Optimal Location and Sizing of Distributed Generation For Loss Minimization in

ISBN: 978-15-086565-24
Date: 22.3.2015
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EMERGING TRENDS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH
Optimal location and sizing of distributed generation for loss minimization in

distribution network using fuzzy logic
.
, .
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (HITS)

Hindustan University, Chennai,
ABSTRACT - This paper presents a novel technique on placement and sizing of Distributed Generation in Distribution
System.The problem is formulated as an optimization problem and the solution is derived from Fuzzy logic. Fuzzy
inference system containing a set of rules is applied in determining the optimal location of DG. The effectiveness of the
proposed method is tested on IEEE 14 bus and 30 bus distribution system for integration of single DG and multiple
DGs.Results have proved there is a significant reduction in power loss after integrating DGs with the base case. Load
flow analysis is performed using Newton Raphson method before installing DG.The optimization problem is solved
using MATLAB.
KEYWORDS: Distributed Generation (DG), Fuzzy logic, Fuzzy Inference System (FIS),Optimal location and sizing,
Loss Reduction.
NOMENCLATURE
- Total power loss
NS: the total number of branches.
Gk : the conductance of the k-th branch which connects the sending bus i and the receiving bus j.
: The admittance of the k-th branch which connects the sending bus i and the receiving bus j.
: voltage magnitude at bus i and j.
i,
j:
voltage angle at bus i and bus j.
ABBREVIATION
FIS Fuzzy Inference System.
PLI Power Loss Index.
VSI Voltage Source Index.
DGSI-Distributed Generation Suitability Index.
L, LM, M, HM, H Low, Low Medium, Medium, High Medium, High
I.
INTRODUCTION
Distributed generation is generating plant serving a customer on-site or providing support to a distribution network,
connected to the grid at distribution-level voltages. The technologies generally include engines, small (and micro)
turbines, fuel cells, and photovoltaic systems. It generally excludes wind power, since that is mostly produced on wind
farms rather than for on-site power requirements. Substantial technical advances are also increasing interest in
distributed generation. New DG technologies, such as micro turbines, are being introduced, while older technologies,
such as reciprocating engines, have been improved. Fuel cells, which are being developed primarily for transportation
applications, are a potential technology for the future [1].
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ISBN: 978-15-086565-24
Date: 22.3.2015
Distribution networks without any DG units are passive since the electrical power is supplied by the national grid
system to the customers embedded in the distribution networks. It becomes active when DG units are added to the
distribution system leading to bidirectional power flows in the networks. Active Distribution Network has several
advantages like reduced line losses, voltage profile improvement, reduced emission of pollutants, increased overall
efficiency, improved power quality and relieved Transmission and Distribution congestion. The most important
benefits are reduction of line losses and voltage stability improvement. They are crucially important to determine the
size and location of DG unit to be placed. Studies indicate that poor selection of location and size would lead to higher
losses than the losses without DG [2]. In [3], an analytical approach has been presented to identify appropriate location
to place single DG in radial as well as loop systems to minimize losses. But, in this approach, optimal sizing is not
considered. Both DG units and capacitors reduce power loss and improve voltage regulation. The overall efficiency can
be improved using DG units. Earlier studies show that with capacitors [4]-[5] loss reduction is possible. Recently
attention shifted to DG units which can be used for loss reduction and also in improving voltage profile of the system
[6]-[8]. In this paper, the optimal location and sizing of DG is done by applying Fuzzy logic. The effectiveness of the
proposed algorithm was validated using 14-Bus and 30 Bus Distribution System, before obtaining location and sizing,
the load flow analysis is performed by considering the NR method. It is observed that the proposed method yield more
savings as compared to the base case (without DG). The paper is structured as follows: Section II provides a detailed
discussion on Fuzzy Logic; the problem formulation is presented in Section III; proposed solution method is discussed
in Section IV; Simulation results are discussed in detail in Section V and finally conclusions are drawn in Section VI.
II.
FUZZY LOGIC
Fuzzy logic is a mathematical technique that deals with the problems that have more than one solution or with the
imprecise data. Fuzzy logic makes a machine think like a man, i.e. it uses a predefined expert opinion to make
decisions. Unlike traditional systems, fuzzy logic does not provide the answers in yes or no, 0 or 1 format. It rather
considers the intermediate opinions, takes the values between 0 and 1.It considers all the probabilities of an event
occurring within 0 and 1[9]. For instance: If temperature is considered as the parameter, then it considers warm,
lukewarm, hot, very hot, cold, very cold and freeze etc as the possible elements of its set. In other words, fuzzy logic
deals with vagueness and fuzziness, while the crisp or classical sets which are based on Boolean algebra provide the
information only to the extent whether the particular element belongs to a set or not. In this project, fuzzy logic
approach is applied in the determination of the optimal size and location of DGs, in a power distributed network. Here
fuzzy logic is more preferable because it reduces the enormous number of calculations to be done to certain extent.
Fuzzy logic also has certain advantages like simplifying the design complexity, i.e. one can always define the complex
systems with their own knowledge and can put it in simple English with their own knowledge and common sense. Also
it simplifies the design and development of any system as the changes to the system can be made very easily by
modifying a few parameters.
III.
PROBLEM FORMULATION
The problem of DG unit placement consists of determining the size, location and number of DG units to be installed in
a distribution system such that maximum benefits are achieved while operational constraints at different loading levels
are satisfied.
Minimize:
=
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(x)
( 2 +
2 2 cos ( i
j))
(1)
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=
cos(
sin(
)+
)+
sin (
cos (
)]
(2)
)]
(3)
Subject to Constraints
1. Power loss limits

<
(4)
2. DG Power limits
(5)
3.Equality Constraints
(6)
IV. PROPOSED ALGORITHM
A. Fuzzy logic implementation

There are many uncertainties in various power system problems. Because of this it becomes very difficult to stick to
mathematical formulae alone. To overcome this, fuzzy set theory has been applied to many power system problems.
Using fuzzy expert system a set of heuristic rules is used to determine the Dg unit placement suitability index at each
node in the distribution system. Rules are defined to determine the suitability of a node for DG unit installation. Those
rules are expressed in the following form:
IF premise (antecedent), THEN conclusion (consequent).
For determining the suitability of Dg unit placement at a particular node, a set of multiple antecedent fuzzy rules has
been established. The inputs to the rules are the voltage and power loss indices.
The fuzzy variables, power loss index, voltage and Dg unit suitability are described by the fuzzy terms high, highmedium/normal, low-medium/normal or low. These fuzzy variables are described by membership functions. Dg units
are placed at the nodes with the highest suitability. Voltage and power loss reduction indices of distribution system are
modeled by fuzzy member ship functions.
FIS editor receives inputs from the load flow program. Several rules may fire with some degree of membership. FIS is
based on Mamdani max-min and max-prod implication methods of inference. These methods determine the aggregated
output from the set of triggered rules.
In this paper, two input and one output variables are selected. Input variable-1 is power loss index (PLI) and Input
variable-2 is the per unit nodal voltage (V). Output variable is DG suitability index (DSI). Power Loss Index range
varies from 0 to 1, P.U. nodal voltage range varies from 0.9 to 1.1 and DG suitability index range varies from 0 to 1.
PLI (i) =
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(
(
( )
))
(
))
(7)
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The loss reduction are linearly normalized to [0,1] range with the largest loss reduction having a value of 1 and the
smallest one having a value of 0. Five membership functions are selected for PLI. They are L, LM, M, HM and H. All
the five membership functions are triangular as shown in Figure-1. Five membership functions are selected for Voltage.
They are L, LN, N, HN and H. These membership functions are trapezoidal and triangular as shown in Figure-2. Five
membership functions are selected for DSI. They are L, LM, M, HM and H. These five membership functions are also
triangular as shown in Figure-3. To determine the best DG placement problems certain rules are defined in order to
determine the suitability index of bus. For DG installation the rules are summarized in the fuzzy decision matrix in
Table -1.
TABLE 1: FUZZY DECISION MATRIX
VSI
AND
PLI
LN
HN
LM
LM
LM
LM
LM
HM
LM
HM
HM
HM
LM
HM
LM
LM
Fig 1 Power loss index membership function plot
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Date: 22.3.2015
Fig 2
Voltage membership function plot
Fig.3. DGSI membership function plot

B. Algorithm for optimal DG placement.
Step 1: Read line and load data of Distribution System.
Step 2: Run load flow for the system and compute the voltages at each bus, power losses of the system.
Step 3: Install the Distributed Generator at every bus and compute the total real power loss of the system for each case
and calculate the power loss indices using Eqn (7).
Step 4: The power loss indices and the bus voltages are the inputs to the fuzzy inference system.
Step 5: The output of FIS are defuzzified .Then find the optimal value of Distributed Generator Suitability Index
(DGSI), which gives the best suitable buses for a Distributed Generator placement. DG Size limit (2MW) Pre
defined.
Step 6: The corresponding bus with DGSI having maximum value will be the best location for the placement of DG.
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Step 7: Run the load flow with DG, then compute voltages at all buses, total power losses.
Step 8: Print the results.
Step 9: Stop.
C. Flow chart for optimal placement of Distributed Generator placement using FIS
Start
Perform load flow analysis; calculate voltage at each bus, total power loss of the
distribution system
Compute loss reduction and node voltage at each bus by placement of DG through load
flow analysis
Compute Power loss reduction indices (PLI)
PLI (i) =
(
(
( )
(
))
(
))
Compute DGSI, which is defuzzified output of FIS by providing PLI and node voltage as
inputs to the FIS
Predefine DG Size (0-2MW); node with DGSI maximum value will be the best location
for placement of DG
Perform load flow after placement of DG at optimal location; calculate voltage at each
bus, power loss of the distribution system
NO
Is stopping
criterion met?
YES
Print the Result
Stop
Fig 4 Flow chart for placement of DG
V.
SIMULATION RESULTS
The proposed method is tested on two different test systems with different sizes, to show that it can be implemented in
distribution systems of various configurations and sizes.
A. IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM (Load flow performance)
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The load flow was performed for IEEE 14 Bus System, without installing DG using Newton Raph son method.
MATLAB Version 7.9.0.529 (R2009) was used for coding Fuzzy logic. Fig 5 shows the corresponding power loss at
each bus. Fig 6 shows the variation in voltage profile at each bus. The total power loss was 53.5 MW for 14 Bus
Distribution System. The results are tabulated in Table II of proposed method, with location and various size of
DG,total power losses with and without DG.It is seen that the total power losses are significantly reduced.
Fig. 5. Power loss variation for 14 bus distribution system
Fig. 6.
Voltage profile for 14 bus distribution system

TABLE II
SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR INSTALLING MULTIPLE DGs DERIVED FROM FUZZY LOGIC
Bus System
DG
(IEEE 14 Bus)
location
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Bus
Optimal DG Size
System
System
Percentage
(KW)
loss with
loss
reduction in
DG
without
loss
(MW)
DG (MW)
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Base Case
--
--
--
53.5
--
One DG
1022
23.48
----
56.11%
Two DG
23.47
----
56.13%
Three DG
23.62
----
55.85%
1852
1026
1258 1494 1137
A.1 Case 1 Installing One DG

Table II shows the DG Optimal Size, Location and its corresponding system power loss derived from fuzzy logic.
Fig .7 shows the corresponding total power losses for installing an optimal DG size at each bus of the system. By
locating the single DG at bus 4 with power output of 1022KW, the total real power loss is reduced from 53.5 MW with
no DG (Base Case) to 23.48 MW, which signifies a 56.11% reduction in the system losses compared to the original
losses. Fig. 8 shows the voltage profile after installing the DG at bus 4.
Fig.7. Power loss variation with bus (single, two and three DG Placement)
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Fig.8. Voltage profile variation with bus (single,two and three DG Placement)
A.2 Case 2 Installing two DG
The optimal sizing and placement for integrating two DG units was investigated for all DG combinations in the system.
The best solution for Optimal DG allocation and the Optimal Size are listed in Table II. Installing two DG units at bus 4
with power output of 1852KW and at bus 4 with power output of 1026 KW caused a reduction in total power loss from
53.5 MW to 23.47 MW, which signifies a 56.13 % reduction in the system losses compared to the pre installation case.
This percentage reduction in losses is more or less the same when installing only a single DG; Fig. 7 shows the
corresponding total power losses for installing the optimal DG size at each bus of the system. Fig 8 shows the voltage
profile after installing the DG at bus 4 and bus 4.FIS has chosen node 4 to be the best location to place the DG twice.
A.3 Case 3 Installing three DG
The optimal DG sizing and placement for integrating three DG units was investigated for all DG combinations in the
system. The best solution for Optimal DG allocation and the Optimal Size are listed in Table II.The optimal solution
that minimizes the objective function was found at buses 1,1and 4, with power output of 1258 KW, 1494KW and 1137
KW respectively. At the optimal solution, the total power losses are reduced from 53.5 MW to 23.62 MW, which
indicates a reduction of about 55.85 % from the pre installation case. This percentage reduction has dropped compared
to installation of single and two DGs placement. Fig. 7 shows the corresponding total power losses for installing the
optimal DG size at each bus of the system. Fig. 8 shows the voltage profile after installing the DG at bus 1, 1 and 4
A.4
SUMMARY
Table II gives the summary of percentage in loss reduction by incorporating multiple DGs at optimal location and size
derived by Fuzzy logic. It is evident from Table II that there is a reduction of about 56% on an average by integrating
multiple DG at optimal location and Size. The results can be interpreted with the following conclusions.
Installing Single DG and Two DG have contributed more or less with the same percentage reduction in power
loss which is about 56%.
Installation of Three DGs has increased the system power loss and percentage reduction in power loss has
been dropped to 55%.
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It can be concluded that incorporating single DG is sufficient and has significantly contributed in reduction of
power loss when compared with the base case results( without DG).
There is a significant improvement in voltage profile after incorporating DGs at optimal locations (Ref Fig 6
& 8).
IEEE 30 BUS SYSTEM
The optimization problem is investigated for single and multiple DG installation, as follows:
B.1 IEEE 30 BUS SYSTEM (Load flow performance)

The load flow was performed for IEEE 30 Bus System, without installing DG using Newton Raphson method.
MATLAB Version 7.9.0.529 (R2009) was used for coding Fuzzy logic. Fig 9 shows the corresponding power loss at
each bus. Fig 10 shows the variation in voltage profile at each bus. The total power loss was 64.8 MW for 30 Bus
Distribution System. The results are tabulated in Table III of proposed method, with location and various size of
DG,total power losses with and without DG.It is seen that the total power losses are significantly reduced.
FIG.9.
Power loss variation for 30 bus distribution system
FIG.10. Voltage profile for 30 bus distribution system
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TABLE III
SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR INSTALLING MULTIPLE DGs DERIVED FROM FUZZY LOGIC
Bus System
DG
Bus
(IEEE 30 Bus)
location
Optimal DG Size
System
System
Percentage
(KW)
loss with
loss
reduction in
DG
without
loss
(MW)
DG (MW)
Base Case
--
--
--
64.8
--
One DG
1512
38.53
----
40.54%
Two DG
38.25
----
40.97%
Three DG
45.92
----
29.13%
1689
1229
1081 1748 1138
B.2 Case 1 Installing one DG

Table III shows the DG Optimal Size, Location and its corresponding system power loss using GA
Fig. 11 shows the corresponding total power losses for installing an optimal DG size at each bus of the system. By
locating the single DG at bus 6 with power output of 1512KW, the reduction in total power loss from 64.8 MW with no
DG (Base Case) to 38.53 MW, which signifies a 40.54% reduction in the system losses compared to the original losses.
Fig. 12 shows the voltage profile after installing the DG at bus 6.
FIG.11. Power loss variation with bus (single, two and three DG Placement)
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FIG.12. Voltage profile variation with bus (single, two and three DG Placement)
B.3
Case 2 Installing two DG
The optimal sizing and placement for integrating two DG units was investigated for all DG combinations in the system.
The best solution for Optimal DG allocation and the Optimal Size are listed in Table III. Installing two DG units at bus
2 with power output of 1689 KW and at bus 6 with power output of 1229 KW caused a reduction in total power loss
from 64.8 MW to 38.25MW, which signifies a 40.97 % reduction in the system losses compared to the pre installation
case. This percentage reduction in losses is more or less the same when installing only a single DG. Fig. 11 shows the
corresponding total power losses for installing the optimal DG size at each bus of the system. Fig. 12 shows the voltage
profile after installing the DG at bus 2 and bus 6.
B.4 Case 3 Installing three DG

The Optimal DG sizing and placement for integrating three DG units was investigated for all DG combinations in the
system. The best solution for Optimal DG location and the Optimal Size are listed in Table III.The optimal solution that
minimizes the objective function was found at buses 4,4and 2, with power output of 1081 KW , 1748 KW and 1138
KW respectively. At the optimal solution, the total power losses are reduced from 64.8 MW to 45.92 MW, which
indicates a reduction of about 29.13 % from the pre installation case. This percentage reduction has dropped compared
to installation of single and two DGs placement.. Fig. 11 shows the corresponding total power losses for installing the
optimal DG size at each bus of the system. Fig. 12 shows the voltage profile after installing the DG at bus 4, 4 and 2.
B.5 SUMMARY
Table III gives the summary of percentage in loss reduction by incorporating multiple DGs at optimal location and size
derived by Fuzzy logic. It is evident from Table III that there is a reduction of about 36.8% on an average by
integrating multiple DG at optimal location and Size. The results can be interpreted with the following conclusions.
Installing Single DG and Two DG have contributed more or less with the same percentage reduction in power
loss which is about 40%.
Installation of Three DGs has increased the system power loss and percentage reduction in power loss has
been dropped to 29%.
It can be concluded that incorporating single DG is sufficient and has significantly contributed in reduction of
power loss when compared with the base case results( without DG).
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There is a significant improvement in voltage profile after incorporating DGs at optimal locations (Ref Fig 10
& 12).
VI.
CONCLUSION
In this paper, an innovative approach for management of DG power is represented. The proposed method deals with
optimal selection of nodes for the placement and size of the DG by using Fuzzy Logic. The load flow problem has been
solved by Newton Raphson Method. The rating and location has been optimised using Fuzzy Inference System (FIS),
coding is developed to carry out the allocation problem, which is identification of location and rating. The effectiveness
of the approach is demonstrated on the IEEE 14 Bus System and IEEE 30 Bus System.
The results were compared to a case without DG. It was shown that choosing proper DG size and Location has a
significant impact on minimizing power losses and improving voltage profiles. The results also showed that simply
increasing DGs in the distribution system cannot contribute for reduction in System Power Loss. The optimal location
of DG is needed to increase the distributed generation potential benefits in the power system.
REFERENCES
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4.
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6.
7.
8.
9.
IAETSD 2015
Peter Fraser, Text book on Distributed Generation in Liberalised Electricity Markets, International Energy
Agency, 2002.
S.Kumar Injeti, Dr.Navuri P Kumar, Optimal Planning of Distributed Generation for Improved Voltage
Stability and Loss Reduction, International Journal of Computer Application, Volume 15 No.1, February
2011.
C.Wang, M.H.Nehrir, Analytical approach for optimal placement of distributed generation sources in power
systems, IEEE Trans.PWRS, 19(4), pp. 2068 2076, 2004.
S.M.Kannan, P.Renuga, A.Rathina Grace Monica, Optimal capacitor placement and sizing using combined
fuzzy-HPSO method, International journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, Vol.2, No.6, 2010,
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M.Damodar Reddy, Prof.V.C.Veera Reddy, Optimal capacitor placement using fuzzy and real coded Genetic
Algorithm for maximum savings, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology.
N. Acharya, P. Mahat and N. Mithulananthan, An analytical approach for DG allocation in primary
distribution network, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 669678, 2006.
Mrs.A.Lakshmi Devi and Prof B.Subramanyam, Optimal DG Unit Placement for Loss Reduction in Radial
Distribution System, A case study,ARPN (Asian Research Publishing Network)Journal,vol 2,No.6,pp. 5761,December 2007.
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Losses in Electric Power Transmission Systems Engineering Essay, ukessays.com.
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ISBN: 978-15-086565-24

Optimal location and sizing of distributed generation for loss minimization in

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (HITS)

voltage angle at bus i and bus j.

A. Fuzzy logic implementation

Fig 1 Power loss index membership function plot

Voltage membership function plot

Fig.3. DGSI membership function plot

Fig. 5. Power loss variation for 14 bus distribution system

Voltage profile for 14 bus distribution system

1258 1494 1137

A.1 Case 1 Installing One DG

A.2 Case 2 Installing two DG

A.3 Case 3 Installing three DG

IEEE 30 BUS SYSTEM

B.1 IEEE 30 BUS SYSTEM (Load flow performance)

Power loss variation for 30 bus distribution system

FIG.10. Voltage profile for 30 bus distribution system

1081 1748 1138

B.2 Case 1 Installing one DG

Case 2 Installing two DG

B.4 Case 3 Installing three DG

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