Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL
MALAYSIA MELAKA
Learning Outcomes:
To review basic concepts and establish
terminology & notation for :The ideal transformer (3.1)
Transformers Overview
Transformer = a device that transfers electrical
Power Transformers
- Unit transformer
- Substation transformer
- Distribution transformer
Type of Transformers
Step-up transformer
- provides a secondary voltage that is greater
than the primary voltage.
Step-down transformer
- provides a secondary voltage that is less
than the primary voltage.
Isolation transformer
- provides a secondary voltage that is equal to
the primary voltage.
- to isolate the power supply electrically from
the power line, which serves as a protection.
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
Pole-mounted transformer
Household transformer
power transformer
(oil immersed)
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
An ideal transformer has:
no real power losses (no winding resistance)
magnetic core has infinite permeability (no core
Is
Dot Convention/standard:
1.
2.
If primary current of the transformer flows into the dotted end of the
primary winding, the secondary current will flow out the dotted end of
the secondary winding
In phase
Out of phase
From Faradays Law & Lenzs law, the turns ratio of a transformer is equal to the voltage
ratio of the component:
V1 N1
V2 N 2
and we
define also
N1
at
N2
V2
N2
1
V1 (120Vac ) 30Vac
N1
4
12
S1 V I V I S 2
and
Therefore:
I 2 N1
I1 N 2
*
1 1
*
2 2
I 2 V1
I1 V2
13
Example 1
Consider the source, transformer, and load shown in the circuit below. Determine the
rms values of the currents and voltages (a) with the switch open and (b) with the switch
closed.
Solution
Voltage applied to the primary,
V1 (rms) 110V
N
1
V2 (rms) 2 V1 (rms) (110) 22V
N1
5
(a) With the switch open, the secondary current is zero. Hence, the primary current is also zero.
Why?. Because no power transfer between the two circuit (remember : S=VI*).
(b) With the switch closed:
V (rms) 22
I 2 (rms) 2
2.2 A
RL
10
I1 (rms)
N2
1
I 2 (rms) (2.2) 0.44 A
N1
5
14
Transformer Rating
The rating of a transformer is stated as Volt Ampere (VA)
Impedance
Transformation/Reflection
The phasor current and voltage in the secondary are related to the load impedance by
V2
Z2
I2
Then,
N1 V
N 1
2
Z2
N
2 I
N 1
1
V1 N1
Z 2 at2 Z 2
Z2
I1 N 2
V2 N 2
Z1
Z1 2
Z1
I 2 N1
at
V1 N1
Z 2 at2 Z 2
Z2
I1 N 2
'
V2 N 2
Z
Z1 21
Z
I 2 N1
at
"
1
Solution
Step1 : draw & label equivalent diagram (picture tells a 1000 words!!) &
info given :
N
480
1. at 1
4
N 2 120
2. S2 15kVA @ 0.8pf lag S 2 15 cos 1 (0.8) kVA
3. f 60Hz
a:
b:
V2
0.9336.87 o
I2
c:
d:
Example 3
Consider the circuit shown below. Find the phasor currents and voltages at both primary &
secondary winding. Also, find the real & reactive power delivered to the load.
Solution
Z L (10 j 20)
2
2
Step 2: Load Impedance
N
10
'
2
1
reflected/referred at the primary: Z L at Z L Z L (10 j 20) (1000 j 2000)
N2
Badariah Bais
KKKF163 Introduction to EE
Sem II 2006/07
20
ZT 282845
'
original circuit
Z L (1000 j 2000)
I1
VS
10000
0.3536 45 A
ZT 282845
I2
N1
10
I1 (0.3536 45) 3.536 45 A
N2
1
V2
Step 6: Real & Reactive Power
delivered to the load:
Badariah Bais
N2
1
V1 (790.618.43) 79.0618.43V
N1
10
S1 S 2 V2 I 2* (79.0618.43)(3.53645) 27963.4
S 2 P2 jQ 2
KKKF163 Introduction to EE
Sem II 2006/07
21
If given the turns ratio & you know the voltage or current of winding 1, you can always find
V&I for winding 2 by only using the turns ratio relationship.
If only given : turn ratio, impedances for winding 1 & 2, & source voltage (Vs) of winding 1,
then
To calculate V & I at winding 1
1. Reflect all impedance from winding 2 to 1
2. use Ohms law to calculate the V & I of winding A using the total impedance
(Total impedance = impedance at winding A plus the ones reflected at winding A)
To calculate V & I at winding 2
1. Convert V &I at winding A to winding B using only the turns ratio relationship
To calculate power
Power at winding A = power at winding B
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
Real/Practical Transformer
Real transformers
have losses
have leakage flux
have finite permeability of
magnetic core
Real power losses
resistance in windings (i2 R)
core losses due to eddy
currents and hysteresis
Copper loss are resistive losses in the primary and secondary windings and are
modeled by resistor R1 and R2 connected to the primary and secondary winding
so respectively
Core loss current is a current proportional to the voltage applied to the core that is
in phase with the aplied voltage, so it is modeled by a resistance Rc or Gc
connected with the primary winding
- Leakage flux
- Magnetization flux
Flux component which links winding 1 but does not link winding 2
Represented by magnetization inductance
X1= primary winding leakage reactance I2X loss (reactive power loss)
X2= secondary winding leakage reactance I2X loss (reactive power loss)
Im= magnetizing
N
I m I1 1 I1 jBm E1
N2
Rc
shunt inductor(susceptance)
where Bm
2
N1
I e I c I m (Gc jBm ) E1
Ie = excitation current
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
N1
N1
Z 2 I 2'
E1
V2
N2
N2
E1 V2' Z 2' I 2'
N1
R2
Z
N2
'
2
N1
X 2
j
N2
PARAMETERS
no load
No load
Short-circuit test
to find the series impedances (Z)
Data given : V1/ Vsc & P1/ Psc, you must know that I1/ Isc = rated current
Transformer Performance
- Efficiency of a transformer in percent is given by
output power
x100%
input power
Regulation
- Primary no-load.
Regulation
V1 V2'
V
'
2
x100
Refer to secondary
- Secondary no-load.
Regulation
V1' V2
V2
x100
2 nl
V2
x100
Refer to primary
Example 4
Data obtained from short-circuit and open-circuit tests of a 20 kVA, 480/120 V
60 Hz transformer are as follows. Determine the parameter of the equivalent
circuit.(solution: refer Glover, P 105~106)
Result of Short-circuit test: V1 = 35V & P1 = 300W
Result of Open-circuit test: I2 = 12A, & P2 = 200 W
Questions:
1. From the short circuit test, find the equivalent series impedances (neglect shunt
admittances)
2. From open circuit test, determine the shunt admittances (Ym) referred to
winding 1. neglect the series impedances.
solution
Part a: step 1 draw equivalent circuit of SC test & write down all info
given:
OR
Given :
V1 = 35V
P1 = 300W
I1 ISC
Srated
20kVA
42 A
V1, rated
480V
2
P I sc
R eq R eq
Z eq
X eq
P
300
0.173
2
2
I sc 42
V1 35
0.84
I1
42
R eq X eq
2
Z eq R eq 0.82
2
Z eq R eq jX eq 0.1728 j 0.82
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
solution
Part b: step 1 draw equivalent circuit of OC test & write down all info given:
OR
480
Given :
120 480V , I o I1 N 2 I 2 120 12 3 A
V1 at V2
120
N1
480
I2 = 12A
P2 = 200W
V12
480 2
Rc
1152
P
200
V
480
I o I c jI m , I c 1
0.42 A
Rc
1152
Im
I o2 I c2 2.97 A
Xm
V1
161.6
Im
remember : Y m G c jB m , where Y m
1
1
1
, Gc
, Bm
Zm
Rc
Xm
G c 0.000868
B m 0.00619
Y m G c jB m 0.000868 j 0.00619 0.0063 82.02 o
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
Example 5
A single phase transformer has 2000 turns on the
primary winding and 500 turns on the secondary.
Winding resistances are R1 = 2 and R2= 0.125 ;
leakage reactances are X1 = 8 and x2 = 0.5.
The resistance load on the secondary is 12.
(a)If the applied voltage at the terminals of the primary
is 1000V, determine V2 at the load terminal of the
transformer, neglecting magnetizing current.
(b) Compute the percent voltage regulation
solution
3 phase transformer
connections & phase shift
Three-phase Transformer
Three-Phase Transformer
Connection technique
a
Wye (star)
Delta
Three-Phase Transformer
Three-Phase Transformer Connections.
End of Lecture 7