reference Signal
for PUSCH
PUCCH
Demodulation Reference Signal
for PUCCH format 1
16QAM
64QAM
QPSK
Rotated
QPSK
64QAM
16QAM
or QPSK
Zadoff-Chu
17
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Uplink frame structure analysis

PUSCH-DMRS Demodulation Reference Signal (pilot)
Frequency
(Sub-Carrier or RB)
Slot #0 Symbol #0: PUSCH
Time (Symbol)
18
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Uplink frame structure analysis

PUSCH-DMRS Demodulation Reference Signal (pilot)
Frequency
(Sub-Carrier or RB)
Slot #0 Symbol #3: PUSCH-DMRS
0 1
3 4
0 1
3 4
Time (Symbol)
19
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Agenda
Downlink
Uplink
20

LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Transmitter Characteristics eNB

6.2 Base Station Output Power
6.3 Output Power Dynamics
6.4 Transmit ON/OFF Power
6.5 Transmit Signal Quality
6.5.1 Frequency Error
6.5.2 Error Vector Magnitude
6.5.3 Time alignment between
transmitter branches
6.5.4 DL RS power
6.6 Unwanted Emissions
6.6.1 Occupied bandwidth
6.6.2 Adjacent Channel Leakage
Power Ratio (ACLR)
6.6.3 Operating band unwanted
emissions ( same as SEM)
6.6.4 Transmitter spurious emission
6.7 Transmit Intermodulation
21
These transmitter tests are work

in progress and the definitions
and requirements covered in this
presentation are working
assumptions per TS 36.104
V8.2.0 (2008-05)
Test models (E-TMs) are under
discussion. These various eNB
Tx tests will be mapped to
various E-TMs once finalized.
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Transmitter Characteristics UE
6.2 Transmit Power

6.3 Output Power Dynamics
6.4 Control and Monitoring Functions
6.5 Transmit Signal Quality
6.5.1 Frequency error
6.5.2 Transmit modulation
6.5.2.1 Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)

6.5.2.2 IQ-Component
6.5.2.3 In-band Emissions
6.5.2.4 Spectrum Flatness
These transmitter tests are work

in progress and the definitions
and requirements covered in this
presentation are working
assumptions per TS 36.101
v8.2.0 (2008-05) + CR from June
RAN WG47 meeting
6.6 Output RF Spectrum Emissions

6.6.1 Occupied bandwidth
6.6.2 Out of band emission
6.6.2.1 Spectrum emission mask (SEM)
6.6.2.3 Adjacent channel leakage power ratio (ACLR)
6.6.3 Spurious emissions

6.7 Transmit Intermodulation
22
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Agenda
Downlink
Uplink
23

LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Transmitted Signal Quality

eNB (Downlink)
Currently there are four requirements under the
transmitted signal quality category for an eNB:
Frequency error
EVM
Time alignment between transmitter
branches
DL RS Power
24
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
eNB Transmitted Signal Quality:

Frequency Error
If the frequency error is larger than a
few sub-carriers, the receiver demod
may not operate, and could cause
network interference
A quick test is use the

Occupied BW measurement
An accurate measurement
can then be made using the
demodulation process
Minimum Requirement (observed
over 1 ms):
0.05 PPM
25
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008

EVM Measurement Block
Pre-/post FFT
time/frequency
synchronization
BS TX
Remove
CP
FFT
Per-subcarrier
Amplitude/phase
correction
Symbol
detection
/decoding
Reference point
for EVM
measurement
TS 36.104 V8.2.0 FigureE.1-1: Reference point for EVM measurement
EVM measurement is defined over one sub-frame

(1ms) in the time domain and 12 subcarriers
(180kHz) in the frequency domain. However
equalizer is calculated over full frame (10 sub-frames)
26
Measurement Block: EVM is

measured after the FFT and a
zero-forcing (ZF) constrained
equalizer in the receiver
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008

Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)
EVM measurement requires the signal
to be correctly demodulated
EVM specification differs for each
modulation scheme
Minimum Requirement:
Parameter
Unit
Level
QPSK
17.5
16QAM
12.5
64QAM
Agilent Signal Analyzer EVM Performance DL
Signal BW
5 MHz
10 MHz
20 MHz
27
89650S
(typ)
0.35 %
0.40 %
0.45 %
MXA
(typ)
0.45 %
0.45 %
0.50 %
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008

Time alignment between transmitter branches
This test is required for eNB supporting TX diversity or spatial
multiplexing transmission
Purpose is to measure time delay between the signals from two
transmit antennas
It is RS based measurement.
Measures relative timing error
between RS on antenna port
0 and RS on antenna port 1.
It is one of the many metrics
reported under MIMO Info
trace.
Minimum requirement:
< [65] ns
28
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008

DL RS Power
Measures RS transmitted power
Test requirement:
DL RS power shall be within [+/- 2.1]

dB of the DL RS power indicated on
the BCH
RS power, as well as EVM,

measured at base station RF
output is reported under
Frame Summary trace
29
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Downlink EVM Equalizer Definition

For the downlink, the EVM equalizer has been constrained
From the 10th
subcarrier onwards the
window size is 19 until
the upper edge of the
channel is reached and
the window size
reduces back to 1
The subsequent 7
subcarriers are averaged
over 5, 7 .. 17 subcarriers
Agilent 89600 VSA EVM Setting
The second
reference
subcarrier is the
average of the
first three
subcarriers
The first
reference
subcarrier
is not
averaged
Reference subcarriers
TS 36.104 V8.2.0 Figure E.6-1: Reference subcarrier

smoothing in the frequency domain
30
Rather than use all the

RS data to correct the
received signal a
moving average is
performed in the
frequency domain
across the channel
which limits the rate of
change of correction
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Important notes on EVM

No transmit/receive filter will be defined
In UMTS a transmit/receive filter was defined
Root raised cosine = 0.22
This filter was also used to make EVM measurements

Deviations from the ideal filter increased the measured EVM
In LTE with OFDMA/SC-FDMA no filter is defined

The lack of a filter creates opportunities and problems:
Signal generation can be optimized to meet in-channel and out
of channel requirements
Signal reception and measurement have no standard reference
It is expected that real receivers will use the downlink

reference signals (pilots) to correct for frequency and
phase
31
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008

EVM vs. time impact on CP reduction
The lack of a defined transmit filter means that trade-offs can be made
between in-channel performance and out of channel performance (ACLR,
Spectrum emission mask)
But applying too aggressive filtering can introduce delays to the signal
which appear like multipath and reduce the effective length of the CP
EVM
Usable ISI free period
Impact of time domain

distortion induced by shaping
of the transmit signal in the
frequency domain
CP length
For this reason EVM is defined across a window at two points in time
either side of the nominal symbol centre
2
9 Oct 2007
Page 32
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008

EVM Window (Downlink and Uplink)
CP Len
FFT Size
EVM Window
FFT Size aligned with EVM Window End

FFT Size aligned with EVM Window Center
Agilent 89600 VSA EVM Setting

FFT Size aligned with EVM Window Start
EVM is measured at two locations in time and

the maximum of the two EVM is reported. i.e.
EVM1 measured at EVM Window Start
EVM2 measured at EVM Window End
Reported EVM = max(EVM1, EVM2)
33
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Agenda
Downlink
Uplink
34

LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Transmitted Signal Quality

UE (Uplink)
Frequency error
Transmit modulation
Currently there are four requirements under the
transmit modulation category for a UE:
1. EVM for allocated resource blocks
2. I/Q Component (also known as carrier leakage power or
I/Q origin offset)
3. In-Band Emission for non-allocated resource blocks
4. Spectrum flatness for allocated RB
35
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
UE Transmitted Signal Quality:

Frequency Error
If the frequency error is larger than a
few sub-carriers, the receiver demod
may not operate
A quick test is use the

Occupied BW measurement
An accurate measurement
can then be made using the
demodulation process
Minimum Requirement (observed
over 1 ms):
UE: 0.1 PPM
36
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
UE Transmit Modulation:
Measurement Block
EVM is made after ZF
equalization filter and IDFT.
This is OFDM Meas trace
in 89601A and N9080A LTE
application
Modulated
symbols
Test equipment
DUT
Tx-Rx chain
equalizer
DFT
0
FFT
TX
Front-end
Channel
RF
correction
FFT
I/Q origin offset (LO Leakage) must

be removed from the evaluated
signal before calculating EVM and
In-band emissions.
37
IDFT
EVM
meas.
In-band
emissions
Meas.
In-band emissions
measurement is made in
frequency domain, after
FFT, with no equalizer filter.
This is OFDM Freq Meas
trace in 89601A & N9080A
LTE application
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
EVM For allocated resource blocks
Minimum Requirement
For signals > -40 dBm,
Parameter
EVM for individual

channels & signals
Unit
Level
QPSK
17.5
16QAM
12.5
64QAM
[tbd]
TS 36.101 v8.2.0 Table 6.5.2.1.1-1:

Minimum requirements for Error Vector Magnitude
Agilent Signal Analyzer EVM Performance UL
Composite
EVM plus
Data only and
RS only EVM
Signal BW
5 MHz
10 MHz
20 MHz
89650S
(typ)
0.35 %
0.40 %
0.45 %
MXA
(typ)
0.56 %
0.56 %
0.63 %
It is not expected that 64QAM will be allocated at the edge of the signal
38
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
I/Q Component
I/Q Component (LO Leakage or IQ
Offset) revels the magnitude of the
carrier feedthrough present in the
signal
I/Q Component is removed from
EVM result
Minimum requirements
LO Leakage
Parameters
Relative Limit (dBc)
Output power >0 dBm
-25
- 30 dBm Output power 0 dBm
-20
-40 dBm Output power < -30 dBm
-10
TS 36.101 v8.2.0 Table 6.5.2.2.1-1: Minimum requirements for Relative Carrier Leakage Power
39
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
In-band Emission For non-allocated RBs
The in-band emission is measured as the
relative UE output power of any non allocated
RB(s) and the total UE output power of all the
allocated RB(s)
It is defined as an average across 12 subcarriers and as a function of the RB offset from
the edge of the allocated UL block.
In-band
emission
Measurement is made at the output of the frontend FFT, prior to equalization.

Relative emissions (dB)
In-band emission
max[- 25, (20 log10 EVM) - 3 -10 (DRB -1) / NRB)]
TS 36.101 v8.2.0 Table 6.5.2.3.1-1: Minimum requirements for in-band emissions

40
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Spectrum flatness
The spectrum flatness is defined as a relative power variation
across the subcarrier of all RB of the allocated UL block
TBD
41
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Agenda
Downlink
Uplink
Modulation quality signal analysis and troubleshooting

techniques
42
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
The Spectrogram
shows how the
spectrum varies with
time
See entire LTE
frame in frequency
and time
simultaneously
Find subtle
patterns, errors
Time
Spectrogram
Spectrogram
marker
43
P-SS,S-SS occupying
center 6 RBs
RS transmitted every 6 sub-carrier
Frequency
RS sub-carriers as selected by
the spectrogram marker
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Basic Demodulation
44
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Basic Demodulation Constellation Diagram

Constellation Diagram
Demodulates and displays all
active channels and signals
within the measurement
interval. Color coded by
channel type
All active
channels and
signals are
included
45
Only control channels

and signals are
included. (QPSK, 16
QAM and 64QAM data
channels are disabled)
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Basic Demodulation: Error Summary

EVM parameters: composite, peak, data and
RS EVM
Sync correlation: How well the signal is
synchronized to either RS or P-SS (user selected)
I/Q impairments
Auto detects CP Length, Cell ID, Cell ID
Group/Sector and RS sequence
EVM of individual active channels and

signals
46
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Advanced Demodulation:
Measure EVM in Time, Frequency, Slot and RB domain
EVM per Sub-Carrier
EVM per RB
47
EVM per Symbol
EVM per Slot
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Error Vector Spectrum :

EVM vs. Time and Frequency
Normal view
Zoomed on 72 Center Sub-Carriers (6 RB) to show

P-SS, S-SS & PBCH
vertical bars show EVM for

individual symbols contained
In each sub-carrier
Y-Axis is EVM in %
RMS EVM
EVM
Error Vector Spectrum:

Shows error in %EVM for
each of 300 subcarriers
(excluding DC) of 5MHz DL
BW.
X-Axis is sub-carrier
DC sub-carrier
not used for DL
Color code relates EVM

reading to channel/signal type
Sub-Carrier
48
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Error Vector Time:

EVM vs. Time and Frequency
EVM
Error Vector Time:

Shows error in %EVM for each of
140 OFDM symbols (Normal CP) of
radio frame
X-Axis is symbol
OFDM Symbol
Turned off the PDSCH (user data) channel

individual sub-carriers contained
in each symbol
Y-Axis is EVM in %
Color coding makes it easy to
visualize which channels/ signals
have high EVM. In this example, SSS and P-SS transmitted on symbols
5 and 6 of slots #1& #10 have the
highest EVM (Marker can also be
used to identify the channel type as
well as EVM values)
49
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
RB Error Magnitude Spectrum:

EVM vs. RB and Slot
EVM Window set to Max of EVM
Window Start/End
BB Filter characteristics
EVM

individual slots contained
in each RB
RB
EVM Window set to Center
50
RB Error Magnitude Spectrum

Shows error in %EVM for
each of 25 RB of 5MHz DL BW.
X-Axis is RB
Y-Axis is EVM in %
Best EVM trace to view the
characteristics of transmit filter
or any other impairment that
affect the edges of the band.
Since data is allocated to
each user based on RB, best
way to look at performance per
each RB.
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Marker Coupling - Multiple Signal Views

Search Peak Error, Link to Other Measurements
Link error peaks to
constellation points,
symbols, amplitude
values, specific
carriers, as a way to
pinpoint error
mechanism
Coupled markers
track problem
between
measurements
Marker table showing
all the marker readings
(up to 12 markers)
51
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Analyzing the equalizer results:

SC-FDMA Example
10 MHz IQ
constellation
Transition from RS unity circle to 16QAM
Amplitude flatness 0.1 dB
Amplitude flatness for outer 10 RB
Phase flatness 0.5 degrees
Subcarrier relative flatness for outer 10 RB

2
9 Oct 2007
Page 52
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Agenda
Downlink
Uplink
53

LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
LTE Signal Analysis 89601A Vector Signal Analysis Software

Features/Capabilities Summary
LTE downlink (OFDMA) and uplink (SCFDMA) analysis in a single option
Industry leading performance: EVM of
< 0.35% (-50 dB) - hardware dependent
FDD mode, Type 1 generic frame
structure
All LTE bandwidths: 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz
All LTE modulation formats and
sequences: BPSK, QPSK, 16 QAM, 64
QAM, CAZAC (Zadoff-Chu)
Supports Agilent signal analyzers: PSA,
MXA, EXA, 89600 as well as Agilent
logic analyzers and scopes
Connectivity with Agilents Advance
Design System (ADS) LTE wireless
library
54
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Consistent Measurement SW =
Correlation of results across the block diagram
89601A VSA
DUT
DSP
Digital (SSI)
Logic Analyzer
BB (I-Q)
BB/IF/RF
Oscilloscope
Signal Analyzer
ADS connectivity
Direct connection to ADS LTE signal simulation
output using ADS 89600 instrument sink.
55
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
N9080A LTE Measurement Application

For Agilents X-Series Signal Analyzers
Features/Capabilities Summary
In-depth LTE modulation analysis capability
based on the same algorithm and feature
set as the 89600 VSA softwares option BHD
LTE modulation analysis
Embedded solution with Hard-key/Soft-key
MUI and SCPI RUI
LTE downlink (OFDMA) and uplink (SCFDMA) analysis in a single option
LTE FDD frame structure signal according
to March 2008 release of 3GPP LTE
standard docs (v.8.2.0)
All LTE bandwidths: 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz
All LTE modulation formats and sequences:
BPSK, QPSK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM, CAZAC
(Zadoff-Chu)
Color coding by channel type to highlights
signal errors
56
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
N7624B Signal Studio for 3GPP LTE

Generate uplink / downlink LTE signals
Create physical layer coded signals for amplifier test

Create transport layer coded signals for BLER test
Supports March 2008 Version of 3GPP Standard
System bandwidths up to 20MHz

Selectable modulation - QPSK, 16QAM, or 64QAM
User definable data payload or PN sequences
Downlink Channels: Reference signals, sync signals,
PDSCH, PDCCH, PBCH, PCFICH, PHICH
Uplink Channels Demodulation Reference Signal,
PUSCH, PUCCH, UCI coding, PRACH and Sounding
Reference Signal
Create Multi-carrier signals
Add multiple uplink / downlink LTE carriers

Add multiple uplink / downlink W-CDMA / HSPA carriers
MIMO Pre-coding with Multipath Fading Profile

MIMO configuration up to 4x4
Tx diversity
Spatial multiplexing with Cyclic Delay Diversity
57
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Agilent 3GPP LTE Portfolio

NEW!
Software Solutions
E6620A Wireless
Communications
Platform
E8895 ADS LTE Library

N7624B LTE Signal Studio
89601A LTE VSA Software
N9080A LTE Measurement
Application
Coming
Soon!
Agilent/Anite SAT LTE

Protocol Development
Toolset
NEW!
Drive Test
NEW!
Analyzers, Sources, Scopes, Logic Analyzers
MXA/MXG
R&D
Coming
Soon!
Distributed
Network
Analyzers
Digital VSA
Network Analyzers, Power supplies, and More!
Product development
58
Agilent/Anite Signalling and RF

conformance test systems
Conformance & IOT
Deployment
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
NEW LTE Literature

www.agilent.com/find/lte
Brochure (5989-7817EN)
Application Note
(5989-8139EN)
Poster (5989-7646EN)
59
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Agenda
Downlink
Uplink

Downlink
Uplink

60
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Transmit Power UE
Does the UE transmit too much or too little?
MOP (Maximum Output Power)
Channel power measurement using

swept spectrum analyzer
Method: broadband power

measurement (No change from UMTS)
MPR (Maximum Power Reduction)

Definition: Power reduction due to higher
order modulation and transmit bandwidth
(RB) this is for UE power class 3
A-MPR (Additional MPR)

Definition: Power reduction capability to
meet ACLR and SEM requirements
Power measurement for each active
channel after demodulation
61
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Output RF Spectrum Emissions

Unwanted emissions consist of:
1.
2.
Occupied Bandwidth: Emission within the occupied

bandwidth
Out-of-Band (OOB) Emissions
3.
62
Adjacent Channel Leakage Power Ratio (ACLR)

Spectrum Emission Mask (SEM)
Spurious Emissions: Far out emissions
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Occupied Bandwidth Requirement

Does most UE energy reside within its channel BW?
Occupied bandwidth
Measure the bandwidth of the LTE
signal that contains 99% of the
channel power
Minimum Requirement: The

occupied bandwidth shall be less than
the channel bandwidth specified in the
table below
Occupied channel bandwidth
Channel Bandwidth [MHz] 1.4
3.0
5
10
15
20
Occupied Bandwidth
1.08
2.7
4.5
9.0 MHz 13.5 MHz 18 MHz
(MHZ)
(6 RB) (15 RB) (25 RB) (50 RB) (75 RB) (100 RB)
63
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
ACLR Requirements eNB case

Does the eNB transmit in adjacent channels?
ACLR (Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio) measurement:
- Measure the channel power at the carrier frequency
- Measure the channel power at the required adjacent channels
- Ensure the eNB power at adjacent channels meets specs
ACLR defined for two cases
E-UTRA (LTE) ACLR 1 and ACLR 2 with square measurement filter
UTRA (W-CDMA) ACLR 1 and ACLR 2 with 3.84 MHz RRC measurement filter with
roll-off factor =0.22.
ACLR limits defined
for adjacent LTE
carriers
ACLR limits defined

for adjacent UTRA
carriers
64
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
ACLR Limits eNB case

In the case of E-UTRA (LTE) adjacent carrier:
E-UTRA Tx signal
channel BW
E-UTRA adjacent
channel carrier
E-UTRA channel measurement

filter BW (Square filter)
ACLR Limit
1.4 MHz
1.4 MHz
1.08 MHz
45 dB
3.0 MHz
3.0 MHz
3.0 MHz
45 dB
5 MHz
5 MHz
4.5 MHz
45 dB
10 MHz
10 MHz
9.0 MHz
45 dB
15 MHz
15 MHz
13.5 MHz
45 dB
20 MHz
20 MHz
18 MHz
45 dB
In the case of UTRA (W-CDMA) adjacent carriers:

E-UTRA Tx signal
channel BW
65
UTRA adjacent
channel carrier
UTRA channel measurement

filter BW (RRC filter with 0.22
ACLR Limit
1.4 MHz
3.84 MHz
3.84 MHz
45 dB
3.0 MHz
3.84 MHz
3.84 MHz
45 dB
5 MHz
3.84 MHz
3.84 MHz
45 dB
10 MHz
3.84 MHz
3.84 MHz
45 dB
15 MHz
3.84 MHz
3.84 MHz
45 dB
20 MHz
3.84 MHz
3.84 MHz
45 dB
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
ACLR Requirements UE case

Does the UE transmit in adjacent channels?
ACLR defined for two cases:
E UTRA (LTE) ACLR1 with rectangular measurement filter
UTRA (W-CDMA) ACLR1 and ACLR 2 with 3.84 MHz RRC measurement filter with
roll-off factor =0.22.
fOOB
E-UTRA channel
Channel
E-UTRAACLR1
UTRA ACLR2
UTRAACLR1
RB
TR 36.101 v8.2.0 Figure 6.6.2.3 -1: Adjacent Channel Leakage requirements

66
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
ACLR Limits UE case

In the case of LTE adjacent carrier:
Channel bandwidth / E-UTRAACLR1 / measurement bandwidth
E-UTRAACLR1
1.4
MHz
3.0
MHz
5
MHz
10
MHz
15
MHz
20
MHz
30 dB
30 dB
30 dB
30 dB
30 dB
30 dB
13.5 MHz
18 MHz
E-UTRA channel
Measurement
4.5 MHz
9.0 MHz
bandwidth
TS 36.101 v8.2.0 Table 6.6.2.3.1-1: General requirements for E-UTRAACLR
In the case of W-CDMA adjacent carriers:

Channel bandwidth / UTRAACLR1/2 / measurement bandwidth
1.4
MHz
3.0
MHz
5
MHz
10
MHz
15
MHz
20
MHz
UTRAACLR1
33 dB
33 dB
33 dB
33 dB
33 dB
33 dB
UTRAACLR2
36 dB
36 dB
36 dB
36 dB
4.5 MHz
9.0 MHz
13.5 MHz
18 MHz
3.84 MHz
3.84 MHz
3.84 MHz
3.84 MHz
E-UTRA channel
Measurement bandwidth
UTRA channel
Measurement bandwidth
TS 36.101 v8.2.0 Table 6.6.2.3.2-1: Additional requirements

67
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Spectrum Emission Mask (SEM)

Does the eNB/UE leak RF onto neighbor channels?
Spectrum emissions mask is also known as Operating Band Unwanted
emissions
These unwanted emissions are resulting from the modulation process and nonlinearity in the transmitter but excluding spurious emissions
Measure the Tx power at specific frequency offsets from the carrier frequency
and ensure the power at the offsets is within specifications
Carrier
Limits in
spurious domain
must be
consistent with
SM.329 [4]
10 MHz
10 MHz
Operating Band (BS transmit)
OOB domain
eNB example:
Base station SEM limits are
defined from 10 MHz below the
lowest frequency of the BS
transmitter operating band up to
10 MHz above the highest
frequency of the BS transmitter
operating band.
Operating Band Unwanted emissions limit
TR 36.804 v1.2.0 figure 6.6.2.2-1 Defined frequency range for Operating band unwanted emissions with an
example RF carrier and related mask shape (actual limits are TBD).
68
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Spectrum Emission Mask UE Example

20MHz Mask
Regulatory Masks + Proposed 20MHz LTE Mask
10
0
WCDMA
FCC band 5
FCC band 2
FCC band 7
Ofcom
Japan PHS
mask 6/7 RBs
mask 15/16 RBs
mask 25 RBs
mask 50 RBs
mask 75 RBs
mask 100 RBs
level (dBm/100kHz)
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-24
-22
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
offset (MHz)
TR 36.803 v1.1.0 Figure 6.6.2.1 -1: Regulatory mask and proposed E-UTRA masks
69
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008
Spurious Emission Requirements

How much power does UE leak well beyond neighbor?
Spurious emissions are emissions caused by unwanted transmitter effects
such as harmonics emission & intermodulation products but exclude out of
band emissions
Example of spurious emissions limit for a UE
Frequency Range
Maximum Level
Measurement
Bandwidth
9 kHz f < 150 kHz
-36 dBm
1 kHz
150 kHz f < 30 MHz
-36 dBm
10 kHz
30 MHz f < 1000 MHz
-36 dBm
100 kHz
1 GHz f < 12.75 GHz
-30 dBm
1 MHz
TS 36.101 v8.2.0 table 6.6.3.1-2: Spurious emissions limits
70
LTE RF Measurements
Martha Zemede
August 2008

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RF Measurements for LTE

Previous Agilent LTE webcasts

Agilent LTE Analysis Software

N9080A LTE Measurement Application

Modulation quality signal analysis and troubleshooting techniques

Modulation quality signal analysis and troubleshooting techniques

Physical Layer definitions

FDD: Uplink and downlink are transmitted separately

One radio frame = 10 ms

One subframe = 1ms

Frame Structure type 2 (TDD)

One subframe, 30720 x Ts = 1 ms

Slot structure and physical resource element

One slot, Tslot

LTE Physical Layer Overview

These are generated in Layer 1 and are used for system

These carry data from higher layers including control,

The following is a simplified high-level description of the

LTE Air Interface:

S-SS - Secondary Synchronization Signal

LTE Air Interface:

DM-RS: There are two types of DM-RS. PUCCH-DMRS and PUSCH-DMRS

LTE Air Interface:

- Carries cell specific information such as system bandwidth, number of Tx

- Carries information on the number of OFDM symbols used for transmission of

LTE Air Interface

Shared (Payload) Channel

LTE Air Interface:

Downlink frame structure type 1

The Cyclic Prefix is created by prepending each

RS - Reference Signal (Pilot)

S-SS - Secondary Synchronization Signal

PBCH - Physical Broadcast Channel

PDSCH - Physical Downlink Shared Channel

Downlink frame structure analysis

PHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel

Downlink frame structure analysis

Slot#0 Symbol #6:

PDCCH - Physical Downlink Control Channel

Uplink frame structure analysis

Slot #0 Symbol #0: PUSCH

Uplink frame structure analysis

Slot #0 Symbol #3: PUSCH-DMRS

Modulation quality signal analysis and troubleshooting techniques

Transmitter Characteristics eNB

These transmitter tests are work

6.2 Transmit Power

6.5.2.1 Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)

These transmitter tests are work

6.6 Output RF Spectrum Emissions

6.6.3 Spurious emissions

Modulation quality signal analysis and troubleshooting techniques

Transmitted Signal Quality

eNB Transmitted Signal Quality:

A quick test is use the

eNB Transmitted Signal Quality:

EVM measurement is defined over one sub-frame

Measurement Block: EVM is

eNB Transmitted Signal Quality:

Agilent Signal Analyzer EVM Performance DL

eNB Transmitted Signal Quality:

eNB Transmitted Signal Quality:

DL RS power shall be within [+/- 2.1]

RS power, as well as EVM,