KDP Well Test Procedures Manual

WELL TESTING
PROCEDURES
J. Keemink @2009
Page 1
TABLE OF CONMTENTS
1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
INTRODUCTION
Purpose of the manual
Objectives
Drilling Installations
UPDATING, AMENDMENT, CONTROL & DEROGATION
2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
2.7.
2.8.
2.9.
2.10.
TYPES OF PRODUCTION TEST

Drawdown
Multi-Rate Drawdown
Build-up
Deliverability
Flow-on-Flow
Isochronal
Modified Isochronal
Reservoir Limit
Interference
Injectivity
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
3.
3.1.
GENERAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Responsibilities and Duties
3.1.1. Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor
3.1.2. Company Junior Drilling and Completion Supervisor
3.1.3. Company Drilling Engineer
3.1.4. Company Production Test Supervisor
3.1.5. Company Well Site Geologist
3.1.6. Contractor Toolpusher
3.1.7. Contract Production Test Chief Operator
3.1.8. Contractor Down-hole Tool Operator
3.1.9. Wire-line Supervisor
3.1.10. Company Stimulation Engineer
3.1.11. Company Reservoir Engineer
Responsibilities And Duties On Short Duration Tests
3.2.1. Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor
3.2.2. Company Junior Drilling and Completion Supervisor
3.2.3. Company Well Site Geologist
3.2.4. Well Testing Personnel
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
4.
4.1.
WELL TESTING PROGRAM

Contents
17
17
5.
5.1.
5.2.
SAFETY BARRIERS
Well Test Fluid
Mechanical Barriers - Annulus Side
5.2.1. SSTT Arrangement
5.2.2. Safety Valve Arrangement
Mechanical Barriers - Production Side
5.3.1. Tester Valve
5.3.2. Tubing Retrievable Safety Valve (TRSV) or (SSSV)
Casing Overpressure Valve
18
18
19
19
21
22
22
23
23
3.2.
5.3.
5.4.
J. Keemink @2009
2
7
2
3
4
Page 2
6.
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
6.5.
7.
7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
7.5.
TEST STRING EQUIPMENT

General
Common Test Tools Description
6.2.1. Beveled Mule Shoe
6.2.2. Perforated Joint/Ported Sub
6.2.3. Gauge Case (Bundle Carrier)
6.2.4. Pipe Tester Valve
6.2.5. Retrievable Test Packer
6.2.6. Circulating Valve (Bypass Valve)
6.2.7. Pipe Tester Valve
6.2.8. Safety Joint
6.2.9. Hydraulic Jar
6.2.10. Down-hole Tester Valve
30
6.2.11. Single Operation Reversing Sub
6.2.12. Multiple Operation Circulating Valve
6.2.13. Drill Collar
6.2.14. Slip Joint
6.2.15. Crossovers
High Pressure Wells
Sub-Sea Test Tools Used On Semi-Submersibles
6.4.1. Fluted Hanger
6.4.2. Slick Joint (Polished Joint)
6.4.3. Sub-Sea Test Tree
6.4.4. Lubricator Valve
Deep Sea Tools
6.5.1. Retainer Valve
6.5.2. Deep Water SSTT
24
24
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
SURFACE EQUIPMENT
Test Package
7.1.1. Flow head Or Surface Test Tree
7.1.2. Coflexip Hoses And Pipe work
7.1.3. Data/Injection Header
7.1.4. Choke Manifold
7.1.5. Steam Heater and Generator
7.1.6. Separator
7.1.7. Data Acquisition System
7.1.8. Gauge/Surge Tanks And Transfer Pumps
7.1.9. Diverter Manifolds, Burners and Booms
Emergency Shut Down System
Accessory Equipment
7.3.1. Chemical Injection Pump
7.3.2. Sand Detectors
7.3.3. Crossovers
Rig Equipment
Data Gathering Instrumentation
7.5.1. Laboratory and Instrument Manifold Equipment
7.5.2. Separator
7.5.3. Surge Or Metering Tank
7.5.4. Steam Heater
33
33
33
33
34
34
35
35
36
36
37
38
39
39
39
40
40
40
40
41
41
41
J. Keemink @2009
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
Page 3
8.
8.1
8.2.
BHP DATA ACQUISITION

Gauge Types
8.1.1. Quartz Crystal Gauge
8.1.2. Capacitance Gauge
8.1.3. Strain Gauge
8.1.4. Bourdon Tube Gauge
Gauge Installation
8.2.1. Tubing Conveyed Gauges
8.2.2. Gauge Carriers
8.2.3. SRO Combination Gauges
8.2.4. Wire-line Conveyed Gauges
8.2.5. Memory Gauges Run on Slick line
8.2.6. Electronic Gauges Run on Electric Line
9.
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
PERFORATING SYSTEMS
Tubing Conveyed Perforating
Wire-line Conveyed Perforating
Procedures For Perforating
10.
10.1.
PREPARING THE WELL FOR TESTING

Preparatory Operations For Testing
10.1.1. Guidelines For Testing 7ins Liner Lap
10.1.2. Guidelines For Testing 95/8ins Liner Lap
10.1.3. General Technical Preparations
Brine Preparation
10.2.1. Onshore Preparation of Brine
10.2.2. Transportation and Transfer of Fluids
10.2.3. Recommendations
10.2.4. Rig Site Preparations
10.2.5. Well And Surface System Displacement To Brine
10.2.6. Displacement Procedure
10.2.7. On-Location Filtration And Maintenance Of Brine
Down-hole Equipment Preparation
10.3.1. Test tools
10.2.
10.3.
42
42
42
42
42
43
43
43
43
44
44
44
45
10.4. TUBING PREPARATION

10.4.1. Tubing Connections
10.4.2. Tubing Grade
10.4.3. Material
10.4.4. Weight per Foot
10.4.5. Drift
10.4.6. Capacity
10.4.7. Displacement
10.4.8. Torque
10.4.9. AGIP (UK) Test String Specification
10.4.10. Inspection
10.4.11. After Testing/Prior To Re-Use
10.4.12. Tubing Movement
10.5. Landing String Space-Out
10.5.1. Landing String space-Out Procedure
J. Keemink @2009
Page 4
10.6. GENERAL WELL TEST PREPARATION

10.6.1. Crew Arrival on Location
10.6.2. Inventory of Equipment Onsite
10.6.3. Preliminary Inspections
10.7. Pre Test Equipment Checks
10.8. Pressure Testing Equipment
10.8.1. Surface Test Tree
11.
11.1.
11.2.
11.3.
11.4.
11.5.
11.6.
TEST STRING INSTALLATION

General
TUBING HANDLING
RUNNING AND PULLING
Packer And Test String Running Procedure
Running the Test String with a Retrievable Packer
Running a Test String with a Permanent Packer
12.
12.1.
12.2.
WELL TEST PROCEDURES

Annulus Control And Pressure Monitoring
Test Execution
13.
13.1.
13.2.
13.3.
13.4.
13.5.
13.6.
WELL TEST DATA REQUIREMENTS

General
Metering Requirements
Data Reporting
Pre-Test Preparation
Data Reporting During the Test
Communications
14.
14.1.
14.2.
14.3.
SAMPLING
Conditioning The Well
Down-hole Sampling
Surface Sampling
14.3.1. General
14.3.2. Sample Quantities
14.3.3. Sampling Points
14.3.4. Surface Gas Sampling
Surface Oil Sampling
Sample Transfer And Handling
Safety
14.6.1. Bottom-hole Sampling Preparations
14.6.2. Rigging Up Samplers to Wire-line
14.6.3. Rigging Down Samplers from Wire-line
14.6.4. Bottom hole Sample Transfer And Validations
14.6.5. Separator/Wellhead Sampling
14.6.6. Sample Storage
14.4.
14.5.
14.6.
15.
WIRE-LINE OPERATIONS
16.
HYDRATE PREVENTION
17.
NITROGEN OPERATIONS
J. Keemink @2009
Page 5
18.
OFFSHORE COILED TUBING OPERATIONS
19.
19.1.
19.3.
19.4.
19.5.
WELL KILLING ABANDONMENT

Routine Circulation Well Kill
19.1.1. Circulation Well Kill Procedure
Bullhead Well Kill
19.2.1. Bullhead Kill procedure
Temporary Well Kill For Disconnection On Semi Submersibles
Plug And Abandonment/Suspension Procedures
Plug and Abandonment General Procedures
20.
HANDLING OF HEAVY WATER BRINE
19.2.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 6
1. INTRODUCTION
The main objective when drilling a well is to test and evaluate the target formation. The normal
method of investigating the reservoir is to conduct a well test. There are two types of well test
methods available:
1) Drill Stem Test (DST).
The scope is to define the quality of the formation fluid.
Where drill pipe/tubing in combination with down hole tools is used as a short term test to
evaluate the reservoir. The formation fluid may not reach or only just reach the surface during
the flowing time.
2) Production Test.
The scope is to define the quality and quantity of the formation fluid. Many options of string
design are available depending on the requirements of the test and the nature of the well.
Many designs of well testing strings are possible depending on the requirements of the test
and the nature of the well and the type of flow test to be conducted but basically it consists of
installing a packer tailpipe, packer, safety system , down hole test tools and a tubing or drill
pipe string then introducing a low density fluid into the string in order to enable the well to flow
through surface testing equipment which controls the flow rate, separates the fluids and
measures the flow rates and pressures.
A short description of the types of tests which can be conducted and generic test string
configurations for the various drilling installations, as well as the various down hole tools
available, surface equipment, pre-test procedures and test procedures are included in this
section.
Well test specific wire line and coiled tubing operations are also included.
1.1.
PURPOSE OF THE MANUAL

The purpose of the manual is to guide technicians and engineers, involved in Companys
worldwide activities, through the Procedures and the Technical Specifications which are part of
the Corporate Standards.
Such Corporate Standards define the requirements, methodologies and rules that enable to
operate uniformly and in compliance with the Corporate Company Principles. This, however, still
enables each individual Affiliated Company the capability to operate according to local laws or
particular environmental situations.
The final aim is to improve performance and efficiency in terms of safety, quality and costs, while
providing all personnel involved in Drilling & Completion activities with common guidelines in all
areas worldwide where Company operates.
1.2.
OBJECTIVES
The test objectives must be agreed by those who will use the results and those who will conduct
the test before the test program is prepared. The Petroleum Engineer should discuss with the
geologists and reservoir engineers about the information required and make them aware of the
costs and risks involved with each method. They should select the easiest means of obtaining
data, such as coring, if possible. Such inter-disciplinary discussions should be formalized by
holding a meeting (or meetings) at which these objectives are agreed and fixed.
The objectives of an exploration well test are to:
Conduct the testing in a safe and efficient manner.
Determine the nature of the formation fluids.
Measure reservoir pressure and temperature.
Interpret reservoir permeability-height product (kh) and skin value.
Obtain representative formation fluid samples for laboratory analysis.
Define well productivity and/or injectivity.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 7
Investigate formation characteristics.

Evaluate boundary effects.
1.3.
DRILLING INSTALLATIONS
Well tests are conducted both onshore and offshore in either deep or shallow waters. The drilling
units from which testing can be carried out include:
Workover Rigs
Jack-Up Rigs
Land Rigs
Semi-Submersible Rigs
Swamp Barges
Drill Ships
ONSHORE
The preferred method for testing on a land rig installation necessitates the use of a
permanent/retrievable type production packer, seal assembly and a conventional flow head or
test tree with the test string hung of in the slips. In wells where the surface pressure will be more
than 10,000psi the BOPs will be removed and testing carried out with a tubing hanger/tubing
spool and a Xmas tree arrangement. This requires all the necessary precautions of isolation to be
taken prior to nippling down the BOPs
OFFSHORE
The preferred method for testing from a floating rig is by using a drill stem test retrievable packer.
However where development wells are being tested, the test will be conducted utilizing a
production packer and seal-bore assembly so that the well may be temporarily suspended at the
end of the test. When testing from a Semi-submersible the use of a Sub-Sea Test Tree assembly
is mandatory. It consists of hanger and slick joint which positions the valve/latch section at the
correct height in the BOP stack and around which the pipe rams can close to seal of the annulus.
The valve section contains two fail-safe valves, usually a ball and flapper valve types. At the top
of the SSTT is the hydraulic latch section which contains the operating mandrels to open the
valves and the latching mechanism to release this part of the tree from the valve section in the
event that disconnection is necessary.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 8
1.4.
UPDATING, AMENDMENT, CONTROL & DEROGATION

This is a live controlled document and, as such, it will only be amended and improved by the
Corporate Company, in accordance with the development of Companys Division and Affiliates
operational experience. Accordingly, it will be the responsibility of everyone concerned in the use
and application of this manual to review the policies and related procedures on an ongoing basis.
Locally dictated derogations from the manual shall be approved solely in writing by the Manager
of the local Drilling and Completion Department (D&C Dept.) after the District/Affiliate Manager
and the Corporate Drilling & Completion Standards Department in Companys Head Office have
been advised in writing. The Corporate Drilling & Completion Standards Department will consider
such approved derogations for future amendments and improvements of the manual, when the
updating of the document will be advisable.
2.
TYPES OF PRODUCTION TEST
2.1.
DRAWDOWN
A drawdown test entails flowing the well and analyzing
the pressure response as the reservoir pressure is
reduced below its original pressure. This is termed
drawdown. It is not usual to conduct solely a drawdown
test on an exploration well as it is impossible to
maintain a constant production rate throughout the test
period as the well must first clean-up.
During a test where reservoir fluids do not flow to
surface, analysis is still possible. This was the original
definition of a drill stem test or DST.
2.2.
MULTI-RATE DRAWDOWN
A multi-rate drawdown test may be run when flow rates
are unstable or there are mechanical difficulties with
the surface equipment. This is usually more applicable
to gas wells but can be analyzed using the Odeh-Jones
plot for liquids or the Thomas-Essi plot for gas.
It is normal to conduct a build-up test after a drawdown
test.
The drawdown data should also be analyzed using type
curves, in conjunction with the buildup test.
2.3.
BUILD-UP
A build-up test requires the reservoir to be flowed to
cause a drawdown then the well is closed in to allow
the pressure to increase back to, or near to, the original
pressure which is termed the pressure build-up or PBU.
This is the normal type of test conducted on an oil well
and can be analyzed using the classic Horner Plot or
superposition.
From these the permeability-height product, kh, and the
near wellbore skin can be analyzed.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 9
2.4.
On low production rate gas wells, where there is a flow rate dependant skin, a simple form of test
to evaluate the rate dependant skin coefficient, D, is to conduct a second flow and PBU at a
different rate to the first flow and PBU. This is the simplest form of deliverability test described
below.
DELIVERABILITY
A deliverability test is conducted to determine the wells
Inflow Performance Relation, IPR, and in the case of
gas wells the Absolute Open Flow Potential, AOFP,
and the rate dependant skin coefficient, D.
The AOFP is the theoretical fluid rate at which the well
would produce if the reservoir sand face was reduced
to atmospheric pressure.
This calculated rate is only of importance in certain
countries where government bodies set the maximum
rate at which the well may be produced as a proportion
of this flow rate.
There are three types of deliverability test:
Flow on Flow Test.
Isochronal Test.
The Modified Isochronal Test.
2.5.
FLOW-ON-FLOW
Conducting a flow-on-flow test entails flowing the well
until the flowing pressure stabilizes and then repeating
this at several different rates.
Usually the rate is increased at each step ensuring that
stabilized flow is achievable. The durations of each flow
period are equal.
This type of test is applicable to high rate gas well
testing and is followed by a single pressure build up
period.
2.6.
ISOCHRONAL
An Isochronal test consist of a similar series of flow
rates as the flow-on-flow test, each rate of equal
duration and separated by a pressure build-up long
enough to reach the stabilized reservoir pressure.
The final flow period is extended to achieve a stabilized
flowing pressure for defining the IPR.
2.7.
MODIFIED ISOCHRONAL
The modified isochronal test is used on tight reservoirs
where it takes a long time for the shut-in pressure to
stabilize.
The flow and shut-in periods are of the same length,
except the final flow period which is extended similar to
the isochronal test.
The flow rate again is increased at each step.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 10
2.8.
RESERVOIR LIMIT
A reservoir limit test is an extended drawdown test
which is conducted on closed reservoir systems to
determine their volume.
It is only applicable where there is no regional aquifer
support. The well is produced at a constant rate until an
observed pressure drop, linear with time, is achieved.
Surface readout pressure gauges should be used in
this test.
It is common practice to follow the extended drawdown
with a pressure build-up.
The difference between the initial reservoir pressure, and the pressure to which it returns, is the
depletion.
The reservoir volume may be estimated directly from the depletion, also the volume of produced
fluid and the effective isothermal compressibility of the system.
The volume produced must be sufficient, based on the maximum reservoir size, to provide a
measurable pressure difference on the pressure gauges, these must therefore be of the high
accuracy electronic type gauges with negligible drift.
2.9.
INTERFERENCE
An interference test is conducted to investigate the
average reservoir properties and connectivity between
two or more wells.
It may also be conducted on a single well to determine
the vertical permeability between separate reservoir
zones.
A well-to-well interference test is not carried out
offshore at the exploration or appraisal stage as it is
more applicable to developed fields.
Pulse testing, where the flow rate at one of the wells is
varied in a series of steps, is sometimes used to
overcome the background reservoir pressure behavior
when it is a problem.
2.10.
INJECTIVITY
In these tests a fluid, usually seawater offshore is
injected to establish the formations injection potential
and also its fracture pressure, which can be determined
by conducting a step rate test.
Very high surface injection pressures may be required
in order to fracture the formation.
The water can be filtered and treated with scale
inhibitor, biocide and oxygen scavenger, if required.
Once a well is fractured, which may also be caused by
the thermal shock of the cold injection water reaching
the sand face, a short term injection test will generally
not provide a good measure of the long term injectivity
performance. After the injectivity test, the pressure fall
off is measured. The analysis of this test is similar to a
pressure build-up, but is complicated by the cold water
bank.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 11
3.
GENERAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Well testing is potentially hazardous and requires good planning and co operation/coordination
between all the parties involved.
The most important aspect when planning a well test, is the safety risk assessment process.
To this end, strict areas of responsibilities and duties shall be defined and enforced, detailed
below.
3.1.
RESPONSIBILITIES AND DUTIES

The following Companys/Contractors personnel shall be present on the rig:
o Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor.
o Company Junior Drilling and Completion Supervisor.
o Company Drilling Engineer.
o Company Production Test Supervisor.
o Company Well Site Geologist.
o Contractor Toolpusher.
o Contract Production Test Chief Operator.
o Contractor Down-hole Tool Operator.
o Wire-line Supervisor (slick-line & electric line ).
o Tubing Power Tong Operator.
o Torque Monitoring System Engineer.
Depending on the type of test, the following personnel may also be required on the rig during the
Well test:
o Company Reservoir Engineer.
3.1.1.
Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor

The Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor retains overall responsibility on the rig
during testing operations.
He is assisted by the Company Production Test Supervisor, Drilling Engineer, Well Site
Geologist and Company Junior Drilling and Completion supervisor. When one of the
above listed technicians is not present, the Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor,
in agreement with Drilling and Completion Manager and Drilling Superintendent, can
perform the test, after re-allocation of the duties and responsibilities according to the Well
Test specifications.
If deemed necessary he shall request that the rig be inspected by a Company safety
expert prior to starting the well test.
3.1.2.
Company Junior Drilling and Completion Supervisor

The Company Junior Drilling and Completion Supervisor will assist the Company Drilling
and Completion Supervisor in well preparation and in the test string tripping operation.
He will cooperate with the Company Production Test Supervisor to verify the availability
of down-hole drilling equipment, to carry out equipment inspections and tests and to
supervise the Down-hole Tool Operator and the Contractor Production Chief Operator. In
co-operation with the Drilling Engineer, he will prepare daily reports on equipment used.
In the absence of the Company Junior Drilling and Completion Supervisor, his function
will be performed by the Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor.
3.1.3.
Company Drilling Engineer

The Drilling Engineer will assist the Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor in the
well preparation and in the test string tripping operation. He will co-operate with the
Company Production Test supervisor to supervise the down-hole tool Operator and the
J. Keemink @2009
Page 12
Contractor Production Chief Operator. He shall be responsible for supplying equipment

he is concerned with (down-hole tools) and for preliminary inspections. He shall provide
Contractor personnel with the necessary data, and prepare accurate daily reports on
equipment used in cooperation with the Company Junior Drilling and Completion
Supervisor.
3.1.4.
Company Production Test Supervisor

The Company Production Test Supervisor is responsible for the co-ordination and
conducting of the test. This includes well opening, flow or injection testing, separation and
measuring, flaring, wire-line, well shut in operations and all preliminary test operations
required on specific production equipment. In conjunction with the Reservoir Engineer, he
shall make recommendations on test program alterations whenever test behavior is not
as expected. The final decision to make any program alterations will be taken by head
office.
The Company Production Test Supervisor will discuss and agree the execution of each
phase of the test with the Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor. He will then
inform rig floor and test personnel of the actions to be performed during the forthcoming
phase of the test. He will be responsible for co-ordination the preparation of all reports
and telexes, including the final well test report. He is responsible for arranging the supply
of all equipment necessary for the test i.e. surface and down hole testing tools,
supervising preliminary inspections as per procedures. He will supervise contract wireline and production test equipment operators, as well as the down-hole tool operator and
surface equipment operators. He will be responsible in conjunction with the Company
Well site Geologist for the supervision of perforating and cased hole logging operations,
as per the test program.
The Company Production Test Supervisor is responsible for the preparation of all
reports, including the final field report previously mentioned.
3.1.5.
Company Well Site Geologist

The Well Site Geologist is responsible for the supervision of perforating operations (for
well testing) cased hole logging when the Company Production Test Supervisor is not
present on the rig. If required he will co operate with the Company Production Test
Supervisor for the test interpretation and preparation of field reports.
3.1.6.
Contractor Toolpusher
The Toolpusher is responsible for the safety of the rig and all personnel. He shall ensure
that safety regulations and procedures in place are followed rigorously.
The Toolpusher shall consistently report to the Company Drilling and Completion
supervisor on the status of drilling contractors material and equipment.
3.1.7.
Contractor Production Test Chief Operator

The Production Test Chief Operator shall always be present to co-ordinate and assist the
well testing operator and crew. He will be responsible for the test crew to the Company
Production Test Supervisor and will draw up a chronological report of the test.
3.1.8.
Contractor Down-hole Tool Operator

The down-hole tool operator will remain on duty, or be available, on the rig floor from the
time the assembling of the BHA is started until it is retrieved. He is solely responsible for
down-hole tool manipulation and annulus pressure control during tests.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 13
On Semi-Submersibles the SSTT operator will be available near the control panel on the
rig floor from the time when the SSTT is picked up until it is laid down again at the end of
the test.
During preliminary inspections of equipment, simulated test (dummy tests), tools tripping
in and out of the hole and during the operations relating to the well flowing (from opening
to closure of tester ), he will report to the Company Production Test Supervisor.
3.1.9.
Wire-line Supervisor
The Wire-line Supervisor will ensure all equipment is present and in good working order.
He will report directly with the Company Production Test Supervisor.
3.1.10. Company Stimulation Engineer

If present on the rig, the Stimulation Engineer will assist the Company Production Test
Supervisor during any stimulation operations. He will provide the Company Production
Test Supervisor with a detailed program for conducting stimulation operations, including
the deck layout for equipment positioning, chemical formulations, pumping rates and data
collection. He will monitor the contractors during the stimulation to ensure the operation is
performed safely and satisfactorily.
The Stimulation Engineer will also provide the Company Production Test Supervisor with
a report at the end of the stimulation operation.
3.1.11. Company Reservoir Engineer
If present on the rig, the Reservoir Engineer shall assist the Company Production Test
Supervisor during the formation testing operation. His main responsibility is to ensure that
the required well test data is collected in accordance to the program and for the quality of
the data for analysis. He will provide a quick look field analysis of each test period and on
this basis he will advise on any necessary modifications to the testing program.
3.2.
RESPONSIBILITIES AND DUTIES ON SHORT DURATION TESTS

As a general rule the only company personnel present on the rig shall be the Company Drilling
and Completion Supervisor, the Company Junior Drilling and Completion Supervisor and the well
site Geologist, the Company Drilling Manager/Superintendent shall evaluate, in each individual
case, the opportunity of providing a company Drilling Engineer. The responsibilities and duties of
the Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor and Well Site Geologist will be as follows:
3.2.1.
Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor

The Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor retains overall responsibility on the rig
during testing operations assisted by the Company Junior Drilling and Completion
Supervisor and the well site Geologist. He is responsible for the co-ordination of testing
operations, well preparation for tests, shut-in of the well, formation clean out, measuring,
flaring and wire-line operations. The Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor is
responsible for the availability and inspection of the testing equipment. He shall supervise
the contractor Production Chief Operator, Wire-line Operator and Production Test Crew,
as well as the Down-hole Tool Operator and Surface Tool Operator.
3.2.2.
Company Junior Drilling and Completion Supervisor

The Company Junior Drilling and Completion Supervisor shall assist the Company
Drilling and Completion Supervisor to accomplish his duties. He shall also prepare
accurate daily reports on equipment used.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 14
4.
3.2.3.
Company Well Site Geologist

The Well Site Geologist is responsible for the supervision of perforating operations and
for cased hole logging operations. He is responsible for the final decision making to
modify the testing program, whenever test behavior would be different than expected. He
shall draw up daily and final reports on the tests and is responsible for the first
interpretation of the test.
3.2.4.
Contractor Personnel
For the allocation of responsibilities and duties of contractors Personnel (Toolpusher,
Production Chief Operator, Down-hole Tool Operator), refer to long test responsibilities.
WELL TESTING PROGRAM

When the rig reaches Total Depth (TD) and all the available data is analyzed, the company
Reservoir/Exploration Departments shall provide the Company Drilling/Production and
Engineering departments with the information required for planning the well test (type, pressure,
temperature of formation fluids, intervals to be tested, flowing or sampling test, duration of test,
type of completion fluid, type and density of fluid against which the well will be opened, type of
perforating gun and number of shots per foot, use of coiled tubing stimulation, etc.).
The Drilling, Production and Engineering departments shall then prepare a detailed testing
program verifying that the testing equipment conforms to these procedures. The duty of the
Engineering Department is also to make sure that the testing equipment is available at the rig in
due time.
Company and contractor personnel on the rig shall confirm equipment availability and program
feasibility, verifying that the test program is compatible with general and specific rules related to
the drilling unit.
Governmental bodies of several countries lay down rules and regulations covering the entire
drilling activity. In such cases , prior to the start of testing operations a summary program shall be
submitted for approval to national agencies, indicating well number, location, objectives, duration
of test and test procedures.
Since it is not practical to include all issued laws within the company general statement the
company (Drilling, Production, Engineering departments and rig personnel) shall verify the
consistency of the present procedures to suit local laws, making any modifications that would be
required. However, at all times, the most restrictive interpretation shall apply.
4.1.
CONTENTS
The program shall be drawn up in order to acquire all necessary information taking into account
two essential factors:
The risk to which the rig and personnel are exposed during testing.
The cost of the operation.
A detailed testing program shall include the following points:
1) A general statement indicating the well status, targets to be reached, testing procedures as
well as detailed safety rules that shall be applied, should they differ from those detailed in the
current procedures.
2) Detailed and specific instructions covering well preparation, completion and casing
perforating system, detailed testing program field analysis on test data and samples, mud
program and closure of the tested interval.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 15
5.
SAFETY BARRIERS
Barriers are the safety system incorporated into the structure of the well and the test string design
to prevent uncontrolled flow of formation fluids and keep well pressures off the casing.
It is common oilfield practice to ensure there are at least two tested barriers in place or available
to be closed at all times. A failure in any barrier system which means the well situation does meet
with this criteria, then the test will be terminated and the barrier replaced, even if it entails killing
of the well to pull the test string.
To ensure overall well safety, there must be sufficient barriers on both the annulus side and the
production or tubing side. Some barriers may actually contain more than one closure mechanism
but are still classified as a single barrier such as the two closure mechanism in a SSTT, etc.
Barriers are often classified as primary, secondary and tertiary.
This section describes the barrier systems which must be provided on well testing operations.
5.1.
WELL TEST FLUID

The fluid which is circulated into the wellbore after drilling operations is termed the well test fluid
and conducts the same function as a completion fluid and may be one and the same if the well is
to be completed after well testing. It provides one of the functions of a drilling fluid, with regards to
well control, in that it density is designed to provide a hydrostatic overbalance on the formation
which prevents the formation fluids entering the wellbore during the times it is exposed to the test
fluid during operations. The times that the formation may be exposed to the test fluid hydrostatic
pressure are when:
A casing leak develops.
The well is perforated before running the test string.
There is a test string leak during testing.
A circulating device accidentally opens during testing.
Well kill operations are conducted after the test.
During the testing operation when the packer is set and the well is flowing, the test fluid is only
one of the barriers on the annulus side.
The test fluid density will be determined form log information and calculated to provide a
hydrostatic pressure, generally between 100-200psi, greater than the formation pressure.
completion. As the test fluid is usually a clear brine for damage prevention reasons, high
overbalance pressures may cause severe losses and alternatively, if the overbalance pressure is
too low, any fluid loss out of the wellbore may quickly eliminated the margin of overbalance.
When using low overbalance clear fluids, it is important to calculate the temperature increase in
the well during flow periods as this decreases the density.
An overbalance fluid is often described as the primary barrier during well operations.
A modern test method used on wells which have high pressures demanding high density test
fluids which are unstable an extremely costly, is to design the well test with an underbalanced
fluid which is much more stable and cheaper. In this case there will be one barrier less than
overbalance testing. This is not a problem providing the casing is designed for the static surface
pressures of the formation fluids and that all other mechanical barriers are available and have
been tested.
5.2.
MECHANICAL BARRIERS - ANNULUS SIDE

On the annulus side, the mechanical barriers are:
Packer/tubing envelope.
Casing/BOP pipe ram/side outlet valves envelope.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 16
Therefore, under normal circumstances there are three barriers on the annulus side with the
overbalance test fluid. If one of these barriers (or element of the barrier) failed then there would
still be two barriers remaining.
An alternate is when the BOPs are removed and a tubing hanger spool is used with a Xmas tree.
In this instance the barrier envelope on the casing side would be casing/hanger spool/side outlet
valves.
The arrangement of the BOP pipe ram closure varies with whether there is a surface or subsea
BOP stack. When testing from a floater, a SSTT is utilized to allow the rig to suspend operations
and leave the well location for any reason. On a jack-up, a safety valve is installed below the mud
line as additional safety in the event there is any damage caused to the installation (usually
approx. 100m below the rig floor). Both systems use a slick joint spaced across the lower pipe
rams to allow the rams to be closed on a smooth OD.
5.2.1. SSTT Arrangement
A typical SSTT arrangement is shown in figure 5.a. The positioning of the SSTT in the
stack is important to allow the blind rams to be closed above the top of the SSTT valve
section providing additional safety and keeping the latch free from any accumulation of
debris which can effect re-latching.
Note: The shear rams are not capable of cutting the SSTT assembly unless a safety
shear joint is installed in the SSTT across the shear ram position.
Figure 5.A - SSTT Arrangement
5.2.2.
Safety Valve Arrangement

On jack-ups where smaller production casing is installed, the safety valve may be too
large in OD (7-8ins) to fit inside the casing. In this instance a spacer spool may be added
between the stack and the wellhead to accommodate the safety valve. This is less safe
than having the valve positioned at the mud line as desired
J. Keemink @2009
Page 17
5.3.
MECHANICAL BARRIERS - PRODUCTION SIDE

On the production side there are a number of barriers or valves which may be closed to shutoff
well flow. However some are solely operational devices. The barriers used in well control are:
Semi-submersible string - Latched
1) Tester valve
2) SSTT
3) Surface test tree.
Semi-submersible string - Unlatched
1) Tester valve
2) SSTT.
Jack-Up
1) Tester valve
2) Safety valve
Land well
1) Tester valve
2) Safety valve
5.3.1.
Tester Valve
The tester valve is an annulus pressure operated fail
safe safety valve. It remains open by maintaining a
minimum pressure on the annulus with the cement
pump. Bleeding off the pressure or a leak on the
annulus side closes the valve.
The tester may have an alternate lock open cycle
device and it is extremely important that this type of
valve is set in the position where the loss of pressure
closes the valve. It is unsafe to leave the tester valve
in the open cycle position as in an emergency
situation there may not be sufficient time to cycle the
valve closed.
The tester valve may be considered as the primary
barrier during the production phase.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 18
5.3.2.
Tubing Retrievable Safety Valve (TRSV) or (SSSV)

This is a valve normally installed about 100m below the
wellhead or below the mud line in permanent on-shore and
off-shore completions respectively.
This type of valve can also be installed inside the BOP for
well testing as an additional down-hole barrier on land wells
or on jack-up rigs, see figure 5.b for the various
configurations of BOP stacks combinations relating to the
production casing size.
Due to the valve OD (7-8ins) available today in the market,
its use with 7 production casing is only possible by installing
a spacer spool between the tubing spool and the pipe rams
closed
on a slick joint directly connected to the upper side of the
valve itself. A space of at least two meters between pipe
rams and top of tubing spool is required.
The valve OD must be larger than the slick joint to provide a
shoulder to prevent upward string movement.
A small size test string with a 5.25ins OD safety valve can
be used with 7ins casing, as indicated.
In all cases the valve is operated by hydraulic pressure
through a control line and is fail safe when this pressure is
bled off. The slick joint body has an internal hydraulic
passage for the control line.
The safety valve can be considered the secondary barrier
during production.
5.4.
CASING OVERPRESSURE VALVE

A test string design which includes an overpressure rupture disk, or any other system sensible to
casing overpressure, should have an additional single shot down-hole safety valve to shut off flow
when annulus pressure increases in an uncontrolled manner.
This additional safety feature is recommended only in particular situations where there are very
high pressures and/or production casing is not suitable for sudden high overpressures due to the
test string leaking.
This valve is usually used with the single shot circulating valve which is casing pressure operated
and positioned above the safety valve, hence will open at the same time the safety valve closes.
This allows the flow line to bleed off the overpressure.
6.
TEST STRING EQUIPMENT
6.1.
GENERAL
The well testing objectives, test location and relevant planning will dictate which is the most
suitable test string configuration to be used. Some generic test strings used for testing from
various installations are shown.
In general, well tests are performed inside a 7ins production liner, using full opening test tools
with a 2.25ins ID. In larger production casing sizes the same tools will be used with a larger
packer. In 5-51/2ins some problems can be envisaged: availability, reliability and reduced ID
limitations to run W/L. tools, etc. smaller test tools will be required, but similarly, the tools should
be full opening to allow production logging across perforated intervals. For a bare-foot-test,
conventional test tools will usually be used with a packer set inside the 95/8ins casing.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 19
If conditions allow, the bottom of the test string should be 100ft above the top perforation to allow
production logging, re-perforating and/or acid treatment of the interval.
In the following description, tools which are required both in production tests and conventional
tests are included. The list of tools is not exhaustive, and other tools may be included.
However, the test string should be kept as simple as possible to reduce the risk of mechanical
failure. The tools should be dressed with elastomers suitable for the operating environment,
considering packer fluids, prognosed production fluids, temperature and the stimulation program,
if applicable.
The tools must be rated for the requested working pressure (in order to withstand the maximum
forecast bottom-hole/well head pressure with a suitable safety factor).
Fig.
6.2.
TCP Guns
Fig. Retrievable Packer
Fig.
Bridge Plug
COMMON TEST TOOLS DESCRIPTION

6.2.1.
Beveled Mule Shoe

If the test is being conducted in a liner the mule shoe makes it easier to enter the liner
top.
The beveled mule shoe also facilities pulling wire-line tools back into the test string. If
testing with a permanent packer, the mule shoe allows entry into the packer bore.
6.2.2.
Perforated Joint/Ported Sub

The perforated joint or ported sub allows wellbore fluids to enter the test string if the
tubing conveyed perforating system is used. This item may also be used if wire-line
retrievable gauges are run below the packer.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 20
6.2.3.
Gauge Case (Bundle Carrier)

The carrier allows pressure and temperature recorders to be run below or above the
packer and sense either annulus or tubing pressures and temperatures.
6.2.4.
Pipe Tester Valve

A pipe tester valve is used in conjunction with a tester valve which can be run in the open
position in order to allow the string to self fill as it is installed. The valve usually has a
flapper type closure mechanism which opens to allow fluid bypass but closes when
applying tubing pressure for testing purposes. The valve is locked open on the first
application of annulus pressure which is during the first cycling of the tester valve.
6.2.5.
Retrievable Test Packer

The packer isolates the interval to be tested from the fluid
in the annulus. It should be set by turning to the right and
includes a hydraulic hold-down mechanism to prevent the
tool from being pumped up the hole under the influence
of differential pressure from below the packer.
6.2.6.
Circulating Valve (Bypass Valve)

This tool is run in conjunction with retrievable packers to
allow fluid bypass while running in and pulling out of hole,
hence reducing the risk of excessive pressure surges or
swabbing. It can also be used to equalize differential
pressures across packers at the end of the test. It is
automatically closed when sufficient weight is set down on
the packer
This valve should ideally contain a time delay on closing,
to prevent pressuring up of the closed sump below the
packer during packer setting. This feature is important
when running tubing conveyed perforating guns which are
actuated by pressure. If the valve does not have a delay
on closing, a large incremental pressure, rather than the
static bottom-hole pressure, should be chosen for firing
the guns
6.2.7.
Pipe Tester Valve

A pipe tester valve is used in conjunction with a tester
valve which can be run in the open position in order to
allow the string to self fill as it is installed. The valve
usually has a flapper type closure mechanism which
opens to allow fluid bypass but closes when applying
tubing pressure for testing purposes.
The valve is locked open on the first application of annulus
pressure which is during the first cycling of the tester
valve.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 21
6.2.8.
Safety Joint
Installed above a retrievable packer, it allows the test
string above this tool to be recovered in the event the
packer becomes stuck in the hole. It operates by
manipulating the string (usually a combination of
reciprocation and rotation) to unscrew and the upper
part of the string retrieved. The DST tools can then be
laid out and the upper part of the safety joint run back
in the hole with fishing jar to allow more powerful jarring
action.
6.2.9.
Hydraulic Jar
The jar is run to aid in freeing the packer if it becomes
stuck.
The jar allows an over-pull to be taken on the string
which is then suddenly released, delivering an impact
to the stuck tools.
6.2.10. Down-hole Tester Valve

The down-hole tester valve provides a seal from
pressure from above and below.
The valve is operated by pressuring up on the annulus.
The down-hole test valve allows down-hole shut in of
the well so that after-flow effects are minimized,
providing better pressure data. It also has a secondary
function as a safety valve.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 22
6.2.11. Single Operation Reversing Sub

Produced fluids may be reversed out of the test string and the well killed using this tool. It
is actuated by applying a pre-set annulus pressure which shears a disc or pins allowing a
mandrel to move and expose the circulating ports. Once the tool has been operated it
cannot be reset, and therefore must only be used at the end of the test.
This reversing sub can also be used in combination with a test valve module if a further
safety valve is required. One example of this is a system where the reversing sub is
combined with two ball valves to make a single shot sampler/safety valve.
6.2.12. Multiple Operation Circulating Valve
This tool enables the circulation of fluids closer to the tester valve whenever necessary
as it can be opened or closed on demand and is generally used to install an underbalance fluid for brining in the well.
This tool is available in either annulus or tubing pressure operated versions. The tubing
operated versions require several pressure cycles before the valve is shifted into the
circulating position. This enables the tubing to be pressure tested several times while
running in hole. Companys preference is the annulus operated version.
6.2.13. Drill Collar
Drill collars are required to provide a weight to set the packer. Normally two stands of 43/4ins drill collars (46.8lbs/ft) should be sufficient weight on the packer, but should be
regarded as the minimum.
6.2.14. Slip Joint
These allow the tubing string to expand and contract in the longitudinal axis due to
changes in temperature and pressure. They are non-rotating to allow torque for setting
packers or operating the safety joint.
6.2.15. Crossovers
Crossovers warrant special attention They are of the utmost importance as they connect
every piece of equipment in the test string which have differing threads. If crossovers
have to be manufactured, they need to be tested and fully certified. In addition, they must
be checked with each mating item of equipment before use.
6.3.
HIGH PRESSURE WELLS

If the SBHP >10,000psi a completion type test string and production Xmas tree is recommended
to test the well.
6.4.
SUB-SEA TEST TOOLS USED ON SEMI-SUBMERSIBLES

The sub-sea test tree (SSTT) assembly includes a fluted hanger, slick joint, and sub-sea test tree.
6.4.1. Fluted Hanger
The fluted hanger lands off and sits in the wear bushing of the wellhead and is adjustable to allow
the SSTT assembly to be correctly positioned in the BOP stack so that when the SSTT is
disconnected the shear rams can close above the disconnect point.
6.4.2.
Slick Joint (Polished Joint)

The slick joint (usually 5ins OD) is installed above the fluted hanger and has a smooth
(slick) outside diameter around which the BOP pipe rams can close and sustain annulus
pressure for DST tool operation or, if in an emergency disconnection, contain annulus
pressure. The slick joint should be positioned to allow the two bottom sets of pipe rams to
J. Keemink @2009
Page 23
be closed on it and also allow the blind rams to close above the disconnect point of the
SSTT.
6.5.
6.4.3.
Sub-Sea Test Tree

The SSTT is a fail-safe sea floor master valve which provides two functions; the shut off
of pressure in the test string and; disconnection of the landing string from the test string
due to an emergency situation or for bad weather. The SSTT is constructed in two parts;
the valve assembly consisting of two fail safe closed valves and; a latch assembly. The
latch contains the control ports for the hydraulic actuation of the valves and the latch
head.
The control umbilical is connected to the top of the latch which can, under most
circumstances be reconnected, regaining control without killing the well. The valves hold
pressure from below, but open when a differential pressure is applied from above,
allowing safe killing of the well without hydraulic control if unlatched.
6.4.4.
Lubricator Valve
The lubricator valve is run one stand of tubing below the surface test tree. This valve
eliminates the need to have a long lubricator to accommodate wire-line tools above the
surface test tree swab valve. It also acts as a safety device when, in the event of a gas
escape at surface, it can prevent the full unloading of the contents in the landing string
after closing of the SSTT. The lubricator valve is hydraulic operated through a second
umbilical line and should be either a fail closed or; fail-in-position valve. When it is closed
it will contain pressure from both above and below.
DEEP SEA TOOLS

6.5.1.
Retainer Valve
The retainer valve is installed immediately above the SSTT on tests in extremely deep
waters to prevent large volumes of well fluids leaking into the sea in the event of a
disconnect. It is hydraulic operated and must be a fail-open or fail-in-position valve. When
it is closed it will contain pressure from both above and below. It is usually run in
conjunction with a deep water SSTT described below.
6.5.2.
Deep Water SSTT

As exploration moves into deeper and remote Subsea locations, the use of dynamic
positioning vessels require much faster SSTT unlatching than that available with the
normal hydraulic system on an SSTT. The slow actuation is due to hydraulic lag time
when bleeding off the control line against friction and the hydrostatic head of the control
fluid. This is overcome by use of the deepwater SSTT which has an Electro-Hydraulic
control system.
The Hydraulic deep water actuator is a fast response controller for the deepwater
SSTT and retainer valve. This system uses hydraulic power from accumulators on the
tree controlled electrically from surface (MUX). The fluid is vented into the annulus or an
atmospheric tank to reduce the lag time and reducing closure time to seconds.
If a program required deepwater test tools, the tool operating procedures would be
included in the test program.
7.
SURFACE EQUIPMENT
This sub-section contains the list of surface equipment and the criteria for use.
7.1.
TEST PACKAGE
J. Keemink @2009
Page 24
7.1.1.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Flow head Or Surface Test Tree

Modern flow heads are of solid
block construction, i.e. as a single
steel block, as opposed to the
earlier modular unit which was
assembled from various separate
components.
Irrespective of the type, both
should contain:
Upper
Master
Valve
for
emergency use only.
Lower Master Valve situated
below the swivel for emergency
use only.
Kill Wing Valve on the kill wing
outlet connected to the cement
pump or the rig manifold.
Flow Wing Valve on the flow wing
outlet, connected to the choke
manifold, which is the ESD
actuated valve.
Swab Valve for isolation of the
vertical wire-line or coil tubing
access.
Handling Sub which is the
lubricator connection for wire-line
or coiled tubing and is also for
lifting the tree.
Pressure Swivel which allows
string rotation with the flow and kill
line connected.
On floating rigs, with the rig at its operating draft, the flow head should be positioned so
that it is at a distance above the drill floor which is greater than the maximum amount of
heave anticipated, plus an allowance for tidal movement, i.e. 5ft and a further 5ft safety
margin.
Coflexip hoses are used to connect from the flow head kill wing and flow wing to the rig
manifold and the test choke manifold. A permanently installed test line is sometimes
available which leads from the drill floor to the choke manifold location.
7.1.2.
Coflexip Hoses And Pipework

Coflexip hoses must be installed on the flow head correctly so as to avoid damage. They
must be connected so that they hang vertically from the flow head wings. The hoses
should never be hung across a wind wall or from a horizontal connection unless there is a
pre-formed support to ensure they are not bent any tighter than their minimum radius of
5ft.
Hoses are preferred to chiksan connections because of their flexibility, ease of hook up
and time saving. They are also less likely to leak due to having fewer connections. On
floaters, they connect the stationary flow head to the moving rig and its permanent pipe
work.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 25
Permanently installed surface lines should be used with the minimum of temporary
connections supplied from the surface testing contractor. Ideally these temporary
connections should be made-to-measure pipe sections with welded connections,
however chiksans can be used but must be tied down to the deck.
Additional protection can be given by installing relief valves in the lines. Is now common
practice to have a relief valve on the line between the heater and the separator to cater
for any blockage downstream which may cause over-pressure in the line. If there is
further risk from plugging of the burner nozzles by sand carry-over, then consideration
should be given to installing further relief valves downstream of the separator to protect
this lower pressure rated pipe work.
Note:
Ensure that the Coflexip hoses are suitable for use with corrosive brines.
7.1.3.
Data/Injection Header
This item is usually situated
immediately upstream of the
choke. The data/injection header is
merely a section of pipe with
several ports or pockets to mount
the following items:
Chemical injection
Wellhead pressure recording
Temperature recording
Wellhead pressure recording
with a dead weight tester
Wellhead sampling
Sand erosion monitoring
Bubble hose.
Most of the pressure and temperatures take off points will be duplicated for the Data
Acquisition System sensors.
7.1.4.
Choke Manifold
The choke manifold is a system of valves and
chokes for controlling well flow and usually has
one adjustable and one fixed choke. Some
choke manifolds may also incorporate a
bypass line. The valves are used to direct the
flow through either of the chokes or the
bypass. They also provide isolation from
pressure so that the choke changes can be
made.
A well shall be brought in using the adjustable or variable choke. This choke should never
be fully closed against well flow. The flow should then be redirected to the appropriately
J. Keemink @2009
Page 26
sized fixed choke for stable flow conditions. The testing contractor should ensure that a
full range of fixed chokes are available in good condition.
Due to the torturous path of the fluids through the choke, flow targets are positioned
where the flow velocities are high and impinge on the bends. Ensure these have been
checked during the previous refurbishment to confirm they were still within specification.
7.1.5.
Steam Heater And Generator

Heat is required from the steam heater, or
heat exchanger, to:
Prevent hydrate formation on gas wells
Prevent wax deposition when testing
high waxy, paraffin type crudes
Break foams or emulsions
Reduce viscosity of heavy oils.
For use on high flow rate wells, a 4ins bore steam heater should be used to reduce high
back pressures.
The heat required to raise a gas by 1oF can be estimated from the formula:
2,550 x Gas Flow (mmscf/day) x Gas Specific Gravity (air = 1.000), BTU/hr/oF
The heat needed to raise an oil by 1oF can be estimated from:
8.7 x Oil Flow (bbls/day) x Oil Density (gms/cm3), BTU/hr/oF
Always use the largest steam heater and associated generator that space or deck
loading will allow as the extra output is contingency for any serious problem which may
arise. The rig steam generator will not usually have the required output and therefore
diesel-fired steam generator in conjunction with the steam heat exchanger should be
supplied by the surface test contractor.
7.1.6.
Separator
The test separator is required to:
Separate the well flow into three phases; oil, gas and water
Meter the flow rate of each phase, at known conditions
Measure the shrinkage factor to correct to standard conditions
Sample each phase at known temperature and pressure.
The standard offshore separator is a horizontal three phase, 1,440psi working pressure
unit.
This can handle up to 60mmscf/day of dry gas or up to 10,000bopd and associated gas
at it working pressure Other types of separator, such as the vertical or spherical models
and two phase units may be used.
Gas is metered using a Daniels or similar type orifice plate gas meter. The static
pressure, pressure drop across the orifice plate and the temperature are all recorded.
From this data the flow rate is calculated.
The liquid flow rates are measured by positive displacement or vortex meters.
The oil shrinkage factor is physically measured by allowing a known volume of oil, under
controlled conditions, to de-pressurize and cool to ambient conditions. The shrinkage
factor is the ambient volume, divided by the original volume. The small volume, however,
of the shrinkage meter means that this is not an accurate measurement.
The oil flow rate is corrected for any volume taken up by gas, water, sand or sediment.
This volume is calculated by multiplying the combined volume by the BS&W
J. Keemink @2009
Page 27
measurement and the tank/meter factor. Oil meters are calibrated onshore but it is also
necessary to divert the oil flow to a gauge tank for a short period to obtain a combined
shrinkage/meter factor as the meter calibration is subject to discrepancy with varying oil
gravity and viscosity.
The separator relief system is calibrated onshore and should never be function tested
offshore, hence the separator should only be tested to 90% of the relief valve setting.
It is important that the separator bypass valves, diverter valves for the vent lines leading
from the separator relief valve, rupture disc or back-up relief valve, are checked for ease
of operation.
7.1.7.
Data Acquisition System

It is now common custom to use computerized Data Acquisition Systems (DAS) on
offshore well tests. However, it is essential that manual readings are still separately
recorded for correlation of results and contingency in the event of problems occurring to
the system.
These systems can collect, store and provide plots of:
Surface data
Down-hole data from gauges
Memory gauge data.
The main advantage of DAS is that real time plots can be displayed at the well site for
troubleshooting. Another advantage is that all of the surface (and possibly down-hole)
data is collected into one system and can be supplied on a floppy disk for the operator to
analyze and subsequently prepare well reports.
7.1.8.
Gauge/Surge Tanks And Transfer Pumps

A gauge tank is an atmospheric vessel whereas a surge tank is usually rated to 50psi WP
and is vented to the flare. A surge tank is essential for safe working if H2S production is
anticipated. Therefore, surge tanks should always be used on wildcat wells and gauge
tanks used only in low risk situations.
Tanks are used for checking the oil meter/shrinkage factors and for measuring volumes
at rates which are too low for accurate flow meter measurement. They usually have a
capacity of one hundred barrels and some with twin compartments so that one
compartment can be filled while the other is pumped to the burner via the transfer pump.
Tanks can also be used for collecting large atmospheric samples of crude for analysis or
used as a secondary separator for crudes which require longer separation times. Some
tanks can have special features such as steam heating elements for heavy/viscous oil
production tests etc.
7.1.9.
Diverter Manifolds, Burners and Booms
J. Keemink @2009
Page 28
Burner heads are mounted on the end of the booms which are usually installed on
opposing sides of the rig to take maximum advantage of wind direction changes, i.e. to
keep at least one burner heading downwind. The oil and gas flowlines, including the tank
and relief vent lines, from the test area to the booms, must have diverter manifolds for
directing flow to the leeward boom.
Most recent designs of burners are promoted as green or clean type burners. This is
indicative of them being less polluting to the environment by having superior burning
technology. Although still not ideal their ability is much improved over previous models.
The burner has a ring of atomizers or nozzles which break up the flow for complete
combustion. This is assisted by pumping air into the flow stream. Rig air must not be
used for this purpose as there is a risk of hydrocarbons leaking back into the rig air
system. Two portable air compressors, one as back-up, are required, suitably fitted with
check valves. It is recommended that the air compressors are manifolded together to
provide a continuous supply of air in the event of a compressor failure.
Green style burners are very heavy users of air and consideration must be given for deck
space for additional air compressors.
Water must be pumped to the burner head which forms a heat shield in the form of a
spray around the flare to protect the installation from excessive heat. It also aids
combustion and cools the burner head. Water must also be sprayed on the rig to keep it
cool and special attention must be given to the lifeboats. It is now normal for a rig to have
a permanent spray system installed and water may be provided by the rig pumps.
The burners have propane pilot lights which are ignited using a remote spark ignition
system.
For heavy/viscous oil tests a large quantity of propane may be required. If this is the
case, mud burners should be requested, as they are specially designed to handle oilbased mud.
They can also better handle the clean-up flow. Alternatively, diesel can be spiked in at
the oil manifold using the cement pumps to assist combustion but, if there is only partial
combustion, carry over can cause pollution. Oil slicks can also be ignited and be a hazard
to the rig. If a heavy/viscous oil production test is planned, sufficient gauge tanks should
be on
hand to conduct a test without flaring the oil.
Figure 7.A - Surface Equipment Layout
J. Keemink @2009
Page 29
7.2.
EMERGENCY SHUT DOWN SYSTEM

The Emergency Shut Down (ESD) system is the primary safety system in the event of an
uncontrolled escape of hydrocarbons at surface. The system consists of a hydraulically or
pneumatically operated flow head flow wing valve, control panel and a number of remotely air
operated pilot valves. When a pilot or the main valve in the panel is actuated, it causes a loss of
air pressure in turn dropping out the main hydraulic valve which releases the pressure from the
flow head ESD valve actuator.
The push button operated pilot valves are strategically placed at designated accessible areas
where the test crew and/or rig crew can actuate them by pushing the button when they observe
J. Keemink @2009
Page 30
an emergency situation. Other pilots may be high or low pressure actuated pilots installed at
critical points in the system to protect equipment from over-pressure or under-pressure which
would indicate an upstream valve closure, blockage or leak etc. The system is also actuated if a
hose is cut or melted by heat from a fire, also releasing the air pressure.
7.3.
7.4.
ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT
7.3.1.
Chemical Injection Pump

The main chemicals that are injected into the
production flow are hydrate inhibitors, defoamers, de-emulsifiers and wax inhibitors. The
chemicals are injected by an air driven chemical
injection pump at, either the data/injection
header, flow head or at the SSTT/subsurface
safety valve. Chemicals must be supplied with
toxicological and safety data sheets as per
regulations.
7.3.2.
Sand Detectors
Sonic type sand detectors can be installed at the data/injection header upstream of the
choke if sand production is expected to cause erosion. These devices operate by
detecting the impingement of sand on a probe inserted into the flow stream. The
accuracy is reasonable in single phase gas flow but less consistent in multi-phase flow.
The simplest approach to sand detection is to take frequent BS&W sample at the
data/injection manifold to monitor for sand production. If the flow rates are low, samples
taken from the high side of flow line might incorrectly show little or no sand, therefore a
suitable sample point must also be available on the low side of the manifold. Samples
should then be collected from both points. The problem with this method is determining if
the sand is causing erosion or not. An erosion coupon or probe can also be installed on
the manifold which will indicate if erosion is occurring.
When sand production is anticipated on a test, sand traps should be employed. These
large, high pressure vessels would be situated upstream of the choke manifold and
remove the sand before it reaches the higher velocity flow rates at the choke. Control of
the flow rate also can prevent erosion by keeping it below the point where sand is lifted
up the wellbore to surface; however, this inflicts severe limitations on the test design.
Erosion can eventually cause:
Reduced pipe wall thickness and cutting of holes in pipe work, including valves and
chokes.
Damaging (sandblasting) the separator and filling it with sand.
Cutting out of burner nozzles.
Sanding up the well and possibly plugging of down-hole test tools.
7.3.3.
Crossovers
Crossovers warrant special attention They are of the utmost importance as they connect
every piece of equipment in the test string which have differing threads. If crossovers
have to be manufactured, they need to be tested and fully certified. In addition, they must
be checked with each mating item of equipment before use.
RIG EQUIPMENT
The main items of rig equipment used for testing, such as the permanent pipe work and water
spray system have been addressed previously. However, it is essential that all the necessary rig
J. Keemink @2009
Page 31
equipment which is to be used, has been checked. This includes the rig water pumps, cement
pumps, mud pumps and the BOPs. The BOP rams must be dressed in accordance with the test
program.
Also there are some smaller items of equipment required which must be made available.
These include; long bails for rigging up equipment above the flow head, rabbits for drifting the
tubulars, TIW type safety valves with crossovers, tongs and other pipe-handling equipment,
accurate instrumentation for monitoring annulus pressure, etc.
7.5.
DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENTATION

This section describes the instrumentation required for measuring flow rates, pressures,
temperatures, gas and fluid properties which is listed below:
7.5.1.
Laboratory and Instrument Manifold Equipment

Hydrometer for measuring gravity of produced liquids.
Manometer for calibrating DP meters.
Shrinkage tester to allow the calculation of production in stock tank barrels.
Dead-weight tester for pressure gauge checking and calibration.
Gas gravity meter to measure gas gravity.
Centrifuge for determining BS&W content.
Selection of pressure gauges.
Draeger tubes for measuring H2S and CO2 concentrations.
Chemical injection pump.
Surface pressure recorder.
Water composition analysis test kit.
Vacuum pump for evacuating sample containers.
Down-hole sampling kit.
Hydrometer
Deadweight Tester
Gas Gravity Meter
Pressure Gauges
Draeger Pump & Tubes
Chemical Injection Pump
Recorder
Temperature Gauges
Some instrumentation is mounted on the test equipment such as:
J. Keemink @2009
Page 32
7.5.2.
Separator
Oil flow meters on both separator oil lines.
Gas flow meter.
Thermometers.
Pressure gauges.
7.5.3.
Surge Or Metering Tank

Sight glasses and graduated scales.
Thermometer.
Pressure Gauge.
7.5.4.
Steam Heater
Temperature controller.
Other special instrumentation must be listed in the specific test program.

8.
BHP DATA ACQUISITION

The two of the most important parameters measured during well testing are down-hole pressures
and temperatures. This data is obtained from BHP gauges installed as close to the perforations
as is practicable. BHP gauges are either mechanical or electronic type gauges.
The mechanical BHP gauge is rarely used today as it accuracy does not generally meet the
demands of engineers for modern analysis. It does still have uses on high temperature wells
where the temperature is above the limit of electronic gauges or when simple low cost surveys
are required; for instance, to obtain bottom hole pressure before a workover. They are cheaper
due to the lower gauge purchase cost and because it is not necessary to have a gauge specialist
to run them.
The electronic gauge is used in most circumstances and there are a number of different models
on the market with a wide range of accuracy and temperature specifications to meet various test
demands. It is critical to ensure that the gauge selected is fit for purpose as some of the higher
accuracy gauges are more susceptible to damage like the crystal gauge and also more
expensive. The criteria used should be to select the most robust and cost competitive gauge
which meets the test requirements. Currently there are three basic types
of pressure sensors used in electronic gauges available: Quartz Crystal, Capacitance, and Strain.
The electronic gauge can operate through an electric cable for surface read out in real time but
more generally is run with an memory section which stores the data electronically on chips. The
early gauges had a very limited storage capacity of around 2.5K data points but this has
dramatically increased where gauges now have up to 500K. They can also be programmed to
change the sampling speed at various times and/or on pressure change
points in the test.
Both mechanical and electronic types of gauges are listed below in order of decreasing accuracy.
8.1.1.
Quartz Crystal Gauge

The principle of the gauge is the change in capacitance of the sensor crystal when
pressure is applied. The gauge has two quartz crystals, one sensor and one reference
crystal. The change in capacitance of the sensor crystal is measured by the change in
frequency of an oscillating circuit. The resultant frequency is converted to a pressure.
This type of gauge is the most accurate available. Poor temperature resolution used to be
the
Achilles heel of the crystal gauge but modern gauges have overcome this problems by
having the temperature sensor built into the crystal assembly. The tool is comparatively
delicate because of the fragility of the crystals.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 33
8.2.
8.1.2.
Capacitance Gauge
The principle of this gauge is similar to the quartz crystal gauge. The difference is that a
quartz substrate is used instead of a crystal. The gauge accuracy is between that of the
quartz and the strain gauge but is much more robust than the crystal gauge. It did not
suffer from poor temperature resolution like the earlier crystal gauges as the temperature
sensor is an integral part of the pressure diaphragm.
8.1.3.
Strain Gauge
The strain gauge principle works on the deflection of a diaphragm. Pressure acting one
side of the diaphragm causes the deflection which is measured and translated into
pressure. The accuracy of the gauge is lower than the quartz or the capacitance. This
type of gauge is extremely robust and is not affected by temperature changes.
8.1.4.
Bourdon Tube Gauge

This is a mechanical gauge and was the first type of pressure gauge and is very robust.
The most common manufacturers were Amerada and Kuster. The well pressure
elastically deforms a Bourdon tube, the deflection of which is scribed directly on a time
chart. After recovery of the chart it is read and translated into pressure. Charts can be
read with hand operated chart reader or electronically by a computerized chart reader.
The gauge accuracy is much lower than any of the electronic gauges.
GAUGE INSTALLATION
As pointed out in the previous section, the gauges should be installed as deep as possible in the
well in order to obtain pressure and temperature data as near to formation conditions as possible.
On a well test this can be done by one of two methods: tubing conveyed or on wire-line.
8.2.1.
Tubing Conveyed Gauges

The normal means of running gauges on the test string is in gauge carriers but other
SRO systems have been developed to obtain data from down-hole gauges without
having to pull the string. This is an advancement in technology which means the data can
be verified before curtailing the test. This is extremely useful in very tight reservoirs
where the end of the flow or build up periods is difficult to predict and determine. In these
tools the gauges are mounted in a housing which is ported to below the tester valve.
8.2.2.
Gauge Carriers
Gauges may be placed in gauge carriers, which are installed in the test string as it is
being run and are retrieved at the end of the test when the string is pulled. A minimum of
two gauge carriers with at least four gauges should be run.
Depending upon the test string design, they may be installed above the packer sensing
tubing pressure or possibly with one below the packer to sense pressure as close as
possible to the reservoir. Irrespective of the position relative to the packer, they must be
run below the tester valve to obtain build up data. Below packer gauges are of simpler
design as they are not pressure containing or require porting to the tubing.
Each carrier should contain at least two gauges, and at least two of the total should be of
the capacitance type of gauge. By running at least one carrier above a retrievable type
packer, some data can be retrieved if the packer becomes stuck by backing the string off
at the safety joint. Also, the packer absorbs some shock from tubing conveyed guns
providing protection for the upper gauges.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 34
9.
8.2.3.
SRO Combination Gauges

Systems which allow the databanks of the gauges run in the upper gauge case to be
read have been developed. The disadvantages of the SRO system are thus eliminated as
the gauges may be read continually or periodically. However is not good practice to run
the interrogating tool until the well has been cleaned up. In the early days, these systems
proved to be very unreliable but great advances have since been made.
The latest systems use tried and proven tester valves for the down-hole closure which
are ported to above the valve to a bank of memory gauges or transducers. The tool
gathers and stores the data until the interrogation tool is run by electric line into the
memory section housing where it can communicate with the memory section to download
the data. These data are usually transmitted through an inductive coupling or similar type
device.
Obviously the tool must be run during a shut-in period. It is advisable that the tool is not
stationed in the well, i.e. latched into the housing, during flow periods unless absolutely
necessary. This reduces the risk from becoming stuck due to sand production or the wire
getting cut through flow erosion.
8.2.4.
Wire-line Conveyed Gauges

There are two systems for running memory gauges using wire-line techniques. The first is
to place a nipple below the perforated tailpipe and to run and set the gauges in this nipple
prior to performing the test.
The second method is to use an SRO electronic gauge run and positioned in the well on
electric line which gives a real time direct readout of parameters at surface. A version of
this method can provide build up data in conjunction with a down-hole shut-in tool, similar
to the
SRO systems described earlier, except they use wire tension to open and close a
separate shut-in mechanism, usually a sliding sleeve type device.
8.2.5.
Memory Gauges Run on Slick-line

A number of memory gauges, usually three but can be as many a physically possible,
may be run in on slick-line and set in a nipple positioned below the perforated joint. The
advantages of this system are that the well may be shut-in down-hole, eliminating after
flow effects. Also the gauges may be recovered, e.g. after the first build-up, and the data
interpreted before completing the test.
This system should be considered in wells producing fluids which are corrosive to the
electric line, and where long exposure is to be avoided. Gauges are generally run with a
shock absorber to avoid damage from shock during the trip or when setting the wire-line
BHP gauge hanger.
8.2.6.
Electronic Gauges Run on Electric Line

Gauges may be run on electric line to give a real-time readout of data at surface. This is
called surface readout (SRO). In some versions the well must be shut-in at surface
confusing the build-up data with after flow effects. However, there are now systems which
allow the well to be shut-in down-hole and still have SRO. The disadvantages of this
method are that the electric line must remain in the hole during the test, unless using a
SRO combination tool described above.
Considerable difficulty may be encountered in landing this type of tool in its receptacle
after perforating the well. The tool is not robust enough to be landed before perforating
and debris may obstruct the nipple after the initial flow. It is highly desirable to clean up
the well before running this type of equipment.
PERFORATING SYSTEMS
J. Keemink @2009
Page 35
Two methods are currently used to perforate wells: wire-line conveyed guns or tubing conveyed
guns. Tubing conveyed perforating is the Companys preferred method for well test operations, as
the zones to be tested can be perforated underbalanced in one run, with large charges. However,
under some circumstances wire-line conveyed guns may still be preferred.
Both methods are described in the following sections.
The type of explosive to be used is dependant mainly on the bottom hole temperature and the
length of time the guns are likely to be on bottom before firing (Refer to the Completion ManualPerforating Section)
9.1.
TUBING CONVEYED PERFORATING

With this method the guns are run in the hole on the bottom of well testing string. Therefore, the
guns and charge size can be maximized for optimum perforation efficiency and long perforation
intervals can be fired in a single run. If required, a bull nose can be installed on the bottom of
guns to allow the test string to enter liner tops. Various methods of detonation can be utilized,
depending on well conditions.
9.2.
WIRE-LINE CONVEYED PERFORATING

There are two alternatives when perforating using wire-line conveyed guns: casing guns or
through-tubing guns. In both cases depth control is provided by running a Casing Collar Locator
(CCL) above the guns and the guns are fired by electrical signal.
Casing guns are large diameter perforators which cannot be run through normal tubing size.
Therefore they must be used prior to run the test string and in overbalance conditions.
Through-tubing guns are small diameter guns run through the test string. They can be used to
perforate under-balance, reducing the risk of damaging the formation with brine or mud invasion
immediately after perforating. The largest gun which can be safety run through the standard test
tools (2.25ins ID) is a 111/16.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 36
Fig.
9.3.
Tubing Conveyed Perforating
Fig.
Wireline Perforating
PROCEDURES FOR PERFORATING

Procedures to be observed when perforating a production casing/liner are the following:
a) Operations involving the use of explosives shall only be performed by Contractor's
specialized personnel in charge for casing perforation. The number of person involved shall
be as low as possible. Only the Contractor's operator is allowed to control electric circuits, to
load and unload guns.
b) Nobody else, except for Contractor's operators, is allowed to remain in the hazardous area
during gun loading and tripping in and out of the hole.
c) Explosives shall be kept on the rig for the shortest possible time and during such time they
shall be stored in a designated locked container, marked with international recognized
explosive signs.
d) Any remainder at the end of the test shall be returned to shore.
e) Maximum care shall be taken during transportation, loading and back-loading of explosive.
Explosive and detonators shall always be transported and stored in separate containers. This
also applies to defective detonators which have been removed from a misfired gun.
Transportation of primed gun is not allowed; explosive shall be transported unarmed.
f) Explosive should never be stored in the vicinity of other hazardous materials, e.g. flammable
or combustible liquids, compressed gases and welding equipment.
g) Precise record must be kept of all explosives received, stowed or off-loaded.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 37
h) Warning signals shall surround the hazardous area where explosives are used.
i) As an electric potential could trigger the detonators, any source of such potential shall be
switched off to avoid premature detonation. Such sources include any radio transmitter
(including crane radios) and welding equipment.
The Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor shall collect all portable radios inside
company office in order to avoid any possibility of untimely use. Radio silence shall be
observed while guns are being primed and while primed guns are above seabed.
j) The following shall be advised prior to radio silence being in force:
Stand by vessel.
Helicopter operations.
Company Shore Base.
Other nearby installations.
k) In the event of uncontrollable sources of potential such as thunderstorms, operations
involving the use of explosive shall be suspended. The only exception to the precaution
mentioned above is the SAFE (Slapper Activated Firing Equipment) which can be operated,
under any weather condition, during radio transmissions and welding operations.
l) Inspections shall be done to make sure that no electric field is generated between the well
and the rig (max. allowable potential difference is 0.25 V). In the event this voltage is
exceeded, all sources of electrical energy must be switched off (this may preclude perforating
at night).
m) When the casing is perforated before running the DST string, mud level in the well shall be
visually monitored.
n) When the casing is perforated before running the DST string, the well must be filled with a
fluid whose density shall be equal to the mud weight used for drilling, unless reliable
information would indicate a formation pressure allowing for a lower density.
o) The same principle applies for the weight of the fluid in the tubing/casing annulus when
perforating after the DST string has been run.
p) The first casing perforation shall be performed in daylight. Subsequent series of shots can be
carried out at any time.
10.
PREPARING THE WELL FOR TESTING

This section describes the operations necessary to prepare the well for well testing.
10.1.
PREPARATORY OPERATIONS FOR TESTING

10.1.1. Guidelines For Testing 7ins Liner Lap
1) While waiting on cement, test the BOP stack according to the Company Well Control
Policy Manual procedures. Pull out of the hole with the test tool.
2) Run a 6ins bit/mill and clean out the 7ins liner to the landing collar (PBTD). The
drilling program must allow for sufficient rat hole to enable TCP guns to be dropped
off, if required.
3) Run a cement bond/correlation log from PBTD to top of 7ins liner.
4) Run in hole with 95/8ins packer assembly and perform positive and negative tests on
liner lap as per the Company Drilling and Completion Supervisors instructions. As a
guideline, conduct a positive test of the liner lap by applying approximately 400psi
pressure. Ensure that the burst rating of the 95/8ins casing is not exceeded. Displace
the required amount of fluid from the drill pipe with base oil to give an approximate
drawdown on the liner lap and liner of 500psig in excess of maximum drawdown
pressure planned for the individual wells. Set the packer and monitor the well head
J. Keemink @2009
Page 38
pressure for influx for 1hr. If the liner lap or liner is found to be leaking then a
remedial cementing program will be advised.
10.1.2. Guidelines For Testing 95/8ins Liner Lap
1) While waiting on cement, test the BOP stack according to the Company Well Control
Policy Manual procedures. Pull out of the hole with the test tool.
2) Run a 81/2ins bit/mill and clean out the 95/8ins casing to the landing collar (PBTD).
The drilling program must allow for sufficient rat hole to enable TCP guns to be
dropped off, if required.
3) Run a cement bond/correlation log from PBTD to above the packer setting depth.
10.1.3. General Technical Preparations
1) Surface well testing equipment should be installed and pressure tested as per the
procedures in Section 7.
2) DST tools should be laid out and tested on the pipe desk (Refer to Section 10.8).
3) Ensure that all down-hole components of the test string are the proper size, i.e. OD,
ID, thread type and that the items are clean and clear of any rust, debris, junk, etc. All
threads and collars are to be cleaned properly on the rack. Make sure all crossovers
are correctly beveled inside and outside.
4) Make a visual inspection to verify the condition of packer rubbers and all DST
equipment.
5) Drift all DST equipment to ensure full ID for wire-line, coiled tubing or Surface Read
Out (SRO) tools to be run in the hole.
10.2.
BRINE PREPARATION
In order to efficiently utilize the completion brine system and achieve optimum results, the brine
should be treated and handled according to the recommendations outlined in the following
sections.
10.2.1. Onshore Preparation of Brine
1. Filter and recondition any (suitable) brine which is in stock.
2. Following the final filtration/reconditioning cycle of this stored fluid, re-weigh and
adjust as necessary to suit the conditions of the well.
3. Prepare balance of fluid from sacked material or liquid, as appropriate. Filter and
condition as necessary.
10.2.2. Transportation and Transfer of Fluids
The primary objective is to transport and transfer the fluid without losing density due to
dilution, losing volume, or contaminating of the fluid.
10.2.3. Recommendations
An independent surveyor should be engaged to perform the following duties:
1) Onshore Brine Tanks
Dip storage tanks before transferring fluids.
Take samples of brine at beginning, middle and end of pumping. If required,
submit to the district office.
Check samples for SG at 60oF; centrifuge for solids content, check clarity.
Dip storage tanks after brine is loaded onto transport vessel.
Record and submit report the volume and density of brine provided by brine
supplier.
2) Pumping into Vessel
J. Keemink @2009
Page 39
The independent surveyor should ensure that all transport tanks were/are
chemically cleaned.
Visually inspect tanks for cleanliness, residue, any fluids not completely drained
from tanks, inspect pumps/manifolds if applicable.
Dip vessel tanks and check volume as per vessel calibration charts versus
suppliers brine tank volumes.
Close and seal all hatches on transport tanks.
3) Off-loading Brine at Rig-Site
Inspect pontoons/tanks/pits for cleanliness, report any residual solids or fluids
and ensure their removal prior to off-loading. Obtain calibration charts in order to
measure volume of fluid received.
Sample brine received into pontoons/pits and check density and solids to verify
that fluid has not been diluted or contaminated during transport. Report any
variation from original quality.
Ensure that required volumes are removed from transport tanks on vessel.
Report any residual fluid not transferred to the rig.
Report and record final volume and density received on the rig.
10.2.4. Rig Site Preparations
The importance of initial cleanliness of mud/brine tanks, pumps, lines, etc. can not be
over-emphasized.
The following procedures are recommended:
1) Brine Tanks and Lines
All mud/brine tanks, sand traps, ditches, pumps, etc. that will be used for the
brine should be previously cleaned of solids and/or residual contaminants. All
lines should be pre-flushed with water and, if necessary, a chemical wash.
If feasible, mixing lines and valves should be pressure tested against the mixing
pumps. Leaking valves should be replaced.
The mud/brine tanks, ditches, lines and pumps can be given a final cleaning with
appropriate chemical cleaner and flushed with water. This final cleaning should
include all equipment surfaces which will come in contact with the brine.
Finally ensure that all tanks, lines, pumps etc., are dry to avoid dilution of the
brine.
The mud pits should be cleaned as follows using seawater, prior to transferring
completion brine from storage tanks to the pits.
When all the mud has been emptied from the pit tanks to be used, clean the mud
tanks as thoroughly as possible to avoid any brine contamination. Clean initially
using buckets and shovels.
Wash the first mud pit with 50bbls seawater pill containing descaler and oil mud
removers.
Pump pill into second pit and make up second 50bbls pill containing lower
concentration de-scaler/oil mud remover.
Pump second pill into first pit and first pill into third pit. Continue the system until
all pits are clean, including slug and premix pits, and all the surface lines.
Prepare a third 50bbls pill and pump again through all pits if required.
2) Dump Valves
Prior to receiving the brine, ensure all O rings and seats are functioning correctly.
Leaking valves can cause significant brine losses.
3) Ditch Gates - Slide Type
J. Keemink @2009
Page 40
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
All gates should be sealed prior to receiving brine. Two layers of Densotape applied
across edge of slide should insure a good seal. Additional sealing can be obtained
with a fillet of Slick grease on the upstream side.
Barites, bentonites and polymers should not be used in an attempt to seal possible
leaking areas. They do not provide adequate sealing, and also contaminate the brine.
Water Lines
All water lines should be taped or chained off.
Pump Packing
Replace all work mixing pump packing.
Tripping
Significant losses of brine can be avoided during tripping by:
Using wiper plugs
Using collection box and drip pan
Slugging of pipe with heavier weight brine.
Rig Shakers
Should it be necessary to pass brine over rig shakers when circulating, ensure
equipment is operating properly. Avoid diluting brine by washing down or cleaning
screens with water.
Settling Pit
Tank or tanks should be dedicated to be used as settling/separation tanks for brine
that became abnormally contaminated during the course of the testing operation.
Brines contaminated with solids, oil, cement, or other should be placed in tanks and
chemically treated as required. For oil and solids and/or polymer-contamination, pilot
testing should be performed to determine treatments of flocculants and/or oil
separation chemicals, viscosity breakers, etc. Following chemical treatment, the brine
should be filtered and returned to the active system, and re-weighted if necessary.
Sand Traps
If used to contain brine during the operation, these traps should be thoroughly
cleaned prior to the introduction of the brine system. It should also be pre-determined
that fluid can be completely removed when required.
10.2.5. Well And Surface System Displacement To Brine

Most oil and water based drilling fluids, are incompatible with solids-free brines;
therefore an effective displacement/chemical wash should be planned to:
Remove mud solids and contaminants from the well bore.
Maintain the integrity of the mud and brine.
Separate the mud and brine during displacement.
Reduce filtration time and cost.
10.2.6. Displacement Procedure
Extensive displacement procedures will be issued by the Brine Contractor. The
procedures will be contained as part of the detailed well specific test program.
The technique utilized may be one of two types:
Indirect Displacement (of which a key ingredient is flushing the wellbore with
large volumes of water).
Direct Displacement (where minimal seawater flushing is utilized).
Reference must be made to individual fluid companies procedures.
The completion brine can be prepared at base or at the well site according to
circumstances.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 41
Use a filtering system as required during the testing operations to keep brine in required
condition. Required completion fluid weight should be confirmed based on RFT and offset
well data. Once the hole has been displaced to completion brine, continue circulating if
necessary until completion brine returns are within specification as regards weight and
filtration quality.
10.2.7. On-Location Filtration And Maintenance Of Brine
Considering rig surface equipment and availability of space, every effort should be made
to follow procedures:
1) Install filtration equipment in order to operate at its maximum efficiency.
2) Filtration service company should advise proper DE filter aids and cartridge size to
ensure maximum filtration efficiency and economics based on type of fluid to be
filtered, anticipated contaminants such as barite solids, mud solids, oil, etc.
3) Brine in suction tank should be maintained at proper density and filtered prior to
being pumped into hole.
4) Returns of brine should be placed in adequate settling/separation tank to allow
proper chemical treatments and filtration before being placed into the active brine
system.
5) If considered more economical and feasible, severely contaminated brine should be
returned to the brine supplier for reclamation and reconditioning. Whenever possible,
a sample of the contaminated brine should be sent to the brine supplier for evaluation
to determine if the fluid should be treated offshore or onshore.
6) Avoid dilution of brines caused by water hoses, water lines, washing down or rig
and/or filtration equipment, etc.
7) Pick up bit for casing and drill out cement to the top of the liner. If it is planned to
perform a pressure or inflow test on the liner lap, a casing scraper should be run with
the bit unless excessive drilling is expected.
8) Run in the hole with bit for liner and drill out the liner to landing collar which is then
the PBTD (Refer to section 10.1).
9) Run and record CBL/VDL or CET from the landing collar to the top of the liner.
10) If there are reasons to believe that the integrity of the seal on the liner lap is not
effective, a pressure and/or inflow test should be performed (Refer to section 10.1).
11) If the liner lap is found to be leaking then a remedial cementing job is advised.
10.3.
DOWN-HOLE EQUIPMENT PREPARATION

10.3.1. Test tools
Down-hole test equipment must be included in the preparation of the test string as they
become an integral part of the string. On both the primary and back-up sets, the following
tests and checks must be completed by the relevant service company crew:
1) Layout all of the tools on the pipe deck for inspection.
2) Measure the tools and provide a dimensional sketch for each, giving:
Identification number
Length
Maximum outside diameter
Minimum inside diameter
Thread connection up
Thread connection down
Fishing neck dimensions.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 42
3) Conduct a body pressure test to a minimum of 1,000psi above the maximum

expected differential pressure, or 1,000psi above the maximum wellhead pressure,
whichever is the greatest.
4) Pressure test, from direction of flow, all test string valves to a minimum of 1,000psi
above either the maximum expected differential pressure, or wellhead pressure,
5) Pressure test, from above, all test string valves, if appropriate, to a minimum of
1,000psi above either the maximum differential pressure, or wellhead pressure,
6) Where appropriate, the down-hole test equipment should be function tested.
7) The test string components must be drifted to the 2.25ins maximum drift size to cater
for all contingencies.
8) These tests should be carried out on the pipe deck and the tools dressed with the
correct value shear pins or rupture discs, as per program.
9) Check that the appropriate crossovers are available and make up to the down-hole
test equipment.
This equipment includes, but is not limited to:
Lubricator Valve
Retainer Valve
Sub-sea Test Tree
Circulating Valve(s)
Tester Valve (with Hydraulic Reference Section, if appropriate)
Gauge Carriers
Permanent Packer Seal Assembly or Retrievable Packer and associated Jars,
Safety Joint and Slip Joints.
10.4.
TUBING PREPARATION
Careful consideration of the tubing to be selected and how it is handled, checked and tallied is
essential in well testing operations. The following sub-sections provide a short description of the
important tubing aspects which need to be considered for a well test.
10.4.1. Tubing Connections
One of the important aspects to be considered in a well test is the type of thread
connection to be used for the tubing string.
Premium connections generally have better sealing properties compared with API
connections and can also have other special features such as:
Higher strength
Higher torque (good for use in horizontal wells)
Faster make-up speeds
Internally streamlined and recess free to prevent erosion
Multi-reusable (less galling)
Reduced connection stresses to reduce Hydrogen Sulphide attack.
The primary seal is metal-to-metal but some connections also have a secondary metalto-metal seals or a Teflon packing ring.
Some premium connections are superior to others regarding being gas tight or good for
high pressure and temperatures etc., therefore an operator must make a thorough
investigation to find the connection which is best fit for purpose. It is normally agreed that
premium threads with a torque shoulder such as Hydril is ideal for testing as it has low
refurbishment costs and is quick to make up and reasonably robust against handling
J. Keemink @2009
Page 43
damage, however it is limited to the number of thread re-cuts that can be machined
before requiring to be sent back to the mill for upsetting again.
10.4.2. Tubing Grade
Specifies the type and strength of the steel. Standard tubing is generally covered by the
API specifications, e.g. J 55, C 75, L 80, N 80, C 95. The letter signifies the properties of
the steel and the number signifies its minimum tensile strength in 1,000lbs per sq inch,
i.e. N 80 signifies a normalized and tempered carbon steel with 80,000lbs/ins2 minimum
yield. The cross-sectional area of the tubing multiplied by the minimum yield stress
provides the joint yield strength, e.g. Companys tubing 41/2ins 15.5lbs/ft C 95 body
section is 4.407ins2 x 95,000lbs/ins2 - 419,000lbs. Tubing is manufactured in a variety of
steel grades to cater for the full range of well conditions and well effluents which may be
encountered.
10.4.3. Material
The choice of tubing material should take into account the expected produced fluids. If
sour fluids are expected the material should be no harder than 22 HRC. This limits the
choice to C75 or N 80 as the toughest grades. However, special grades up to C 95 may
be used if they are specified for sour service and have passed the NACE sulphide stress
cracking tests (API SPEC 5AC).
Safety factors in axial tension should ideally not be less than 1.7, but a lower limit of 1.4
can be accepted if a triaxial stress envelope is used. Companys test string is grade D 95
SG (Dalmine designation, equivalent to C 95) and is suitable for tests where H2S is
present.
10.4.4. Weight per Foot
Is a the term used in conjunction with the tubing OD in order to signify the thickness, e.g.
41/2 ins 15.5lbs/ft has a wall thickness of 0.337ins hence an ID of 4.5 - (2 x 0.337) 3.826ins.
10.4.5. Drift
Is slightly less than ID and represents maximum effective available bore diameter for the
passage of tools. API Spec 5A specifies the dimensions of mandrels to be used in drift
testing. All tubulars to be run in a well, i.e. casing, tubing, nipples, packers etc. must be
drifted prior to running.
10.4.6. Capacity
This is the amount of fluid required to fill a measured distance inside the tubing, e.g. the
Companys tubing has a capacity of 0.01422bbl/ft, sometimes expressed as 14.22 barrels
per thousand feet.
10.4.7. Displacement
This is the volume occupied by the tubing material, or the volume of fluid which the tubing
will displace.
10.4.8. Torque
Is the amount of rotational force applied to connect the pin and the box connections to
optimize the mechanical and sealing performance of the connections, e.g. the values for
Companys string are as follows:
Minimum - 6,800ft/lbs
Optimum - 7,650ft/lbs
J. Keemink @2009
Page 44
Maximum - 8,500ft/lbs.
10.4.9. Company Test String Specification
When possible, Company shall use its own standard test string which is 41/2ins OD with
Dalmine SPJD 6 connections (compatible with Hydril PH6 of the same size). The grade
of this tubing is D 95-SG (equivalent to C 95) which denotes Dalmine, 95,000psi
minimum yield strength, Sour Gas service. table 10.a provides dimensional strength and
performance data for the Companys string.
TYPE: 41/2 OD - 15.5lbs/ft Grade D 95 Dalmine SPJ D - 6 (Hydril PH 6 Compatible)
Pipe Connection
ID 3.826ins 3.765ins
Drift 3.701ins
Torque Values
Min
6,800ft/lbs
Opt
7,650ft/lbs
Max
8,500ft/lbs
Capacity
0.01422bbls/ft or 14.22bbls/1,000 ft
Displacement
0.00564bbls/ft or 5.64bbls/1,000 ft
Burst 12,450psi
Collapse 12,760psi
Yield 419,000lbs
Table 10.A - AGIP (UK) Tubing Data
10.4.10. Inspection
Prior To Running (On Board Visual Inspection And Field Repair)
Ensure all connections are dried after cleaning and before inspection.
Check the starting threads to ensure they have no small slivers or edges of steel which
could indicate galling or over-torque.
Visual inspection should concentrate on the primary metal to metal seal surface of the pin
and box. These seals should be free from corrosion and defects.
The sealing mechanism is based on having sufficient pin-to-box metal-to-metal contact
stress around the full circumference of the connection. The pin and box seal surfaces
should be examined for any seal irregularity.
Check seal surface for:
Longitudinal cuts and scratches
Out-of-roundness
Corrosion pits, rust and scale
Galling.
Some type tubing connections have an external shoulder which is the primary shoulder
on these connections, controlling the position of the pin relative to the box. The proper
location on a fully made-up connection of all other seals and shoulders is determined by
the position of this shoulder.
The surface is also intended to be a secondary pressure seal. This requires that visual
inspection criteria similar to those used for the internal seal be used for the shoulder.
Check shoulder for:
Out-of -roundness
Corrosion pits, rust and scale
J. Keemink @2009
Page 45
Galling.
If the visual inspection detects some light corrosion/rust on the seal surface then this
must be removed before running. To alleviate this problem the rust or discoloration can
be easily removed by a light rubbing action using No 400 emery cloth or steel wool.
Minor thread damage (not seal) may be repaired with a fine needle file or No 400 emery
cloth.
If any joints or connection show ovality then they should not be run.
If possible, note whether the pipe is straight, this may not be possible until the joint is
being run.
Drift pipe with correct size (OD and length) drift.
10.4.11. After Testing/Prior To Re-Use
After a series of tests and before re-utilization in another well, that part of the tubing used
shall be inspected onshore.
Callipering
Thread visual inspection
Full length body log for cracking (e.g. Tuboscope)
Hardness check.
10.4.12. Tubing Movement
As part of the design process for the testing string, calculations should be performed by
the DST contractor and confirmed by Company to determine the likely maximum
contraction and expansion of the string during the various phases and operations of the
test, i.e. circulation, production, injection (acid or water injection test), killing, etc. This is
to confirm the tubing design is adequate for the test and to determine the optimum type
and quantitative design of any devices included in the string to accommodate tubing
movement, e.g. slip joints or seal assembly and seal-bore packer.
10.5.
LANDING STRING SPACE-OUT

This procedure is applicable to testing from Semi-submersibles.
The purpose of this procedure is to check the space-out of the fluted hanger, slick joint and SSTT
inside the Subsea BOPs and determine the length of landing string required to provide the
required height of the flow head above the drill floor referred to a stick-up. It is vital that the
SSTT body does not lie across the shear/blind rams and that the surface tree is situated
sufficiently high enough above the drill floor so that on no account can the bottom of the tree
come into contact with the drill floor or the flow and kill lines become bound or trapped even at the
compound of the lowest tide with the greatest heave.
It is not necessary to run the actual SSTT and the backup hanger and slick joint may be used, run
on drill pipe. However, if space allows for the SSTT assembly, retainer valve and landing string
tubing to be set back in the derrick, it should be run and set back to save time later.
With some designs of trees the control hoses must be run to prevent accidental unlatching. A joint
of tubing, without a thread protector, should always be run beneath the SSTT.
Figure 10.A - SSTT Arrangement
Figure 10.B - Typical Safety Valve Arrangement for a Jack-up
10.5.1. Landing String space-Out Procedure
The procedure is:
1) Check that the rig is at operating draft.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 46
2) Make up the fluted hanger to the slick joint, with the appropriate adjustment, to give
the correct length according to the stack drawing dimensions.
3) Pick up the fluted hanger and slick joint assembly and paint the slick joint with white
paint.
4) Run in to immediately above the BOPs and engage the compensator.
5) Land the hanger in the wellhead. Pick up slightly and turn to the right to ensure the
hanger has fully landed out.
6) Carefully close the rams on the slick joint, checking the volume of fluid taken to
confirm that they are fully closed.
7) Mark the string at the drill floor at mid-heave.
8) Record the tide level.
9) Open the rams and strap out to the first connection to obtain the depth to the hangoff point at this tide level.
10) Pull the pipe and lay out the hanger and slick joint being careful not to smudge the
paint marks.
11) Check where the ram marks are positioned on the slick joint. If the measure from the
centre of the rams to the wellhead housing does not correlate, then re-check the
stack dimensions.
12) Adjust the primary assembly for the dimensions obtained.
Note:
Ensure that either choke or kill line is connected below pipe ram that is to be used
on slick joint. This is necessary for annulus control and monitoring during DST
operations.
10.6.
GENERAL WELL TEST PREPARATION

10.6.1. Crew Arrival on Location
Contractor Service Specialist is to meet with the Company Representative and discuss
the test program and any updates to the original program. At this point potential problem
areas should be identified with the goal of preventing such problems or at least
eliminating the element of surprise. This policy should continue throughout the test as
new information becomes available or as conditions change.
10.6.2. Inventory of Equipment Onsite
The contractor shall:
1) Obtain all possible information and preferably a well schematic of the hole regarding
the hole conditions such as:
Total depth
True vertical depth
Mud/brine type
Mud /brine weight
Maximum deviation
Mud viscosity
Cushion type
Bottom-hole temperature
Maximum casing/liner test pressure
Anticipated production rates.
2) Consult with the Mud Engineer about the performance of the mud/brine system under
conditions of static temperature and pressure for the anticipated duration of the test
and the compatibility of the mud/brine system to the cushion.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 47
3) Confer with the Tool Pusher concerning testing requirements during the test, such as:
Procedures for pressure testing and functioning equipment and the necessity of
doing this in a restricted area within easy access to air and water points.
Pressure control and monitoring of the annulus. In particular, the presence of non
return valves in the rig manifolding needs to be discussed and how they can be
removed or bypassed. Potential tie-in points on the rig manifold for a pressure
monitor etc.
Availability of handling equipment (e.g. lift subs, elevators).
Procedures for picking up test tools.
10.6.3. Preliminary Inspections
The following preliminary inspections, shall be carried out before starting testing
operation, under the direct responsibility of the Company Drilling and Completion
Supervisor who can avail himself of Company Drilling Engineer (if Present) and drilling
contractor personnel (Toolpusher):
1) All tubular goods not required for the execution of the test and for the preparatory
operations (scraping, setting of bridge plugs, etc.), shall be laid down from the derrick
floor prior to start the test.
2) Fishing tools for all equipment to be used during testing shall be on rig.
3) Working area on the rig floor and around the separator, heater, tank and flare shall
be clear of obstructions and flammable substance.
4) An adequate platform shall be available to operate the valves on the flow head.
5) Inspections shall be performed on masks, self breathing apparatus, resuscitators and
extinguishers in order to check their efficiency and location on the rig.
1) Electric installations placed within area classified as hazardous shall be explosion
proof.
2) It shall be checked that all access doors and escape ways, fire doors and vent line
valves of pressurized tanks are in the position prescribed by the rig procedures
during production tests.
3) Fuel tanks, oxygen bottles and other pressurized bottles shall be placed far from the
area classified as hazardous and cooled with water, if necessary.
4) It shall be checked that the amount of water available to the burners water spray and
to the sprinkler system is sufficient to protect the burners and the rig from heat
radiation generated by the combustion.
5) Inspection shall be performed on anti-pollution equipment and chemical (dispersant)
stored on rig in order to cope with any oil spill which may occur, particularly during
formation clean out.
6) The accuracy of the data supplied by the anemometer (wind speed and direction)
shall be checked before opening the well.
7) Prior to start well testing operations, drills shall be performed for fire-fighting and
pollution prevention.
8) Inspection shall be made on operating conditions of the communication system
among rig floor, flares area and production equipment area.
9) Complete BOP test shall be carried out before starting well testing operations.
The following additional inspections shall be performed prior to start testing operations,
under the direct responsibility of Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor, who can
avail himself of production test equipment operators:
1) It shall be ascertained that the separator is equipped with safety valves (pop valves
and/or rupture plate outlets) in top operating conditions. The outlets of separator and
J. Keemink @2009
Page 48
the vent lines of production tank(s) shall be free from obstructions and secured to
fixed structure of the rig. These lines shall usually be connected to the flares.
2) Inspections shall be carried out on the flares (blow-off lines), on the burners/flares
booms and on the burners igniting system.
For the ignition of burners/flares, a back-up system shall be available in addition to the
main fixed system.
A test on burners shall be performed using diesel oil as fuel.
An adequate supply of propane or butane should be available, if such fuel is used for
the igniting system.
Due to their dangerous nature, propane or butane bottles shall be stored in protected
area.
3) Each burner shall be capable of burning the whole amount of hydrocarbon produced,
that is to say their capacity shall be compatible with the maximum possible
production.
Inspections shall be made on the water sprinkler system for the protection of the rig
from heat radiation in the area where burners are installed. In addition to this fixed
installation, special fire-fighting hoses with adjustable nozzles shall always be
available to cool any part of the rig that would happen to remain outside the
protection of the water sprinkler system.
10.7.
PRE TEST EQUIPMENT CHECKS

1) Lay out the appropriate down-hole tools, observing correct handling and slinging
procedures. Tools must be positioned in a manner so that they are secure and cause
minimal obstruction.
2) Visually inspect all tools to ensure no damage was sustained in transit particularly to threads
and sealing surfaces.
3) Function and pressure test tools according to procedures laid out in the service companies
operations manual which will be made available on the rig.
4) Ensure that all tool dimensions are accurately measured and lengths of extending mandrels
recorded etc.
5) Ensure all required crossovers have been sent and physically checked for correct threads.
Measure crossovers and note length, ODs and IDs. Particular attention should be paid to the
IDs of rented crossovers.
6) Ensure all tubulars are drifted, cleaned internally and the connections have been inspected
prior to running.
7) Lengths, ODs, IDs and thread connections of all down-hole tools should be checked for
correct size and a list produced. All tools should be clean, free of any dirt or debris and the
connections cleaned properly on the rack. All crossovers should be properly beveled inside
and out.
8) All down-hole tools should be drifted to 2.125ins to allow running of surface read out or any
other wire-line or coil tubing tool.
9) The pipe tester valve (PTV) should be made up to the packer on the deck and tested from
below to its working pressure prior to running in the hole.
10) A visual inspection should be made of the packer elements prior to running. The packer
should be set appropriately above the perforated interval to allow safe wire-line operations
such as production logging, if required (i.e. ensure the bottom of the tailpipe is positioned
approximately 100ft above the top perforation).
11) The packer should never be set across a casing collar.
12) All down-hole test tools should be pressure tested at surface to a minimum of 1,000psi
above maximum anticipated pressure.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 49
13) A list of all pressure gauges and serial numbers should be compiled and submitted To the
Company Production Test Supervisor.
14) Only API 5A Modified thread lubricant should be used on tools, tubing and drill collar
connections.
15) The lubricant should be applied to the pin end only with a paint brush. Apply sparingly.
16) Check the brine weight as accurately as possible and ensure that it is correct, based on the
RFT results.
10.8.
PRESSURE TESTING EQUIPMENT

All surface and down-hole testing equipment shall be fully pressure tested prior to send to the rig.
Testing equipment shall also be pressure tested on the rig before starting a well test; in particular:
1) For all pressure test, the area outside accommodation must be clear of non-essential
personnel.
2) Pressure tests shall be carried out using water. Each pressure test shall be recorded on a
record sheet and the pressure shall be held for a minimum of 15min.
3) Test pressures shall be specified on testing program. However, devices protected by rupture
discs should not be tested to more than 90% of working pressure.
4) BOPs, choke manifold, choke and kill lines shall be pressure tested as per Agip Well Control
Policy.
5) The following equipment of the surface package shall be pressure tested:
To end of burner(s).
To gas and oil diverter manifolds.
Through test separator to outlet valves and bypass valves.
To inlet valves and bypass valves on test separator.
To outlet and bypass valve on heater.
High pressure side of the heater up to blank choke and bypass valve.
Two upstream valves on production choke manifold.
Two downstream valves on production choke manifold.
The test shall be repeated whenever a connection on a line is broken out.
In case of long duration tests or in critical condition (presence of sand, H2S, etc.), the opportunity
of performing pressure tests at regular time intervals shall be evaluated.
Steam lines of the heater shall be pressure tested with steam according t to manufacturer's
specification.
It is common practice to make up one full single joint of tubing from the landing string to the flow
head in the rotary table and lay out the entire assembly on the pipedeck. This connection must be
done before running the test string as it cannot be torqued later due to being too high when the
string is finally landed.
10.8.1. Surface Test Tree
The flow head should be prepared on the catwalk in accordance to the contractors
procedures
which should be as follows:
1) With master and swab valves open, drift the flow head to its maximum diameter to
accommodate any wire-line or coiled tubing tools to be run.
2) Function test the ESD actuator on the flow wing valve. The ESD is a fail-safe valve.
3) Make up one joint of the landing string to the flow head with chain tongs.
4) After the SSTT and landing string dummy run has been made and has been racked
back in the derrick, pick up the flow head with the single joint of tubing and torque it
up in the rotary table to the correct torque.
5) Check the torque on the swivel and any other flow head service connection and
then paint a white band across them.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 50
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
Ensure that the swivel is free to rotate completely in both directions.

Lay the assembly back down on the deck. Make up the test caps, complete with
needle valves, on all four outlet connections. Open all the flow head valves and
pressure test the flow head body from the bottom to test pressure
Close the swab, kill wing and flow wing valves. Open the respective needle valves in
the test subs downstream. Pressure test against the upper valves.
Close the upper master valve, open the kill wing valve and pressure test against the
upper master valve from below to test pressure.
Close the lower master valve, open the upper master valve and pressure test
against the lower master valve from below to test pressure.
Bleed off pressure below the lower master valve and leave the needle valve open.
Open the swab valve and pressure test against the lower master valve from above.
Close the upper master and pressure test from above.
Remove the test caps.
Clean and grease the connections.
Fit protectors and store the flow head in a convenient place until ready to use.
The flow head shall be pressure tested before installed it on the well with a tubing pup
joint assembled on bottom in the followed way:
1) Plug the kill side, the flow side and close the swab valve; pressure test the internal
of flow head pumping through the pup joint.
2) Bleed off pressure and remove plugs from kill and flow side, close kill valve ,flow
side fail-safe valve and pressure test the gates from inside.
3) Close master valve and bleed off the down-stream pressure to pressure test the
gate from below.
This procedure may be adjusted to the actual flow head configuration.
Figure 10.C Flow head Schematic
11.
TEST STRING INSTALLATION

Detailed individual well programs will be issued for all wells to be tested, which includes
development, appraisal and exploration wells.
Each program will include contents, the exact details of which will be well specific dependent
upon the well status and expected well parameters. The following is the contents of a typical test
program.
a) Test Objectives.
b) General well data and perforating details.
c) Summary of test program.
d) Guidelines for liner lap test and space-out calculations.
e) Sequence of operations for running down-hole tools and surface equipment rig up.
f) Flowing procedures for each test conducted.
Also included will be the following, possibly as appendices:
Hole cleaning and displacement to brine procedure.
Stimulation program (if applicable, e.g. coil tubing rig up).
Sampling requirements.
Detailed string diagrams and equipment layout diagrams will be included, as well as all relevant
pressure testing procedures and equipment ratings.
11.1.
GENERAL
J. Keemink @2009
Page 51
a) The testing string shall normally be made up of tubing. The use of drill pipe is only allowed in
limited fluid entry test (DST).
b) All equipment and material used in production tests shall be H2S service.
c) Governmental bodies charged with the control of drilling activity and/or other state agencies
shall be notified, if required, on test execution with advanced notice.
d) Before starting and upon completion of flaring operations, company shall give notice to
competent authorities.
e) Prior to the start of casing perforating, visitors and non essential personnel shall leave the rig
and rig personnel shall be limited to the minimum.
f) Prior to start well testing operations a meeting shall be held by well site Company Drilling and
Completion Supervisor and Drilling Contractor Toolpusher to make all personnel involved are
acquainted with detailed operating program (procedures and rules).
11.2.
TUBING HANDLING
a) Tubing must always have the pin and box protectors in place while being handled.
b) Tubing should always be handled with either certified nylon or cable slings or with single joint
elevators when picking up or running out the tubing from the Vee door.
Never Use Hook Ends
c)
d)
e)
f)
Avoid rough handling of the tubing which may damage the joint.
Never allow the tubing to be dropped when loading and or moving.
Never bundle tubing in greater quantities than ten.
Tubing joints will be supplied in singles with protectors fitted and should be laid down on deck
in even layers, no more than 10 levels high.
g) After removing the protectors, the connections should be thoroughly cleaned and inspected
after drifting. One of the following Company approved methods of cleaning should be used:
-metallic brush and a recommended solvent.
h) The pins and boxes should be visually inspected for any damage by a qualified Tubing
Inspector.
i) Reject and damaged joints should be painted red and documented and then returned to the
onshore base for remedial work if necessary.
j) The tubing should then be drifted/measured, and each joint numbered in the middle of the
joint with white paint and strapped and tally recorded (drift the pipe box to pin at all times).
k) After the threads have been cleaned and inspected it is important they be protected from
corrosion. Never leave the threads for longer than two hours without corrosion protection.
l) If the connections are cleaned more than two hours but less than 12hrs prior to the joint being
run, then a light oil should be used to prevent corrosion. If it is to be longer than 12hrs then a
light film of dope and protectors should be reapplied.
11.3.
RUNNING AND PULLING

a) Any protective coating which has been applied to the tubing for storage should be cleaned off
before the tubing is run for a DST. This can probably be done most conveniently during the
procedures for casing cleaning and displacement to brine.
With the tubing string in the hole, proprietary cleaning fluids can be circulated to remove the
coating material.
b) Ensure all accessories/tools are on the rig floor and are in prime condition ready to run the
tubing, i.e. pup joints, crossovers, stabbing guides, single joint elevators, modified pipe dope,
dog collar, slip type elevators.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 52
c) Ensure the safety clamp (dog collar) is correctly sized ready for the 41/2 tubing (the dog
collar should be used above the rotary table slips until the first 20 joints or until the Company
Production Test Supervisor thinks enough weight is available to properly set slips.
d) Slip type elevators to be used at all times. Check the elevator setting plate for proper
operation. This will ensure the elevators set on the body of the pipe, not on the upset or
connection area.
e) Check the alignment of the rotary table and the elevators.
f) During make-up, the tubing must be allowed to spin freely, which may necessitate slacking
off on the blocks until the weight is off the elevators.
g) Use power tongs and integral hydraulic back-up for all make-up and break-outs at
recommended optimum torque valves. The use of a torque/turn analysis system, such as
Weatherfords Jam system, is recommended.
h) The power tong lead line should be attached to a back-up post and should be labelled. Ideally
the angle with the tong arm should be 90o.
i) When pulling the tubing, always use a wiper rubber.
j) Always install the pin protector fully before standing the tubing in the derrick.
k) Never use a sledge hammer on connections to assist the break-out.
l) Ensure tubing set back in the derrick is properly supported with a belly band to prevent undue
bending.
m) Always use the manufacturers recommendations for running, pulling or make-up.
n) Check that the calibration of the torque machine is valid.
o) A tubing inspector or the Company Production Test Supervisor must be on the rig floor
witnessing the make-up of all the joints that make-up the test string.
p) If there is insufficient space in the derrick to store both drillpipe (51/2, 31/2) and tubing, then
lay down drill pipe in preference.
11.4.
PACKER AND TEST STRING RUNNING PROCEDURE

Before running the test string all the earlier procedures should have been carried out to prepare
the well, tubing and tools for the test. The procedure for running the test string will vary depending
upon the equipment used.
The main difference in running the string is due to the type of packer being used and whether it is
from a floater or a Jack-up rig. Example test string running procedures are given below for
running strings with both types of packers from a semi-submersible drilling unit. For a Jack-up,
the SSTT would be replaced by the sub-surface safety valve.
The specific running procedures will always be detailed in the well specific test program.
11.5.
RUNNING THE TEST STRING WITH A RETRIEVABLE PACKER

1) Run a junk basket on wire-line to below the packer setting depth.
2) Before running the test string, hold a brief safety meeting on the drill floor and re-emphasize
the precautions that should be taken during operations.
3) Ensure a Kelly Cock is situated on the drill floor for emergency use.
4) The down-hole gauges should be programmed and installed into the gauge carrier(s) in
advance.
5) Make up and run the TCP gun assembly.
6) Install the packer assembly as per the string diagram.
7) Continue making up the string using a back-up tong to ensure that the packer is not turned
to the right.
8) Pick up the test tools in reverse running order and make them up to the correct torque.
Care should be taken that no connections are backed out and that the packer is not turned
to the right.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 53
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
Run the tools into the well and make up the crossover and first joint(s) of intervening drill
collars.
Ensure the BOP blind rams are open before the test tools reach them.
Continue running the minor string as per the string diagram, until all the collars and slip
joints have been made up. Note the string weight.
When the first tubing joint of the major string has been run, pressure test the minor string.
Run the tubing.
When the test string has been run half way into the well, the tubing should again be
pressure tested (optional).
If there is a liner hanger above the packer setting depth, run the tailpipe and packer through
the liner hanger slowly.
When all major string has been run, it is recommended that the string should again be
pressure tested.
Pick up the SSTT assembly and make up to the tubing and function test.
Continue running the landing string, strapping the SSTT hoses to the tubing.
Install the lubricator valve.
Continue running the landing string and the space-out pup joints, strapping all hoses to the
pipe.
Install the surface test tree and 50ft bails or CTU lifting frame.
Run a GR/CCL log to verify the packer setting depth. (Refer to appropriate section according
to gun type).
Set the packer and set down weight until the fluted hanger lands out in the wellhead.
Set the packer and set down weight until the fluted hanger lands out in the wellhead.
Run a GR/CCL log to verify the packer setting depth. (Refer to appropriate section according
to gun type).
Carry out the hook-up and final pressure testing.
The well is now ready to be perforated and tested.
11.6. RUNNING A TEST STRING WITH A PERMANENT PACKER

1) Run a junk basket to below the packer setting depth
2) A safety meeting should first be held on the drill floor.
3) If the TCP guns are being run below the packer, make up the TCP gun assembly.
4) Install the packer and packer tailpipe assembly as per the program. The packer should be
spaced out so that it is at least 5ft away from a casing collar.
5) Run the packer/TCP assembly on drill pipe with a radioactive marker sub, one stand above
the setting tool.
6) Open the blind rams before the test tools reach them.
7) Rig up and run a GR/CCL and correlation gun setting depth.
8) Rig down the wire-line. Adjust the setting depth as required.
9) Set and pressure test the packer. Pull the work string.
10) Ensure a Kelly Cock is situated on the drill floor for emergency use.
11) The down-hole gauges should be programmed and installed into the gauge carrier(s) in
advance.
12) If the TCP guns are to be run on the string, make up the gun assembly.
13) Install the space out tubing and then the seal assembly.
14) Continue and pick up the DST tools in reverse running order and make them up to the
correct torque. Care should be taken that no connections are backed out.
15) Continue running the minor string as per the string diagram, until all the collars and slip
joints have been made up. Record the string weight.
16) When the first tubing joint of the major string has been run pressure test the minor string.
17) Run the tubing.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 54
18) When the test string has been run half way into the well, the tubing should again be
pressure tested (optional).
19) If there is a liner hanger above the packer setting depth, run the end of the string slowly
through the liner hanger.
20) When approaching the permanent packer, pick up by one tubing joint to check the up weight
and slack back down to check the down weight.
21) Run in slowly and tag the packer. Mark the pipe and calculate the spacing out.
22) It is recommended that the string be pressure tested.
23) Pull slowly out of the packer and pull back the pipe to install the SSTT.
24) Space out and pick up the SSTT assembly, install onto the tubing and function test.
25) Continue running the landing string, strapping the SSTT hoses to the tubing.
26) Install the lubricator valve.
27) Continue running the landing string, strapping all hoses to the pipe.
28) With the seal assembly still out of the packer, install the surface test tree attached to the
final joint. Rig up the 50ft bails or CTU lifting frame.
29) Carry out the hook-up pressure test.
30) Slowly lower the seal assembly into the packer and land the SSTT hanger.
31) Conduct the final string pressure tests.
32) The well is now ready to be perforated and tested.
12.
WELL TEST PROCEDURES
12.1.
ANNULUS CONTROL AND PRESSURE MONITORING

An important aspect of any well test is the continuous monitoring of the annulus pressure.
This responsibility shall be delegated to the Driller who will maintain a log of pressures and tool
functioning throughout the test.
The well conditions during flow periods will affect the temperature and, therefore, the fluid volume
in the annulus. These temperature effects should be closely monitored and pressures adjusted
throughout the flow period by the Driller to keep them within the parameters given by the DST
specialist.
Note: Annulus pressure should always be controlled by the rig choke manifold. and any
hydrocarbons vented to the poor-boy de-gasser.
The following aspects for annulus monitoring must be planned beforehand:
At least two independent measurement points should be made available so that a
comparison of the two can be made at regular intervals.
Two bleed-off/top up ports should be available to bleed down/top up the pressure from the
thermal expansion/contraction.
The monitor should be tied into the surface data gathering system.
A test tool operator should be present on the drill floor at all times to advise the Driller of the
test tool parameters and optimum operating pressures.
top up
times and volumes.
12.2.
TEST EXECUTION
a) Welding, cutting and any other operation involving the use of open flame shall be forbidden,
unless express, nominal written permission is given and signed by the Company Drilling and
Completion Supervisor and Drilling Contractor Toolpusher.
b) A suitable amount of mud shall be available during casing perforations and formation
testing. The amount of mud shall be 1,5 times the volume of the well.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 55
c)
d)
a)
b)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
q)
13.
Mud pumps shall be lined up to reserve mud and all relevant valves from the pumps to the
flow head's kill line should be in open position.
The test string shall include as a minimum the following down-hole and surface equipment
(from bottom to surface):
Tailpipe
Packer
Safety joint
Jar
Tester
Two reverse circulation valves
Slip joints
head.
Initial opening and/or initial flow through separator shall be carried out in daylight only. All
subsequent flow/build-up operations can be performed at night under favorable weather
conditions.
Wind speed and direction shall constantly be monitored before formation clean out and
during the flow to avoid smoke vapor, gas and heat invading the rig.
To this purpose, Company and Contractor personnel shall continuously and directly monitor
the flame behavior at the flares to be able to intervene in case of sudden changes in wind
direction.
Initial opening shall be avoided in windless condition. The decision to suspend a test due to
windless conditions shall be taken by Contractor's Toolpusher after consultation with
Company's Drilling and Completion Supervisors.
The test shall be suspended whenever the normal course of operations is hampered or
drilling unit's safety is jeopardized (heating of the structures, presence of smokes, gas on the
rig).
Wire-line operations inside a test string shall be limited as much as possible.
Down-hole pressure build-up (shut-in) shall be obtained by closing the tester valve.
Well shut-in at the surface shall only be limited to extreme case.
Upon flow beginning, the presence of H2S into the formation fluid shall be detected as soon
as possible.
If H2S is present, procedures to operate in sour gas contaminated environments shall be
strictly observed (Refer to the Drilling Procedures Manual).
Frequent test on H2S presence shall be carried out on the rig floor, production equipment
and flares area, near pumps and engines.
Any indication of H2S presence shall immediately be notified to Contractor's Toolpusher and
Company's Drilling and Completion Supervisor.
It is forbidden to release to the atmosphere non-combusted hydrocarbons.
Only the use of production stock tanks shall be allowed.
All stimulation jobs and subsequent formation clean out operations, shall be performed in
daylight.
During acid jobs, at least two water hoses shall be available to dilute any possible acid spills.
During acidizing, surface pressures shall not exceed the surface equipment testing pressure
or the working pressure of the weakest joint of the test string, whichever is lowest.
During acid job must be definite and marked all the pressure areas.
WELL TEST DATA REQUIREMENTS
13.1. GENERAL
The following is the procedure for gathering well test data:
1) Monitor all data points with the electronic surface data acquisition system as shown in table
13.a.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 56
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
13.2.
Take manual separator and manifold readings every 30min during the well test and as
directed during clean-up.
Flow to the gauge tank for liquid flow rates and meter calibration.
Take manual H2S and CO2 Draeger readings every hour during the clean-up.
Maintain detailed records on all well flow characteristics and operational changes with
description, e.g. fluid to surface, direct flow to test equipment etc.
Take BS&W samples every 30min and the mud logger is to perform laboratory analysis of
water for chlorides and any other ions such as Ca, Mg, sulphates, TDS, pH and density.
Record the specific gravity of the gas, oil and condensate every 30min.
Take pressurized combination gas, oil or condensate samples from the separator for every
main flow period for PVT analysis or as required by the Reservoir Engineer. Make detailed
records and complete the sample forms to give type of sample, well parameters, at sampling
time, time sample take, bottle numbers etc. Dispatch all PVT samples immediately for
analysis.
Collect other fluids samples as detailed in the Well Testing Program. Dispatch these to the
district warehouse for storage until their disposition is decided.
During a water test, collect water samples every hour during clean-up and stable flow
periods and perform onsite analysis, initially to monitor clean-up from contaminated to true
formation water and then to confirm the continued production of clean formation water.
Onsite analysis is to be conducted to check for chloride and equivalent sodium chloride
levels, sediment, resistivity, pH, total dissolved solids and specific gravity.
Collect samples of true produced formation water in plastic or pressurized containers, as
instructed by the Reservoir Department for laboratory analysis. Dispatch as per step 6)
above.
Foreign or unidentified materials produced from the well should be kept in a marked up
plastic sample packet for onshore analysis.
All samples must be clearly identified and logged.
In addition to Draeger readings and, if required, monitor constantly for CO2 and H2S
presence throughout the test using Orsat (UOP 172/59) and cadmium sulphate titration
(ASTM D2385).
Monitor sand production by sand detection system and take samples as necessary.
Take manual pressure and temperature readings upstream and downstream of the choke,
initially every five minutes, during the clean-up.
Monitor bottom-hole flowing and shut-in pressures and temperatures with surface readout
system as appropriate.
METERING REQUIREMENTS
Prior to the commencement of testing, the separator flow meters and Barton differential pressure
recorder should have been calibrated.
All personnel involved in the operation of metering devices and gauges must keep a detailed log
of the test sequence, as this is very important to the final interpretation of the test data.
A surface data acquisition system should be utilized permitting more frequent data collection.
However, if for any reason this system is not utilized, the recording intervals of table 13.a shall
apply.
Note: These intervals may be altered at the discretion of the well site Company
Production Test Supervisor.
Readings Timing
1 Well Pressure 1st Flow
Every 1 min for 10 mins
Every 2 mins for 20 mins
J. Keemink @2009
Page 57
Every 5 mins until end

Further Flow Periods Every 5 mins for 1 hour
Monitor THP during build up in case tester valve is leaking
st
2 Wellhead Temperature 1 Flow
1st Flow as above
Further Flow Periods as above
3 SRO Pressure and Temperature (Print-outs)
Further Flow Periods Every 15 secs for 10 mins
Each build up Every 15 secs for 15 mins
Every 5 mins until end of build up
4 Separator Flow Rates
Every 30 mins
5 Shrinkage
Every 2 hours
6 Oil and Gas Gravities
Every 1 hour
7 BS&W
As frequent as possible to determine if sand is being produced
8 H2S Determination
1st Flow
As frequent as possible with detector tubes at choke manifold bubble hose
Further Flow Periods
Every 2 hours by chemical analysis of separator gas
9 CO2 Determination As for H2S
10 Down-hole Memory Gauges
Minimum 4 gauges, preferably 6-8 gauges, to berun.
Minimum 2 different types of gauge to be run.
Seek advice from Reservoir Engineers during test planning for special requirements.
Table 13.A - Data Gathering Timings
13.3.
DATA REPORTING
Second only to safety, the task of data gathering and reporting is the most important activity
during a well test and is the prime responsibility of the Company Production Test Supervisor.
The data will generally be recorded by the service companies, but it is the responsibility of the
Company Production Test Supervisor to ensure it is collected correctly, accurately and then
distributed.
13.4.
PRE-TEST PREPARATION
After the test program has been finalized, the following points should be discussed with the
participating service companies:
a) The type of down-hole gauges to be run taking into consideration the range of pressures and
temperatures to be encountered, the planned length of the test and the accuracy required.
The responsibility for onsite interpretation of data should also be decided.
b) The range of surface flow rates expected should be discussed so that the correct instruments
and orifice plates can be selected. The frequency of data measurement and the report
presentation should also be decided, if a computerized data acquisition unit is to be used.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 58
c) The frequency and locations to take samples for fluid identification during the test should be
decided. These include samples for water, sand and H2S production.
Responsibility for onsite analysis of samples should also be determined.
d) The schedule for sampling for retention should also be discussed.
e) The Well Testing Contractor must submit their Safety Procedures Manual for approval.
13.5.
DATA REPORTING DURING THE TEST

Data collected during the well test will be reported in the following formats, in addition to the daily
drilling reports:
a) Company Production Test Supervisors reports:
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Test Supervisor on the rig and eventually returned to shore for placing in the
well file.
Composite data acquisition system report (if used)
BHP gauge contractors reports (both hard copy and on compatible 5.25ins disk)
Surface test facilities contractors report
Sampling contractors report (down-hole sampler)
Stimulation contractors report (if used)
13.6.
COMMUNICATIONS
(Also refer to the Company Drilling Procedures Manual.)
During the course of the test, it is important that information flows freely from the rig to the
onshore base. The following telexes should be sent to the base to reduce the risk of
misunderstanding and ensure a smooth operation.
A daily telex should be prepared on the rig for transmission in the morning covering the last
24hr period ending at 24.00hrs. This should be on the desk of base personnel when they
arrive in the morning and will be used to keep partners informed. An afternoon telex should
also be prepared covering the period to 15.00hrs. These telexes should include operations on
an hour-by-hour basis with details of tools run in hole, flow rates, pressures etc.
A telex should be sent at the end of each test briefly summarizing the daily operations and
main results of the test. This is a ready source of data on the test which may be used for
parent Company reports and reports to partners.
Samples taken during the test should be sent to shore as soon as the test has been
completed. A telex should be sent listing all the samples, the boat used for transportation
when the boat leaves the rig and the ETA. If offshore, do not send all the samples taken
during a single test on the same boat; split samples into complete sets and dispatch on
different vessels.
If any changes are to be made to the program during testing operations, a telex or fax will be
sent from the rig to the base summarizing the procedure that is proposed to be followed for
the next sequence of operations. This should be accordingly approved by shore base
Production Superintendent who will ensure that all relevant personnel are informed of the
change in the program.
14.
SAMPLING
14.1.
CONDITIONING THE WELL

The well should be conditioned prior to sampling to ensure representative reservoir fluids are
being produced.
The well should be flowing in a stable state, with correspondingly stable separator readings for at
least 6 hours before the start of any sampling. The stability of the well may be determined by:
Gas and Oil flow rates
J. Keemink @2009
Page 59
GOR
Wellhead pressure
Down-hole flowing pressure.
If the above measurements are stable then the well may be considered ready for separator
sampling.
Care should also be taken to ensure the well flow rate is in excess of the minimum at which liquid
fallback in gas wells occurs, otherwise surface samples will not be representative. This rate is
dependent mainly upon the GLR and the tubing size.
If the well has been perforated close to the gas/oil contact, samples may be invalid and should
probably not be taken.
Surface sampling can be undertaken if the well is producing water but down-hole sampling is not
recommended.
14.2.
DOWN-HOLE SAMPLING
After the well has been conditioned, it should be either shut-in or left to produce at a very low flow
rate. At least two bottom-hole samplers in conjunction with a pressure and temperature gauge are
installed in the well on wire-line. A short pressure and temperature gradient survey must be
performed above the sampling point e.g. at five different depths with 100ft intervals.
This is to determine whether the sample taken will have been in single phase, i.e. below the level
at which gas may be breaking out of solution, or above the OWC. Ideally, the sampling point
should be above the perforations. When the samplers are on depth, the samples are taken and
the pressure and temperature at the sampling depth will be recorded by the gauge at this time.
Samplers are either actuated mechanically by a clock or electrically by a signal from surface.
If clock-type samplers are used, the samplers should be placed on depth before the scheduled
actuation time for some period of time to allow for clock inaccuracies.
The samplers are then pulled out of the hole and the samples transferred into the
shipping/storage bottles. The quality of each sample should be checked by bubble point
determination. It is recommended that at least two runs are made with two samplers each run and
that at least one sample is transferred at 100oF using a heating element. If possible, each sample
should be transferred similarly to ensure that no wax is left on the wall of the container. If not, this
sample should be marked separately.
Depending on conditions, sampling should continue until consistent quality checks are obtained
on two separate samples.
Note: All sampling should utilize mercury-free systems and piston type sample
bottles for safety of personnel.
For long term storage of Companys samples, all well effluent samples should be transferred to
Teflon lined bottles and the mercury-free bottles returned off rental.
14.3.
SURFACE SAMPLING
14.3.1. General
Surface samples are taken after the well has been conditioned for later recombination in
the laboratory. Gas and oil samples should be taken simultaneously forming paired or
companion samples. It is important that accurate gas and oil production rates are known
at the time of taking the samples. Refer to API RP44 for further details.
Before any separator sampling begins, the following procedures should be carried out:
1) Sample bottles should be made ready by having the gas bottles checked to ensure
that they have an absolute vacuum and plugs available for each port.
2) Oil sample bottles need to be checked to ensure they are evacuated above the
piston, and that the piston is at the top of the bottle. The fluid below the piston
J. Keemink @2009
Page 60
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
should be checked to make sure that there is no air present, as this can give
extraneous readings when measuring the fluid flow whilst sampling is in progress.
This will cause problems later when an attempt is made to determine the pressure
(Pb) in the PVT laboratory.
The sampling manifolds should be prepared with gauges to suit the expected
sampling pressure already fitted. Liners should be cleansed and made ready. An oil
sample bottle stand should be readily available, together with a 600cc measuring
cylinder. Sampling manifolds should be kept as simple as practically possible with
as small an internal volume as is reasonably possible but with liners that are long
enough to avoid any possibility of straining the connections to the sampling point
and to the sampling manifold.
A bucket of clean water and a supply of rags should also be readily available for
leak testing full sample bottles and for wiping clean the bottles before shipping to the
PVT laboratory.
For gas, sampling should be conducted using evacuated sample bottles. These are
clean and easy to use as no flushing is required, hence contamination is unlikely. A
vacuum pump is required and care should be taken that no valves become plugged
with hydrates.
Oil should be sampled using piston bottles. These are clean, easy to use, have a
known volume and are mercury-free. They are also relatively easy to use in forming
the gas cap for safety during transportation.
All samples must be labeled immediately after being taken using Agip sample
labels, if available. The following information must be recorded:
Well number.
DST number.
Choke size.
Perforation interval.
Time of sampling and duration.
Oil/condensate and gas rate at time of sampling.
Stock tank oil/condensate, temperature, gravity and shrinkage, pressure.
Gas temp, gravity, static and differential pressures, orifice size and meter run
size.
BS&W.
All samples should be loaded into an empty container and shipped to base as soon
after the test as possible. Record on the morning report, the container in which the
samples are being shipped to shore. Do not ship all samples in one container, split
samples into two representative batches and ship in separate containers.
It is vital when taking samples that any problems are recorded, highlighted and fully
documented.
Note: More specific sampling requirements may be detailed on individual well

testing programs.
14.3.2. Sample Quantities
Separator samples should always be taken simultaneously as matched sets of oil and
gas samples, thus being sampled under identical conditions. At least two sets of
separator samples (2 x oil and 2 x gas) should be taken, so that there is comparability
between sets of samples. The ratio of gas samples to oil samples is dependent upon the
GOR - hence being one of the reasons stable separator conditions is required.
GOR equal or less than 1,500scf/stb = 1:1
GOR greater than 1,500scf/stb, but less than 3,000scf/stb = 3:2
GOR greater than 3,000scf/stb = 2:1
J. Keemink @2009
Page 61
14.3.3. Sampling Points

The sampling points on a separator should be very carefully chosen as samples taken
from the wrong point on a separator will not be truly representative of the produced fluids.
The gas sample point should be:
Upstream of the Daniels box in the gas line.
As close to the separator vessel, as possible.
Not immediately downstream of thermal wells or ports in the flow line.
Not immediately after a bend in the flow line.
Ideally the sampling point should protrude into the centre of the gas flow line and
face upstream. However, a pipe into the stream is acceptable.
Note: The sampling point should not be on the lower half of the flowline cross
section, due to any possibility of free liquid/liquid carryover being present. If the
sampling point has to be fitted flush to the inside surface of the flow line then it is
preferable that it is on the top of the line and not
on the side.
The oil sampling point should be:
As close as possible to the exit of the oil flow line from the main vessel and upstream
of meters.
Not immediately downstream of thermal well or bends in the flow line.
Ideally the sampling point should protrude into the centre of the flow line with the
mouth facing upstream. However a pipe into the centre of the flow line is acceptable.
It should be upstream of any increase in flow line diameter.
It is preferable that samples are not taken from the bottom of the oil sight glass, as
the level in the sight glass does sometimes falls, especially if there is much rig
movement which can allow free gas to enter the sampling line.
Note: The sampling point should not be on the upper half of the flow line cross
section, due to any possibility of there being free gas. If the sampling point is on
the wall of the flow line then it is preferable that it is on the side, rather than on the
top or the bottom, due to possibility of free gas or water being in the flow line.
14.3.4. Surface Gas Sampling
The following is the procedure for taking a gas sample:
1) Any flushing should be done through a hose directly downwind, or to sea level, to
prevent any risk of poisoning due to gasses such as H2S.
2) Record the bottle number.
3) It is preferable, for the sake of safety, to take gas samples with the bottles lying
horizontally unless it can be securely fastened upright or held in a stand.
4) The manifold should be flushed before use, then attached either to the top valve
(V1), or to one of the end valves (V1, V2) if the bottle is lying on its side (Refer to
figure 14.a).
The manifold valve (V3) should then be opened slowly to test for any leaks. If there
is a leak, then close the manifold valve, and remake the connections to the bottle.
Note:
No manifold or gauge should be attached to the second valve (V2) under any
circumstances. This is to prevent the loss of any of the heavier components of the
gas which might have condensed in the bottle when exposed to a vacuum.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 62
5)
The bottle valve (V1) may now be slowly cracked open. Even with the noise around
a separator, it is still quite easy to hear the gas hissing into the bottle and this can
also be heard even when wearing a BA set. Sometimes the gauge needle can be
seen to slightly dip on the initial opening.
If there is just one gas bottle being filled to one oil bottle, then the sampling time
should be about 30 minutes. This length of time means there is less chance of an
invalid sample being taken.
If the ratio of gas samples to oil samples is greater that 1:1, then the fill time should
be worked out to still allow the oil samples to take about 30 minutes.
6) When the sample bottles are full and the sampling time has elapsed, shut the bottle
valve (V1) and the valve on the separator sampling point (V3).
7) Record the pressure on the gauge, and bleed off about 30psi (using V4) then open
the bottle valve (V1). The gauge should now read the original sampling pressure. If
it doesnt then check the manifold and the bottle valve for blockages or icing-up. If
possible clear the obstruction, take up a fresh bottle, and re-sample both the oil and
gas samples. If the pressure returns to near the original, then the sample is good
and the separator sampling point valve (V3) may be reopened for a few moments to
allow the pressure in the bottle to return to the sampling pressure.
8) Record the final sampling pressure and temperature, as they will be needed for the
sampling sheets. The bottle and manifold valves (V1, V3) may now be closed, and
the connecting line broken.
9) Plug the valves, and both valves checked in a bucket of water for any leaks. Now
place the bottle safely aside.
10) Prepare for the next bottle for sampling.
14.4.
SURFACE OIL SAMPLING

The following is the procedure for taking an oil sample (a piston sample bottle is the preferred
option for liquid sampling):
1) First record the bottle number.
2) The piston sample bottle should be stood in its custom built stand provided for the purpose.
3) The top manifold should be flushed to ensure that the line to the manifold and the manifold
filled with fresh fluid from the flow line.
4) The manifold may now be connected to the top valve (V1) on the sample bottle.
5) Connect the lower manifold to the bottom of the sample bottle, open the bottom bottle valve
(V2) and use the pump to pressurize the bottle below the piston to a pressure slightly in
excess of the sampling pressure. This stops the piston moving as soon as the bottle top
valve is opened, so preventing any oil from flashing into the bottle. It also acts as a double
check to ensure that the piston is still at the top of the bottle.
6) The next step may be performed in one of two ways:
Open the top manifold valve (V3), then connect a flushing line to the evacuation port (V6)
on the sample bottle. Open the top bottle valve (V1 to allow oil into the top of the bottle)
and slowly crack open the evacuation port (V6). This flushes the initial flow of oil and gas
which flashed into the bottle. Flush approx. 50cc of fluid then close the evacuation port
(V6). Remove the line and refit the plug, ensuring that it is tight.
Connect a vacuum pump to the evacuation port (V6) and check that there is still an
absolute vacuum. Ensure that the top manifold valve (V3) is closed. Open the top bottle
valve (V1) and evacuate the short line from the top manifold (V3) to the top bottle (V1)
valves. Close the top bottle valve (V1) and the evacuation port (V6).
Remove the vacuum pumps, and refit the plug ensuring that it is tightly in place.
Open the top manifold valve (V3) slowly. Now open the top bottle valve (V1)
slowly and fill the crown of the piston. Place the tube from the bottom manifold into the
top of a measuring cylinder, and slowly crack open the bottom bottle valve (V2). Now
J. Keemink @2009
Page 63
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
14.5.
slowly crack open the flow regulating valve (V5), so as to take 30 minutes to collect a
600cc sample (20cc /minute).
Remember that this sample must be taken in conjunction with the gas sample.
When the sample bottle contains 600cc of separator fluid, close the flow regulating valve
(V5). Shut the top bottle (V1) and manifold valves (V3). Bleed off and disconnect the top
manifold from the bottle and plug the top bottle valve (V1).
The sample is now consolidated.
A gas cap should now be formed to permit the safe shipping and storage of the bottle.
This is done by removing a portion of the buffer fluid equal to 10% of the sample volume.
This is called the Ullage.
The final pressure and temperature should now be recorded. This is vital for the laboratory
as it informs them what conditions to expect when they analyse the sample and how much
buffer fluid to inject to enable them to match the sampling conditions.
The bottom bottle valve (V2) should now be closed and the pressure in the bottom manifold
valve bled off before removal.
Fit a plug to the bottom valve (V2). Check the integrity of the valves and plugs by immersing
the bottle in a bucket of water and checking for bubbles. Remove from the water, dry the
bottle and fit the protective end caps.
Now place the bottle in its box and set aside.
Prepare the next bottle for sampling.
SAMPLE TRANSFER AND HANDLING

Detailed instructions on shipment of samples from the rig, shore addressee(s) for the
samples, location of temporary and/or permanent storage facilities and instructions on
subsequent analysis of samples will be included in the Well Test Program, or issued with
separate instructions.
Figure 14.A - Surface Sampling Typical Installation
14.6.
SAFETY
All equipment must be pressure tested and appropriately certified prior to dispatch.
Obtain and comply with any permit to work system before commencing any work.
14.6.1. Bottom-hole Sampling Preparations
Workscope Pressure testing and priming the tools with synthetic oil.
Work Area Rope off the work area and post pressure testing signs. Inform all relevant
personnel before commencing, and after completing, pressure testing. All non-essential
personnel are to be kept clear.
Safety Gear Safety glasses and gloves must be worn.
Comments Tools will now contain high pressure dead synthetic oil and should be stored
and moved in a safe manner.
14.6.2. Rigging Up Samplers to Wire-line
Work scope: Attaching the samplers to the running tool string.
Work Area: Rig floor and wellhead area.
Safety Gear: Additional gear may be required depending on mud type.
Comments Normal slick line/electric line safety procedures are to be followed.
The tools will now contain high pressure dead synthetic oil and no pipe wrenches are to
be used on the tool. The sampling engineer will supervise the tool handling.
14.6.3. Rigging Down Samplers from Wire-line
Work Scope Removing the samplers from the running toolstring.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 64
Work Area Rig floor and wellhead area.

Safety Gear Safety glasses and gloves must be worn; additional gear may be required
depending on type of mud.
Comments Normal slick line/electric line safety procedures are to be followed.
The tools will now contain high pressure oil/gas samples and no pipe wrenches are to be
used on the tool. No source of ignition is to be in vicinity. The sampling engineer will
supervise the tool handling.
14.6.4. Bottom-hole Sample Transfer And Validations
Work Scope High pressure transferring and validation of sub-surface samples from tools
to high pressure storage cylinders.
Work Area Indoors, well lit with a 100psi air supply, stable temperature and away from
any sources of ignition. Rope off the area and post pressure testing signs. Inform all
relevant personnel before commencing, and after completing, transfers or validations. All
non-essential personnel are to be kept clear.
Safety Gear Safety glasses and gloves must be worn.
Comments
When high pressure oil/gas samples are transferred from tools to cylinders, leaks are
highly unlikely but possible, thus there must be no sources of ignition in vicinity and no
non-essential personnel in area. If H2S in present, normal H2S operating procedures are
to be followed, i.e. breathing apparatus, buddy system etc. Personnel work duration will
not generally exceed 18hrs.
14.6.5. Separator/Wellhead Sampling
Work Scope High pressure transferring of hydrocarbons from separator to high pressure
storage cylinders.
Work Area Well test area and rig floor. Rope off the area and post pressure testing signs.
Inform all relevant personnel before commencing, and after completing, sampling. All non
essential personnel are to be kept clear.
Safety Gear Hard hat, boots, coveralls, safety glasses, ear protection and gloves must be
worn.
Comments
When high pressure oil or gas samples are obtained, leaks are highly unlikely but
possible, thus there must be no sources of ignition in vicinity and no non-essential
personnel in area. If H2S is present, normal H2S operating procedures are to be
followed, i.e. breathing apparatus, buddy system etc. Personnel work duration will not
generally exceed 18hrs.
14.6.6. Sample Storage
Work Scope Storage and shipping of high pressure oil or gas samples.
Storage Area Must always be away from heat sources and sources of ignition.
Must be well ventilated.
Comments
Samples must be in two phases for storage and shipment, i.e. samples will have a gas
cap. Samples must be labeled as being flammable high pressure oil or gas samples.
15.
WIRE-LINE OPERATIONS
Although sometimes operationally necessary, wire-line operations, both slick line or electric wireline, carry an inherent risk which is even greater on an offshore exploration well test due to the
J. Keemink @2009
Page 65
configuration of the test string and the well conditions. If possible, running wire-line through the
test string and especially the annulus pressure operated tester valve should be avoided. This
must be avoided on deep, hot, high pressure wells.
Slick line tools are run for:
-hole sampling which can be taken above or below the test tools.
Down-hole pressure gauges, set in nipples or hung off.
down-hole shut off tools which are set in nipples.
circulating valve etc.
line or electric wire-line tool strings.
Electric wire-line tools are run for:
tools.
Down-hole pressure gauges which may be run with PLT tools.
-perforating with Through-Tubing guns.
ee a test string from a stuck packer, etc.
Both types of wire-line require the use of long bails, or a C/T (coiled tubing) lifting frame, to cater
for the rigging up of the wire-line BOPs and the lubricator on top of the flow head.
Pressure testing is to be carried out against the lubricator valve. The main difference between a
slick line and electric line rig up is that double BOPs and a grease flow tube must be used to
achieve a seal on a braided cable.
16.
HYDRATE PREVENTION
Hydrates are complexes formed spontaneously by the combination of hydrocarbon gas mixtures
with free water under certain conditions of temperature and pressure. Physically they are ice-like
solids which can completely plug down-hole tubing and/or surface lines.
Hydrates can form under both flowing or static conditions. The first indication of hydrates forming
in the tubing is a drop in flowing wellhead pressure, followed by an initially slow but accelerating
drop in wellhead flowing temperature.
The formation of hydrates can be predicted and key to prevention is understanding the conditions
under which they will form. These conditions are certain ranges of pressure and temperature, with
free water present. Under flowing conditions the expansion downstream of a choke or other
restrictions give a favorable regime for their formation. Under conditions of no flow they can form
as a kind of snow on the walls of tubing.
A down-hole hydrate plug is potentially dangerous and should be avoided at all costs. The area of
most risks is in the string from the seabed upwards where the lowest temperature usually occur.
It is of great importance to check the wellhead temperatures at frequent intervals and immediately
when the gas rate or flowing pressures are observed to decrease unexpectedly.
Hydrate prevention is based on the injection of triethylene glycol and/or methanol.
To prevent hydrate formation during the flow testing of high GOR (Gas/Oil Ratio) wells, pump
facilities shall be connected up to the following points:
head
J. Keemink @2009
Page 66
To prevent hydrate formations during shut-in periods, glycol should be injected continuously into
the vertical run of the flowhead as well as at the Sub Sea Test Tree.
17.
NITROGEN OPERATIONS
The main use of nitrogen on an exploration well test is to introduce a partial nitrogen cushion into
the test string by displacing the tubing contents through a tubing-annulus differential pressureoperated circulation valve into the annulus. Fluid returns must be monitored to ensure no nitrogen
is allowed into the annulus.
The nitrogen cushion pressure can be rapidly reduced to give a very large drawdown when
perforating under-balance or bringing on a well which had already been perforated overbalance.
This would be useful on tight or depleted reservoirs. It could also be used for detonating TCP
guns using a hydro-mechanical firing device operating at a given tubing annulus differential by
holding the annulus pressure and bleeding away the nitrogen cushion pressure.
Alternatively, with the well open, the nitrogen could be bled off very slowly to minimize the
drawdown, for instance, on a poorly consolidated sand. The disadvantage with this is that it is
uncertain what is occurring down-hole as the nitrogen is bled off. However the advantage is if the
well does not flow to surface, the tubing contents can be reverse circulated out of the well to
determine the what the influx was and, if needed, a second nitrogen cushion could be circulated
into placed in another attempt to bring the well in. If this failed, the well would have to be gas lifted
using a coiled tubing unit.
18.
OFFSHORE COILED TUBING OPERATIONS

Equipment for a coil tubing operation offshore for use on a well test is the same as on a platform
except that a lifting frame is installed to simplify the rig up. This must be rigged up on the flow
head from the beginning as part of the landing string as this cannot be accomplished afterwards.
The built-in lifting hoist must be a chain pulley type, which stops immediately the drive control is
released. It can also be used for the wire-line rig-up making it easier and safer.
Coiled tubing on a well test is normally used for:
Wire-line) in high deviations with cable inside the tubing.

The main limitation of coiled tubing is that it has a low burst and collapse pressure rating,
therefore a pre-job computer analysis should be run using all the expected well parameters such
as the expected well pressures and temperatures, internal pressures on the tubing, hole angles,
depths and tubing data etc.
When coiled tubing is to be run on a well test, it is essential that the sub-sea test tree is dressed
to be capable of cutting, whatever the size of the tubing.
19.
WELL KILLING ABANDONMENT

There are a number of methods for conducting a well kill operation in a well test situation,
dependent upon the well hardware and configuration, taking into account of any well problems
which have arisen. However, the two main methods under normal circumstances are;
Reverse Circulation and Bull-heading.
Note: Bull-heading from surface should never be carried out as a routine kill method
without prior permission from Company management. Procedures for any such method of
well kill would be issued in the test program.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 67
Killing by reverse circulation is the preferred method of killing a well as it reduces the quantity of
foreign materials coming into contact with and prevents over pressuring the formation.
Bull-heading is sometimes preferred in cases where the circulation method may not be efficient
due to gas entrainment etc.
Other methods of well kill are used in circumstances where there has been a circulating valve
failure or a blockage in the tubing. These are; Bleed off and Bullhead, Reverse Circulate and
Bullhead and Lubricate. These are so specialized in nature that it is not practical for them to be
used without first thoroughly examining the well situation and then producing a detailed well
specific program and are, therefore, not addressed in this manual.
On tests with Semi-Submersibles there is a well kill procedure for making the well safe for a
disconnection due to bad weather etc.
19.1.
ROUTINE CIRCULATION WELL KILL

The normal procedure for killing a well is the forward circulation method which displaces the
formation fluids from the test string with kill weight fluid. This method can also be used in the
event of premature termination of an offshore test due to weather or any other reason when there
is sufficient warning and time allows. This procedure requires DST tool operation to open the
circulating device and control of the circulating pressure using the well test choke manifold.
19.1.1. Circulation Well Kill Procedure
The following procedure is the normal method of well kill following the termination of a
test program (Refer to figure 19.a).
1) After the final build up, or flow period, close the tester valve and pull any surface
read out tools out of the hole if being used.
2) Open the multi-function circulating valve and reverse out string contents, collecting
samples if required. Circulate to condition and balance tubing and annulus. Close
the circulating valve.
3) Pressure up on the annulus to open the tester valve. Pressure up on kill wing valve
with brine to slightly less than shut in well head pressure then open the kill wing
valve. The production wing valve should be closed.
4) Pressure up on the test string with brine, checking the pump volume.
5) Calculate the maximum the bottom-hole pressure to be applied, which must be kept
below the formation frac pressure.
6) If the formation takes the pumped fluid, continue bull-heading down the test string
and liner below the packer to the bottom perforations. Check the volume of pumped
brine.
7) A variation in the pumping pressure should be detected when brine reaches the
formation. Record the leak-off rate.
8) Carry out a 30min flow check. If static, proceed to step 14.
9) If the well takes brine at more than 5bbl/hr, the displacement of a temporary
plugging pill to bottom may have to be considered.
10) If the formation doesnt take the pumped fluid or the injection rate is less than
0.1bpm over a 3hrs period, close the kill side wing valve and tester valve.
11) With the multi-function circulating valve in the test position, open the single shot
reversing valve and reverse circulate until the tubing and annulus are in balance.
12) For tests using permanent packers, pull out seal assembly and reverse circulate at
least twice bottoms up, or until minimum gas returns.
For conventional DST, unseat the packer and bullhead the hole contents below the
packer into the formation. Reverse circulate again, if necessary, until tubing and
annulus are in balance.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 68
13) Flow check the well.

14) Once the well is stable, pull string out of hole while carefully monitoring the hole
volume, especially while DST tools are in 7ins liner as the swabbing effect is to be
avoided.
15) If the brine lost into formation is more than 5bbl/hr, the displacement of a temporary
plugging pill to bottom must be considered.
This may be composed of CaCO3, HEC or MICA etc. and the material must be
available on the rig to make up the appropriate weighted pill.
19.2.
BULLHEAD WELL KILL

Bull-heading is only allowed by permission of Company management.
If a well has good permeability, the simplest method of well kill is to bullhead from surface.
Bull-heading is most effective when:
Mixing between the hydrocarbons and the kill fluid will be limited, e.g. with a small diameter
tubing and in a vertical well.
The drawback of bull-heading is when the formation may be fractured, as with low permeability
reservoirs. This can lead to a protracted well kill with hydrocarbons leaking back from the
fracture into the well bore and migrating upwards in the well.
As a very rough way of estimating if bull-heading will fracture the formation is as follows:
a) Estimate the productivity index (PI) of the well form surface pressure and flow rate data.
b) Use the estimated of PI to calculate the injection pressure at a rate of 1bbl/min (1,440bbl/d).
c) Compare the estimated injection pressure with the prognosed formation fracture pressure.
19.2.1. Bullhead Kill procedure
The Bullhead kill procedure is:
1) Calculated the volume to the perforations.
2) Line up the cement pump with sufficient quantity of kill fluid.
3) Pressure up with the pump to equalize across the wing valve and open the valve.
4) At as fast a rate as possible, keeping below frac pressure, pump kill fluid.
5) Monitor when the fluid first reaches the formation by observing a pump pressure
rise.
Once kill fluid reaches over the whole perforated interval it will be more difficult to
squeeze away fluids and the pressure will increase.
6) Continue to pump until the hole volume calculated is pumped plus a few barrels
excess to push away the kill fluid/well fluid interface.
7) Establish the circulation path, then unseat the packer (when a lock open tester valve
is run, unseating the packer will establish the circulation path).
8) Circulate bottoms up. If the well is taking losses, an LCM pill should be circulated in
and bullheaded against the formation.
9) Only when the well is safe may the string be pulled.
19.3.
TEMPORARY WELL KILL FOR DISCONNECTION ON SEMI SUBMERSIBLES

This operation does not involve pulling the string out of hole and killing the well is limited only to
filling up the string down to the tester valve, time allowing:
Close the tester and kill the well by reverse circulation through the multi-function circulating
valve and continue with operations to disconnect.
If in an emergency situation, when there is insufficient time to kill the well, disconnection will
be implemented without the well kill. In this eventuality, there will still be the requisite number
of barriers on the well for safety, although reconnection to a live well has its own particular
risks. This operation would be detailed in a separate program.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 69
Figure 19.A - Reverse Circulate Decision Tree

19.4.
PLUG AND ABANDONMENT/SUSPENSION PROCEDURES

Whenever feasible, a decision should be made on the disposition of the well as early as possible,
before any plugging operations are begun, whether or not the well is to be suspended for future
production purposes. Well plugging procedures and equipment will differ depending upon the
need for future well intervention. In particular, the choice of bridge plugs used for abandonment of
test intervals will be affected, especially if perforating guns have been dropped into the sump
below the plugs.
If the well is to be suspended, the course of action should be to install plugs which meet
regulations but can protect the formation from any further damage during re-entry. For instance
retrievable bridge plugs or packers can be used with a course of sand or saturated salt between
the plug and the cement plug. This allows the cement to be drilled up with both the cuttings and
sand being circulated out and the well displaced to clean brine before the plug is pulled.
Often the ideal method of suspension is to use a permanent packer for the test which is also used
as the completion packer. This allows the packer to be plugged by wire-line, with oil or gas below,
at the end of the test preventing any contamination of the formation.
Detailed plug and abandonment procedures will be issued by the Drilling and Completion
Department who are responsible for this part of the operation.
Note:
If it is necessary, submit details of the methods and arrangements to be used to the proper
authorities to obtain their written approval prior to commencement of work.
19.5.
PLUG AND ABANDONMENT GENERAL PROCEDURES

1) Rig up wire-line and run in the hole with gauge ring and junk basket to 10ft above the top
perforation/permanent packer. Pull out of the hole.
2) Run in the hole and set a bridge plug 10ft above top perforation/ permanent packer. Test the
bridge plug to 500psi above leak off pressure.
3) Run in the hole and set a second bridge plug immediately above the first. Test this bridge
plug to 500psi above the leak off pressure.
Note:
Use of two bridge plugs instead of bridge plug and cement is to avoid contamination of
the completion brine.
Separate detailed procedures will be issued as part of the well specific drilling program.
Pre-drilled development wells will also be covered by well specific drilling programs.
20.
HANDLING OF HEAVYWATER BRINE

Both CaBr2/CaCl2, as brine and powder can cause skin irritation and even blistering if allowed
to remain in contact with the skin. It is therefore important that personnel involved in work
where they may be exposed to the brine or powder should be protected as follow:
a) Rubber gloves (gauntlet type to cover wrists)
b) Waterproof slicker suits with hoods
c) Rubber boots (leather boots are shriveled by the brine)
J. Keemink @2009
Page 70
d) Full face masks for use when mixing powdered CaBr2/CaCl2.

e) Barrier cream (e.g. Vaseline) for use on exposed skin, particularly face, neck and
wrists, to prevent direct skin contact with the brine.
Additionally, whenever powder/brine is inadvertently splashed onto clothing, then the affected
clothes should be changed and washed forthwith. Never allow brine to dry on the skin or
clothes.
If brine is splashed into the eyes, wash the eyes at once with copious amounts of fresh water.
Appendix A - Report Forms
A.1. Daily Report (ARPO 02)
WELL NAME
FIELD NAME
District/Affiliate Company
DATE: ARPO 02 Cost center
Rig Name RT Elevation [m] Well Code
Type of Rig Ground Lelel / Water Depth [m] Report N of
Contractor RT - 1st flange / Top Housing [m] Permit / Concession N
Well Last casing Next Casing BOP Type w.p. [psi] M.D. (24:00) [m]
nom.[in] Stack T.V.D. (24:00) [m]
Top [m] Diverter Total Drilled [m]
Bottom [m] Annular Rotating Hrs [hh:mm]
Top of Cmt [m] Annular R.O.P. [m / h]
Last Survey [] at m Upper Rams Progressive Rot. hrs [hh:mm]
LOT - IFT [kg/l] at m Middle Rams Back reaming Hrs [hh:mm]
Reduce Pump Strockes Pressure Middle Rams Personnel Injured
Pump N 1 2 3 Middle Rams
Liner [in] Lower Rams Rig Rig
Strokes Last Test Others Other
Press. [psi] Total Total
Lithology
Shows
From (hr) To (hr) Op. Code OPERATION DESCRIPTION
Operation at 07:00
Mud type Bit N Run N N Run N Bottom Hole Assembly N __________ Rot. hours
Density [kg/l] Data Description Part. L Progr.L Partial Progr.
Viscosity [s/l] Manuf.
P.V. [cP] Type
Y.P. [g/100cm2] Serial No.
Gel 10"/10' / IADC
Water Loss [cc/30"] Diam.
HP/HT [cc/30"] Nozzle/TFA
Press. [kg/cm2] From [m]
Temp. [C] To [m]
Cl- [g/l] Drilled [m]
Salt [g/l] Rot. Hrs.
pH/ES R.P.M.
MBT [kg/m3] W.O.B.[t]
Solid [%] Flow Rate Stock Quantity UM Supply vessel
Oil/water Ratio. Pressure
Sand [%] Ann. vel.
pm/pom Jet vel.
J. Keemink @2009
Page 71
pf HHP Bit
mf HSI Total Cost Supervisor:
Daily Losses [m3] I O D L I O D L Daily
Progr. Losses [m3] B G O R B G O R Progr.
DAILY REPORT
Drilling
A.2. Waste Report (ARPO 6)
WELL NAME
FIELD NAME
DATE: ARPO-06 Cost center
FRreopmor [tm N] IDneteprtvha (lm D)rilled (m) DMeunds Tityyp (ekg/l)
To [m] Drilled Volume [m3] Cl- concentration (g/l )
Phase size [in] Cumulative volume [m3]
Water consumption Phase /Period [m3] Cumulative [m3]
Usage Fresh water Recycled Total Fresh water Recycled Total
Mixing Mud
Others
Total
Readings / Truck Fresh water [m3] Recycled [m3]
Mud Volume [m3] Phase Cumulative Service Company Contract N
Mixed Mud Company
Lost Waste Disposal
Dumped Transportation
Transported IN
Transported OUT
Waste Disposal Period Cumulative Remarks
Water base cuttings [t]
Oil base cuttings [t]
Dried Water base cuttings [t]
Dried oil base cuttings [t]
Water base mud [t]
Oil base mud transported IN [t]
Oil base mud transported OUT [t]
Drill potable water [t]
Dehidrated water base mud [t]
Dehidrated oil base mud [t]
Sewage water [t]
Transported Brine [t]
Remarks
Supervisor
Superintendent
WASTE DISPOSAL
Management Report
A.3. Well Problem Report (ARPO 13)
FIELD NAME
WELL NAME
J. Keemink @2009
Page 72
DATE: ARPO -13 Cost center

Problem Top [m] Start date
Code Bottom [m] End date
Well Measured Depth Vertical Depth KOP [m] Mud in hole
Situation Top [m] Bottom [m] Top [m] Bottom [m] Max inclination [] Type
Open hole @ m Dens.[kg/l]:
Last casing DROP OFF [m]
Well problem Description
Solutions Applied: Results Obtained:
Supervisor Supervisor Supervisor
Remarks at District level:
Superintendent
Lost Time hh:mm Loss value [in currency]
Remarks at HQ level Pag.
Of
WELL PROBLEM REPORT
A.4. Malfunction & Failure Report(FB-1)
MALFUNCTION & FAILURE REPORT
(FEED BACK REPORT 01)
Report Date:
Well Name: Well Code:
General Information
Contract No: Contract Type: Contractor:
Service/Supply:
Drilling Completion
Workover Duration Dates of Failure: Distributed By:
RIG SITE
Description of Failure:
Drilling & Completions Company Man:
Adopted or Suggested Solution(s):
Contractor Contingency Measures:
Contractor Representative:
DISTRICT OR SUBSIDIARY NOTES:
Failure Classification Status Operations Manager:
Technical Normal
Management/Organisation Extreme Time Lost:
Safety/Quality Innovative
Adverse Estimated Cost of Failure:
MILAN HEAD OFFICE NOTES:
Analysis Code:
District/Subsidiary
A.5. Contractor Evaluation (FB-2)
CONTRACTOR EVALUATION
(FEED BACK REPORT 02)
Report Date:
Well Name: Well Code:
J. Keemink @2009
Page 73
General Information
Contract No.: Contract Type: Contractor:
Service/Supply: Distributed By:
R1 Technical Requirements
FB_01 REPORT REFERENCES
FB Report No.: Time Lost (Hr.Min): Economic Cost (M):
Category Evaluation Score (0-9)
Suitability of Equipment and Materials
Compliance of Equipment and Materials to the
Adequacy of Personnel
Meeting with Operational Program Requirements
Meeting with Contract Operation Timings
Equipment Condition/Maintenance
R2 Management and Organisational Requirements
Availability of Equipment and Materials
Technical and Operational Support to Operations
Capability and Promptness to Operational Requests
R3 Safety and Quality Assurance Requirements
Meeting with the Contract Agreement DSS
Availability and Validity of Requested Certificates
Meeting with Contract Quality Assurance Terms
Event Support Documentation
Type of
Document:
Subject: Issued By: Date:
Notes:
Failure Status Operations Manager Drilling & Completions Manager
Normal Extreme Adverse Innovative
District/Subsidiary
Appendix B - ABBREVIATIONS
AC/DC Alternate Current, Direct Current
API
American Petroleum Institute
BG
Background gas
BHA
Bottom Hole Assembly
BHP
Bottom Hole Pressure
BHT
Bottom Hole temperature
BMT
Blue Methylene Test
BOP
Blow Out Preventer
BPD
Barrel Per Day
BPM
Barrels Per Minute
BPV
Back Pressure Valve
BSW
Base Sediment and Water
BUR
Build Up Rate
C/L
Control Line
J. Keemink @2009
Page 74
CBL
Cement Bond Log
CCL
Casing Collar Locator
CDP
Common Depth Point
CET
Cement Evaluation Tool
CGR
Condensate Gas Ratio
CR
Cement Retainer
CRA
Corrosion Resistant Alloy
C/T
Coiled Tubing
DC
Drill Collar
DE
Diatomaceous Earth
DHM
Down Hole Motor
DHSV
Down Hole Safety Valve
D&CM Drilling & Completion Manager
DP
Drill Pipe
DPHOT
Drill Pipe Hang off Tool
DST
Drill Stem Test
E/L
Electric Line
ECD
Equivalent Circulation Density
ECP
External Casing Packer
EMS
Electronic Multi Shot
EMW
Equivalent Mud Weight
EP
External Pressure
ESD
Electric Shut-Down System
ESP
Electrical Submersible Pump
ETA
Expected Arrival Time
FBHP
Flowing Bottom Hole Pressure
FBHT
Flowing Bottom Hole Temperature
FPI/BO
Free Point Indicator / Back Off
FTHP
Flowing Tubing Head Pressure
FTHT
Flowing Tubing Head Temperature
GLR
Gas Liquid Ratio
GOC
Gas Oil Contact
GOR
Gas Oil Ratio
GP
Gravel Pack
GPM
Gallon (US) per Minute
GPS
Global Positioning System
GR
Gamma Ray
HAZOP
Hazard and Operability
HHP
Hydraulic Horsepower
HO
Hole Opener
HP/HT High Pressure - High Temperature
HW/HWDP
Heavy Weight Drill Pipe
IADC
International Association of Drilling Contractors
IBOP
Inside Blow Out Preventer
ID
Inside Diameter
IPR
Inflow Performance Relationship
JAM
Joint Make-up Torque Analyser
L/D
Lay Down
LAT
Lowest Astronomical Tide
LC 50
Lethal Concentration 50%
LCDT
Last Crystal to Dissolve oC
LCM
Lost Circulation Materials
J. Keemink @2009
Page 75
LEL
Lower Explosive Limit
LN
Landing Nipple
LOT
Leak Off Test
LQC
Log Quality Control
LTA
Lost Time Accident
M/D
Martin Decker
M/U
Make Up
MAASP
Max Allowable Annular Surface Pressure
MD
Measured Depth
MLH
Mudline Hanger
MLS
Mudline Suspension
MMS
Magnetic Multi Shot
MODU Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit
MPI
Magnetic Particle Inspection
MSCL
Modular Single Completion Land
MSL
Mean Sea Level
MUT
Make up Torque
MW
Mud Weight
MWD
Measurement While Drilling
NACE
National Association of Corrosion Engineers
NDT
Non Destructive Test
NSG
North Seeking Gyro
NTU
Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
OBM
Oil Base Mud
OD
Outside Diameter
OH
Open Hole
OIM
Offshore Installation Manager
OMW
Original Mud weight
OWC
Oil Water Contact
P&A
Plugged & Abandoned
P/U
Pick up
PBR
Polished Bore Receptacle
PDM
Positive Displacement Motor
PI
Productivity Index
PLT
Production Logging Tool
POB
Personnel On Board
POOH Pull Out Of Hole
PPB
Pounds per Barrel
PPG
Pounds per Gallon
ppm
Part Per Million
PVT
Pressure Volume Temperature
Q
Flow Rate
Q/A Q/C
Quality Assurance, Quality Control
R/D
Rig down
R/U
Rig up
RBP
Retrievable Bridge Plug
RCP
Reverse Circulating Position
RFT
Repeat Formation Test
RIH
Run In Hole
RKB
Rotary Kelly Bushing
ROV
Remote Operated Vehicle
RPM
Revolutions Per Minute
J. Keemink @2009
Page 76
RT
S/N
SBHP
SBHT
SCC
SDE
SF
SG
SICP
SPM
SR
SRG
SSC
TCP
TD
TG
TGB
TOC
TOL
TVD
UR
VBR
VDL
VSP
W/L
WBM
WC
WL
WOC
WOW
WP
YP
Rotary Table
Serial Number
Static Bottom Hole Pressure
Static Bottom Hole Temperature
Stress Corrosion Cracking
Senior Drilling Engineer
Safety Factor
Specific Gravity
Shut-in Casing Pressure
Stroke per Minute
Separation Ratio
Surface Readout Gyro
Sulphide Stress Cracking
Tubing Conveyed Perforations
Total Depth
Trip Gas
Temporary Guide Base
Top of Cement
Top of Liner
True Vertical Depth
Under Reamer
Variable Bore Rams (BOP)
Variable Density Log
Velocity Seismic Profile
Wire Line
Water Base Mud
Water Cut
Water Loss
Wait On Cement
Wait On Weather
Working Pressure
Yield Point
Appendix C - BIBLIOGRAPHY
API Specification No 811-05CT5
J. Keemink @2009
Page 77

KDP Well Test Procedures Manual

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

KDP Well Test Procedures Manual

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

WELL TESTING

TYPES OF PRODUCTION TEST

GENERAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

WELL TESTING PROGRAM

TEST STRING EQUIPMENT

BHP DATA ACQUISITION

PREPARING THE WELL FOR TESTING

10.4. TUBING PREPARATION

10.6. GENERAL WELL TEST PREPARATION

TEST STRING INSTALLATION

WELL TEST PROCEDURES

WELL TEST DATA REQUIREMENTS

OFFSHORE COILED TUBING OPERATIONS

WELL KILLING ABANDONMENT

HANDLING OF HEAVY WATER BRINE

PURPOSE OF THE MANUAL

Investigate formation characteristics.

UPDATING, AMENDMENT, CONTROL & DEROGATION

TYPES OF PRODUCTION TEST

GENERAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

RESPONSIBILITIES AND DUTIES

Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor

Company Junior Drilling and Completion Supervisor

Company Drilling Engineer

Contractor Production Chief Operator. He shall be responsible for supplying equipment

Company Production Test Supervisor

Company Well Site Geologist

Contractor Production Test Chief Operator

Contractor Down-hole Tool Operator

3.1.10. Company Stimulation Engineer

RESPONSIBILITIES AND DUTIES ON SHORT DURATION TESTS

Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor

Company Junior Drilling and Completion Supervisor

Company Well Site Geologist

WELL TESTING PROGRAM

WELL TEST FLUID

MECHANICAL BARRIERS - ANNULUS SIDE

Safety Valve Arrangement

MECHANICAL BARRIERS - PRODUCTION SIDE

Tubing Retrievable Safety Valve (TRSV) or (SSSV)

CASING OVERPRESSURE VALVE

TEST STRING EQUIPMENT

Fig. Retrievable Packer

COMMON TEST TOOLS DESCRIPTION

Beveled Mule Shoe

Perforated Joint/Ported Sub

Gauge Case (Bundle Carrier)

Pipe Tester Valve

Retrievable Test Packer

Circulating Valve (Bypass Valve)

Pipe Tester Valve

6.2.10. Down-hole Tester Valve

6.2.11. Single Operation Reversing Sub

HIGH PRESSURE WELLS

SUB-SEA TEST TOOLS USED ON SEMI-SUBMERSIBLES

Slick Joint (Polished Joint)

Sub-Sea Test Tree

DEEP SEA TOOLS

Deep Water SSTT

Flow head Or Surface Test Tree

Coflexip Hoses And Pipework

Steam Heater And Generator

Data Acquisition System