Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
I. INTRODUCTION
Single phase bridge rectifiers utilize thyristor or silicon
controlled rectifier (S.C.R.) [1]-[4] as switching devices. To
turn on a thyristor, various control schemes are used to
generate gate pulses or firing pulses which are supplied
between gate and cathode of the thyristor [2]. The number of
degrees from the beginning of the cycle when the thyristor is
gated or switched on is referred to as the firing angle, and
when the thyristor is turned off is known as extinction angle,
[5], [6]. The thyristors of bridge rectifier are switched on and
off in proper sequence by using control electronics and gate
driver circuits to get a controlled dc output voltage. For this a
sinusoidal ac voltage is supplied to control circuit and the
same supply is given to bridge rectifier circuit through
isolation and synchronization block as shown in Fig. 1. This
paper implements control electronics circuit by using the
cosine control firing scheme and the controlled dc output
voltage thus obtained from the bridge rectifier is effectively
utilized for resistive and motor loads.
AC supply
Control
Electronics
Gate Driver
Power
converter
Load
Isolation &
Synchronization
(2)
The block diagram of implemented cosine control firing
scheme is shown in Fig. 2 and the utility of each module is
explain below [8], [9].
Fig. 2 Block diagram of cosine control scheme.
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE ISSN: 2320-9569)
41
V0
[V m (cos cos ) E ( )]
(5)
E is back e.m.f. of the motor.
F. AND
AND operation is performed between monostable outputs
and carrier wave thus pulses required for triggering the
thyristors called firing pulses or gate pulses are obtained.
G. Pulse amplification and isolation circuitry
The gate pulses obtained from AND operation may not be
able to turn on the thyristor [10]. It is therefore common to
feed these gate pulses to a pulse amplification and isolation
circuitry to meet the two objectives of strengthening these
pulses and providing proper isolation.
III. BRIDGE RECTIFIER
The typical single phase bridge rectifier circuit consists of
four thyristors T1, T2, T3 and T4 as shown in Fig. 3. The
generated gate pulses are supplied between gate, G and
cathode, K to trigger T1 & T3 during positive half cycle and T2
& T4 during negative half cycle of ac supply voltage [4]. The
typical controlled dc output voltage waveforms for resistive
and motor loads are shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. The
expression of average output voltage, V0 as a function of
firing angle, and extinction angle, with resistive load and
motor load are given in (4) and (5) respectively.
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE ISSN: 2320-9569)
42
10
e
d
u
tli
p
m
A
m
A
0
0
)
4
V
(
e
d 2
tui
l
p
m 0
A
-5
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Time
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
Cosine Wave
10
e
d
tu
li
p
m
A
itl
p
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.03
voltage Sinesector
-10
0
)
4
(V
e
d
ut 2
il
p
m 0
A
0.04
0.05
Monostable Output
0.03
0.04
0.05
Complemented Monostable Output
0.03
0.04
Time (s)
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.06
0.07
0.08
0
-5
-10
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Time
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
d) Carrier Wave
The simulation results and experimental outputs of the astable
multivibrator are shown in Fig. 9 (a) and Fig. 9 (b)
respectively. The output has high frequency pulses of 10 kHz
that are used as carrier wave for firing pulses.
Carrier Wave
5
4.5
4
3.5
)
3
V
(
e 2.5
d
u
t
li
p
2
m
A
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time (s)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
x 10
-3
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE ISSN: 2320-9569)
43
generator.
e) AND Gate
The outputs of the monostable multivibrator are
superimposed on the carrier wave using AND operation. The
corresponding simulation and experimental results are shown
in Fig. 10 (a) and Fig 10 (b) respectively. The lower and upper
halves indicate two outputs each of 10 kHz frequency and 10
ms duration and are complement to each other.
Gate Pulses for T1 & T3
)
V
( 200
e
ga
tl 150
o
V
100
) 4
V
(
e
d
tu
li 2
p
m
A
0
0
a=76.5
50
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
Time (s)
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Time (s)
0.05
350
300
250
)
V
( 200
eg
a
lto 150
V
100
a=90
50
0
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
Time (s)
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.02
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE ISSN: 2320-9569)
44
350
300
250
)
(V
eg 200
tal
o
V 150
a=76.5
B=170.1
100
200
)
(V
e 150
tga
lo
V 100
50
0
a=120
50
0
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
Time (s)
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.02
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
Time (s)
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.02
76.50
90
Extinction
angle,
170.10
174.6
1200
1890
Back
e.m.f.
(E)
200 V
V0EXP
V0SIM
Error
222 V
231.60 V
3.89%
200 V
201 V
219.60 V
8.46%
115 V
121 V
129.30 V
6.41%
II.
It is seen from the above discussions that the practical value
is slightly less than the theoretical value which is due to the
internal inductance of motor.
350
300
250
)
(V 200
ge
tal
o 150
V
B=174.6
a=90
International Journal
of
Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE ISSN: 2320-9569)
100
50
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
Time (s)
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.02
45
)
V
( 150
e
g
tal 100
o
V
a=120 B=189
50
0
-50
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
Time (s)
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.02
APPENDIX
List of components and tools used
1. For control circuit:
a) Transformers: 230v/9v, 230 v/ 12-0-12 v,
230v/6v and 230v/12v.
b) op amp IC 741
c) monostable IC 74123
d) timer IC 555
e) AND IC 7408
f) Diodes IN4007
g) Zener diode 5.1V
76.50
170.10
200 V
222 V
V0SIM
Error
231.60 V
3.89%
201 V
219.60 V
8.46%
120
189
115 V
121 V
V0SIM = Simulation Value of Average Voltage
129.30 V
6.41%
90
0
0
174.6
200 V
V. CONCLUSION
Gate pulses obtained by cosine control scheme have been
effectively utilized to control the dc output single phase fully
controlled bridge rectifier on both resistive load and motor
load. The present control scheme provides linear control
transfer characteristics between input and output i.e., firing
angle is directly proportional to the dc control voltage. The
experimental results are in coordination with the simulation
results. Thus, presented control scheme can be successfully
utilized to get the controlled dc voltage for industrial
applications.
In order to produce steady and smooth DC, a filter may be
introduced at the output [7]. Pulse amplification and isolation
circuitry may be replaced by driver ICs.
Monostable are may be replaced by zero-crossing detector
and AND gates to avoid the false triggering due to output
bouncings [11].
h)
i)
j)
k)
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE ISSN: 2320-9569)
46
REFERENCES
[1] P. S. Bimbhra, Power Electronics, Khanna Publishers, 3rd
edition pp. 62-72 and 176-179, 2006.
[2] P. C. Sen, Power Electronics, Tata McGraw Hill Publishers,
4th edition pp. 21-49 and 83-91, 1987.
[3] Muhammad H. Rashid, Power Electronics, Prentice Hall of
India Publication, 4th edition, 2009.
[4] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland and W. P. Robbins, Power
Electronics: Converters. Applications, and Design, New
York: Wiley, 3rd edition pp. 122-128, 2006.
[5] Tirtharaj Sen, Pijush Kanti Bhattacharjee and Manjima
Bhattacharya, Design And Implementation Of Firing Circuit
For Single- Phase Converter, International Journal of
Computer and Electrical Engineering, vol. 3, pp. 368-374, June
2011.
[6] Philip T. Krein, Elements of Power Electronics, 4th edition
Oxford University Press, 2003.
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE ISSN: 2320-9569)