Capablanka Chess Player

22/04/2015
JosRalCapablancaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
JosRalCapablanca
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
JosRalCapablancayGraupera(19November1888
8March1942)wasaCubanchessplayerwhowas
worldchesschampionfrom1921to1927.Considered
oneofthegreatestplayersofalltime,hewasrenowned
forhisexceptionalendgameskillandspeedofplay.He
wasexceptionallydifficulttobeat,losingonly35first
classgamesinhisentirecareer.
JosRalCapablanca
CapablancabecametheWorldChessChampionin1921
bybeatingEmanuelLasker.Helostthetitlein1927to
AlexanderAlekhine.
Contents
Fullname
JosRalCapablancayGraupera
Country
Cuba
Born
19November1888
Havana,CaptaincyGeneralofCuba,
SpanishEmpire
Died
8March1942(aged53)
NewYorkCity,NewYork,United
States
World
Champion
192127
1Biographyandcareer
1.1Childhood
1.2Earlyadultcareer
1.3Worldtitlecontender
1.4DuringWorldWarI
1.5WorldChampion
1.6Losingthetitle
1.7Postchampionshipandpartial
retirement
1.8Returntocompetitivechess
1.9Death
2Assessment
2.1Playingstrengthandstyle
2.2Influenceonthegame
2.3Personality
3Capablancachess
4Notablechessgames
5Writings
6Tournamentresults
7Matchresults
8Seealso
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca
1/25
22/04/2015
9Notes
10Furtherreading
11Externallinks
Biographyandcareer
Childhood
JosRalCapablanca,thesecondsurvivingsonofaSpanisharmyofficer,[1]wasborninHavanaon
November19,1888.[2]AccordingtoCapablanca,helearnedtherulesofthegameattheageoffourby
watchinghisfatherplay,pointedoutanillegalmovebyhisfather,andthenbeathisfathertwice.Attheage
ofeighthewastakentoHavanaChessClub,whichhadhostedmanyimportantcontests,butontheadvice
ofadoctorhewasnotallowedtoplayfrequently.BetweenNovemberandDecember1901,henarrowly
beattheCubanChessChampion,JuanCorzo,inamatch.[2][3][4]However,inApril1902heonlycamein
fourthoutofsixintheNationalChampionship,losingbothhisgamesagainstCorzo.[4]In1905Capablanca
passedtheentranceexaminationswitheaseforColumbiaUniversityinNewYorkCity,wherehewishedto
playforColumbia'sstrongbaseballteam,andsoonwasselectedasshortstoponthefreshmanteam.[3]Inthe
sameyearhejoinedtheManhattanChessClub,andwassoonrecognizedastheclub'sstrongestplayer.[2]
Hewasparticularlydominantinrapidchess,winningatournamentaheadofthereigningWorldChess
Champion,EmanuelLasker,in1906.[2]In1908helefttheuniversitytoconcentrateonchess.[2][3]
AccordingtoColumbiaUniversity,CapablancaenrolledatColumbia'sSchoolofMines,Engineeringand
ChemistryinSeptember,1910,tostudychemicalengineering.[5]Later,hisfinancialsupportwaswithdrawn
becausehepreferredplayingchesstostudyingengineering.HeleftColumbiaafteronesemestertodevote
himselftochessfulltime.
Earlyadultcareer
Capablanca'sskillinrapidchesslentitselftosimultaneousexhibitions,andhisincreasingreputationin
theseeventsledtoaUSAwidetourin1909.[6]Playing602gamesin27cities,hescored96.4%amuch
higherpercentagethanthoseof,forexample,GzaMarczy's88%andFrankMarshall's86%in1906.This
performancegainedhimsponsorshipforanexhibitionmatchthatyearagainstMarshall,theUS
champion,[7]whohadwonthe1904CambridgeSpringstournamentaheadofWorldChampionEmanuel
LaskerandDawidJanowski,andwhomChessmetricsranksasoneoftheworld'stopthreeplayersathis
peak.[8]CapablancabeatMarshallby158(8wins,1loss,14draws)amargincomparabletowhat
EmanuelLaskerachievedagainstMarshall(8wins,nolosses,7draws)inwinninghis1907World
Championshipmatch.Afterthematch,Capablancasaidthathehadneveropenedabookonchess
openings.[2][9]Followingthismatch,ChessmetricsratesCapablancatheworld'sthirdstrongestplayerfor
mostoftheperiodfrom1909through1912.[10]
Capablancawonsixgamesanddrewoneinthe1910NewYorkStateChampionship.BothCapablancaand
CharlesJaffewontheirfourgamesintheknockoutpreliminariesandmetinamatchtodecidethewinner,
whowouldbethefirsttowintwogames.ThefirstgamewasdrawnandCapablancawonthesecondand
2/25
22/04/2015
thirdgame.ItisincorrectlysaidinGolombek'sbookonCapablancathatCapablancawonallseven
games.[11]Afteranothergruellingseriesofsimultaneousexhibitions,[6]Capablancaplacedsecond,with9
outof12,inthe1911NationalTournamentatNewYork,halfapointbehindMarshall,andhalfapoint
aheadofCharlesJaffeandOscarChajes.[11][12]Marshall,invitedtoplayinatournamentatSanSebastin,
Spain,in1911,insistedthatCapablancaalsobeallowedtoplay.[13]
AccordingtoDavidHooperandKenWhyld,SanSebastin1911was"oneofthestrongestfive
tournamentshelduptothattime",asalltheworld'sleadingplayerscompetedexcepttheWorldChampion,
Lasker.[14][15]Atthebeginningofthetournament,OssipBernsteinandAronNimzowitschobjectedto
Capablanca'sparticipationbecausehehadnotfulfilledtheentryconditionofwinningatleastthirdprizein
twomastertournaments.[2]CapablancawonbrilliantlyagainstBernsteinintheveryfirstround,more
simplyagainstNimzowitsch,[6]andastoundedthechessworldbytakingfirstplace,withascoreofsix
wins,onelossandsevendraws,aheadofAkibaRubinstein,MilanVidmar,Marshall,CarlSchlechterand
SiegbertTarrasch,etal.[2]Hisloss,againstRubinstein,wasoneofthemostbrilliantachievementsofthe
latter'scareer.[16]SomeEuropeancriticsgrumbledthatCapablanca'sstylewasrathercautious,thoughhe
concededfewerdrawsthananyofthenextsixfinishersintheevent.Capablancawasnowrecognizedasa
seriouscontenderfortheworldchampionship.[6]
Worldtitlecontender
In1911,CapablancachallengedEmanuelLaskerfortheWorldChessChampionship.Laskeracceptedhis
challengewhileproposing17conditionsforthematch.Capablancaobjectedtosomeoftheconditions,
whichfavoredLasker,andthematchdidnottakeplace.[17][18]
In1913,CapablancawonatournamentinNewYorkwith11/13,halfapointaheadofMarshall.[11][19]
CapablancathenfinishedsecondtoMarshallinCapablanca'shometown,Havana,scoring10outof14,and
losingoneoftheirindividualgames.[11][20]The600spectatorsnaturallyfavoredtheirnativehero,but
sportinglygaveMarshall"thunderousapplause".[20][21]InafurthertournamentinNewYorkin1913,atthe
RiceChessClub,Capablancawonallthirteengames.[6][11]
InSeptember1913,CapablancaacceptedajobintheCubanForeignOffice,[2]whichmadehimfinancially
secureforlife.[15]HooperandWhyldwritethat,"Hehadnospecificduties,butwasexpectedtoactasa
kindofambassadoratlarge,awellknownfigurewhowouldputCubaonthemapwhereverhe
travelled."[22]HisfirstinstructionsweretogotoSaintPetersburg,wherehewasduetoplayinamajor
tournament.[6]Onhisway,hegavesimultaneousexhibitionsinLondon,ParisandBerlin,wherehealso
playedtwogamematchesagainstRichardTeichmannandJacquesMieses,winningallhisgames.[2][6]In
SaintPetersburg,heplayedsimilarmatchesagainstAlexanderAlekhine,EugeneZnoskoBorovskyand
FyodorDuzChotimirsky,losingonegametoZnoskoBorovskyandwinningtherest.[2]
TheSt.Petersburg1914chesstournamentwasthefirstinwhichCapablancaplayedLaskerundernormal
tournamentconditions.[6]Thiseventwasarrangedinanunusualway:afterapreliminarysingleroundrobin
tournamentinvolving11players,thetopfiveweretoplayasecondstageindoubleroundrobinformat,
withtotalscoresfromthepreliminarytournamentcarriedforwardtothesecondcontest.[6]Capablanca
placedfirstinthepreliminarytournament,1pointsaheadofLasker,whowasoutofpracticeandhad
3/25
22/04/2015
madeashakystart.DespiteadeterminedeffortbyLasker,Capablancastillseemedoncourseforultimate
victory.However,intheirsecondgameofthefinal,LaskerreducedCapablancatoahelplesspositionand
CapablancawassoshakenbythisthatheblunderedawayhisnextgametoSiegbertTarrasch.[6]Lasker
thenwonhisfinalgame,againstMarshall,thusfinishinghalfapointaheadofCapablancaand3aheadof
Alekhine.[2][23]Alekhinecommented:
Hisreal,incomparablegiftsfirstbegantomakethemselvesknownatthetimeofSt.
Petersburg,1914,whenItoocametoknowhimpersonally.Neitherbeforenorafterwardshave
IseenandIcannotimagineaswellsuchaflabbergastingquicknessofchess
comprehensionasthatpossessedbytheCapablancaofthatepoch.Enoughtosaythathegave
alltheSt.Petersburgmasterstheoddsof51inquickgamesandwon!Withallthishewas
alwaysgoodhumoured,thedarlingoftheladies,andenjoyedwonderfulgoodhealthreallya
dazzlingappearance.ThathecamesecondtoLaskermustbeentirelyascribedtohisyouthful
levityhewasalreadyplayingaswellasLasker.[24]
Afterthebreakdownofhisattempttonegotiateatitlematchin1911,Capablancadraftedrulesforthe
conductoffuturechallenges,whichwereagreedbytheothertopplayersatthe1914SaintPetersburg
tournament,includingLasker,andapprovedattheMannheimCongresslaterthatyear.Themainpoints
were:thechampionmustbepreparedtodefendhistitleonceayearthematchshouldbewonbythefirst
playertowinsixoreightgames,whicheverthechampionpreferredandthestakeshouldbeatleast1,000
(worthabout26,000or$44,000in2013terms[25]).[18]
DuringWorldWarI
WorldWarIbeganinmidsummer1914,bringinginternationalchesstoavirtualhaltformorethanfour
years.[6]CapablancawontournamentsinNewYorkin1914,1915,1916(withpreliminaryandfinalround
robinstages)and1918,losingonlyonegameinthissequence.[26]Inthe1918eventMarshall,playing
BlackagainstCapablanca,unleashedacomplicatedcounterattack,laterknownastheMarshallAttack,
againsttheRuyLopezopening.ItisoftensaidthatMarshallhadkeptthissecretforuseagainstCapablanca
sincehisdefeatintheir1909match[27]however,EdwardWinterdiscoveredseveralgamesbetween1910
and1918whereMarshallpassedupopportunitiestousetheMarshallAttackagainstCapablancaandan
1893gamethatusedasimilarline.[28]ThisgambitissocomplexthatGarryKasparovusedtoavoidit,[29]
andMarshallhadtheadvantageofusingapreparedvariation.Nevertheless,Capablancafoundaway
throughthecomplicationsandwon.[15]Capablancawaschallengedtoamatchin1919byBorislavKosti,
whohadcomethroughthe1918tournamentundefeatedtotakesecondplace.Thematchwastogotothe
firstplayertowineightgames,butKostiresignedthematchafterlosingthefirstfivegames.[2][30]
Capablancaconsideredthathewasathisstrongestaroundthistime.[6][31]
WorldChampion
TheHastingsVictorytournamentof1919wasthefirstinternationalcompetitiononAlliedsoilsince1914.
Thefieldwasnotstrong,[6]andCapablancawonwith10pointsoutof11,onepointaheadofKosti.[26]
4/25
22/04/2015
InJanuary1920,EmanuelLaskerandCapablancasignedanagreementtoplayaWorldChampionship
matchin1921,notingthatCapablancawasnotfreetoplayin1920.Becauseofthedelay,Laskerinsisted
thatifheresignedthetitle,thenCapablancashouldbecomeWorldChampion.Laskerhadpreviously
includedinhisagreementbeforeWorldWarItoplayAkibaRubinsteinforthetitleasimilarclausethatif
heresignedthetitle,itshouldbecomeRubinstein's.[32]LaskerthenresignedthetitletoCapablancaonJune
27,1920,saying,"Youhaveearnedthetitlenotbytheformalityofachallenge,butbyyourbrilliant
mastery."WhenCubanenthusiastsraised$20,000tofundthematchprovideditwasplayedinHavana,
LaskeragreedinAugust1920toplaythere,butinsistedthathewasthechallengerasCapablancawasnow
thechampion.Capablancasignedanagreementthatacceptedthispoint,andsoonafterwardspublisheda
letterconfirmingit.[32]
ThematchwasplayedinMarchApril1921Laskerresigneditafterfourteengames,havinglostfour
gamesandwonnone.[32]ReubenFineandHarryGolombekattributedtheonesidedresulttoLasker'sbeing
inmysteriouslypoorform.[26][33]FredReinfeldmentionedspeculationsthatHavana'shumidclimate
weakenedLaskerandthathewasdepressedabouttheoutcomeofWorldWarI,especiallyashehadlosthis
lifesavings.[6]Ontheotherhand,VladimirKramnikthoughtthatLaskerplayedquitewellandthematch
wasan"evenandfascinatingfight"untilLaskerblunderedinthelastgame.Kramnikexplainedthat
Capablancawastwentyyearsyounger,aslightlystrongerplayer,andhadmorerecentcompetitive
practice.[34]
EdwardWinter,afteralengthysummaryofthefacts,concludesthat,"ThepresswasdismissiveofLasker's
wishtoconferthetitleonCapablanca,evenquestioningthelegalityofsuchaninitiative,andin1921it
regardedtheCubanashavingbecomeworldchampionbydintofdefeatingLaskerovertheboard."[32]
ReferenceworksinvariablygiveCapablanca'sreignastitleholderasbeginningin1921,not1920.[35][36][37]
ThetwochallengersbesideCapablancatowinthetitlewithoutlosingagameareKramnik,intheClassical
WorldChessChampionship2000againstGarryKasparov,[38]andMagnusCarlsenintheWorldChess
Championship2013againstViswanathanAnand.
CapablancawontheLondontournamentof1922with13pointsfrom15gameswith
nolosses,aheadofAlexanderAlekhineon11,MilanVidmar(11),andAkiba
Rubinstein(10).[39]Duringthisevent,Capablancaproposedthe"LondonRules"to
regulatefutureWorldChampionshipnegotiations:thefirstplayertowinsixgames
wouldwinthematchplayingsessionswouldbelimitedto5hoursthetimelimit
wouldbe40movesin2hoursthechampionmustdefendhistitlewithinoneyearof
receivingachallengefromarecognizedmasterthechampionwoulddecidethedateof
thematchthechampionwasnotobligedtoacceptachallengeforapurseoflessthan
US$10,000(worthabout$260,000in2006terms[40])20%ofthepursewastobepaid
tothetitleholderandtheremainderdivided,60%goingtothewinnerofthematch,
and40%totheloserthehighestpursebidmustbeaccepted.[41]Alekhine,Efim
Bogoljubow,GzaMarczy,RichardRti,Rubinstein,TartakowerandVidmar
promptlysignedthem.[42]Between1921and1923Alekhine,Rubinsteinand
NimzowitschallchallengedCapablanca,butonlyAlekhinecouldraisethemoney,in
1927.[43]
Thescoresheet
ofCapablanca's
defeatby
RichardRtiin
theNewYork
1924chess
tournament,his
firstlossineight
years
5/25
22/04/2015
In1922,CapablancaalsogaveasimultaneousexhibitioninClevelandagainst103opponents,thelargestin
historyuptothattime,winning102anddrawingonesettingarecordforthebestwinningpercentageever
inalargesimultaneousexhibition.[44]
Afterbeginningwithfourdraws,followedbyaloss,[6]CapablancaplacedsecondattheNewYork1924
chesstournamentwiththescoreof14/20(+101=9),1pointsbehindEmanuelLasker,and2aheadof
thirdplacedAlekhine.[39]Capablanca'sdefeatatthehandsofRichardRtiinthefifthroundwashisfirstin
seriouscompetitionineightyears.[11][45]HemadeanotherbadstartattheMoscow1925chess
tournament,[6]andcouldonlyfightbacktothirdplace,twopointsbehindBogoljubowandpointbehind
EmanuelLasker.CapablancawonatLakeHopatcong,1926with6pointsoutof8,aheadofAbraham
Kupchik(5)andMaroczy(4).[46]
AgroupofArgentinianbusinessmen,backedbyaguaranteefromthepresidentofArgentina,promisedthe
fundsforaWorldChampionshipmatchbetweenCapablancaandAlekhinein1927.[47]SinceNimzowitsch
hadchallengedbeforeAlekhine,CapablancagaveNimzowitschuntilJanuary1,1927todepositaforfeitin
ordertoarrangeamatch.[48]Whenthisdidnotmaterialize,aCapablancaAlekhinematchwasagreed,to
begininSeptember1927.[49]
IntheNewYork1927chesstournament,playedfromFebruary19toMarch23,1927,[50][51]sixofthe
world'sstrongestmastersplayedaquadrupleroundrobin,withtheothersbeingAlekhine,Rudolf
Spielmann,MilanVidmar,NimzowitschandMarshall,[46]withBogoljubowandEmanuelLaskernot
present.[15]Beforethetournament,Capablancawrotethathehad"moreexperiencebutlesspower"thanin
1911,thathehadpeakedin1919andthatsomeofhiscompetitorshadbecomestrongerinthemeantime[6]
however,hefinishedundefeated,winningtheminimatcheswitheachofhisrivals,2pointsaheadof
secondplaceAlekhine,andwonthe"bestgame"prizeforawinoverSpielmann.[46]
InDecember1921,shortlyafterbecomingWorldChampion,CapablancamarriedGloriaSimoni
Betancourt.Theyhadason,JosRalJr.,in1923andadaughter,Gloria,in1925.[52]Accordingto
Capablanca'ssecondwife,Olga,hisfirstmarriagebrokedownfairlysoon,andheandGloriahadaffairs.[53]
Bothhisparentsdiedduringhisreign,hisfatherin1923andmotherin1926.[52]
Losingthetitle
SinceCapablancahadwontheNewYork1927chesstournament
overwhelminglyandhadneverlostagametoAlekhine,theCuban
wasregardedbymostpunditsastheclearfavoriteintheirWorld
ChessChampionship1927match.[6]However,Alekhinewonthe
match,playedfromSeptembertoNovember1927atBuenosAires,
by6wins,3losses,and25draws[48]thelongestformalWorld
Championshipmatchuntilthecontestin198485betweenAnatoly
Alekhinevs.Capablanca
KarpovandGarryKasparov.[54]Alekhine'svictorysurprisedalmost
theentirechessworld.[48]AfterCapablanca'sdeath,Alekhine
expressedsurpriseathisownvictory,sincein1927hehadnotthoughthewassuperiortoCapablanca,and
hesuggestedthatCapablancahadbeenoverconfident.[24]Capablancaenteredthematchwithnotechnical
6/25
22/04/2015
orphysicalpreparation,[2][6]whileAlekhinegothimselfintogoodphysicalcondition,[55]andhad
thoroughlystudiedCapablanca'splay.[56]AccordingtoKasparov,Alekhine'sresearchuncoveredmany
smallinaccuracies,whichoccurredbecauseCapablancawasunwillingtoconcentrateintensely.[57]
VladimirKramnikcommentedthatthiswasthefirstcontestinwhichCapablancahadnoeasywins.[34]
LudkPachmansuggestedthatCapablanca,whowasunaccustomedtolosinggamesortoanyothertypeof
setback,becamedepressedoverhisunnecessarylossoftheeleventhgame,along,gruellingendgame,
featuringerrorsbybothplayers.[58][59]
Immediatelyafterwinningthematch,AlekhineannouncedthathewaswillingtogiveCapablancaareturn
match,onthesametermsthatCapablancahadrequiredaschampionthechallengermustprovideastake
ofUS$10,000,ofwhichmorethanhalfwouldgotothedefendingchampionevenifhewasdefeated.[60]
AlekhinehadchallengedCapablancaintheearly1920sbutAlekhinecouldnotraisethemoneyuntil
1927.[43]AfterCapablanca'sdeath,AlekhinewrotethatCapablanca'sdemandfora$10,000stakewasan
attempttoavoidchallenges.[24]Negotiationsdraggedonforseveralyears,oftenbreakingdownwhen
agreementseemedinsight.Theirrelationshipbecamebitter,andAlekhinedemandedmuchhigher
appearancefeesfortournamentsinwhichCapablancaalsoplayed.[55][61]
Postchampionshipandpartialretirement
AfterlosingtheWorldChampionshipinlate1927,Capablancaplayed
moreoftenintournaments,hopingtostrengthenhisclaimfora
rematch.[62]From1928through1931,hewonsixfirstprizes,also
finishingsecondtwiceandonejointsecond.[11]Hiscompetitors
includedrisingstarssuchasMaxEuweandIsaacKashdan,[63][64]as
wellasplayerswhohadbeenestablishedinthe1920s,butCapablanca
andAlekhineneverplayedinthesametournamentduringthisperiod,
andwouldnextmeetonlyattheNottingham,1936tournament,after
AlekhinehadlosttheworldtitletoEuwetheprecedingyear.[62][65][66]
Inlate1931,Capablancaalsowonamatch(+20=8)against
Euwe,[11][66]whomChessmetricsrankssixthintheworldatthe
time.[67]
Givingasimultaneousdisplayon
thirtyboardsinBerlin,June1929
Despitetheseexcellentresults,Capablanca'splayshowedsignsofdecline:hisplayslowedfromthespeed
ofhisyouth,withoccasionaltimetrouble[15]althoughhecontinuedtoproducemanysuperbgames,healso
madesomegrossblunders.[6][15][66]ChessmetricsnonethelessranksCapablancaasthesecondstrongest
playerintheworld(afterAlekhine)fromhislossofthetitlethroughtoautumn1932,exceptforabrief
appearanceinthetopplace.[10]
AfterwinninganeventatNewYorkin1931,hewithdrewfromseriouschess,[11]perhapsdisheartenedby
hisinabilitytosecureareturnmatchagainstAlekhine,[66]andplayedonlylessseriousgamesatthe
ManhattanChessClubandsimultaneousdisplays.[68]On6December1933,Capablancawonall9ofhis
gamesinoneoftheclub'sweeklyrapidchesstournaments,finishing2pointsaheadofSamuelReshevsky,
ReubenFineandMiltonHanauer.[68]
7/25
22/04/2015
Itisfromthisperiodthattheonlysurvivingvoicedfilmfootagesurvives.HeiswithMaxEuweandDutch
radiosportsjournalistHanHollander.HollanderasksCapablancaforhisviewsontheupcomingworld
ChampionshipmatchbetweenEuweandAlekhineinOctoberofthatyear(1935).Capablancareplies:"Dr.
Alekhine'sgameis20%bluff.Dr.Euwe'sgameisclearandstraightforward.Dr.Euwe'sgamenotso
strongasAlekhine'sinsomerespectsismoreevenlybalanced."ThenEuwegiveshisassessmentin
Dutch,explainingthathisfeelingsalternatedfromoptimismtopessimism,butintheprevioustenyears,
theirscorehadbeenevenlymatchedat77.[69]
Returntocompetitivechess
AtfirstCapablancadidnotdivorcehisfirstwife,ashehadnotintendedtoremarry.Olga,Capablanca's
secondwife,wrotethatshemethiminthelatespringof1934bylateOctoberthepairweredeeplyinlove,
andCapablancarecoveredhisambitiontoprovehewastheworld'sbestplayer.[53]In1938hedivorcedhis
firstwifeandthenmarriedOlgaonOctober20,1938,[53]aboutamonthbeforetheAVROtournament.[70]
StartinghiscomebackattheHastingstournamentof193435,Capablancafinishedfourth,althoughcoming
aheadofMikhailBotvinnikandAndorLilienthal.[71]HeplacedsecondbypointintheMargate
tournamentsof1935and1936.AtMoscow1935Capablancafinishedfourth,1pointbehindthejoint
winners,[71]whileEmanuelLasker'sthirdplaceattheageof66washailedas"abiologicalmiracle."[72]The
followingyear,CapablancawonanevenstrongertournamentinMoscow,onepointaheadofBotvinnikand
3aheadofSaloFlohr,whotookthirdplace[71]Amonthlater,hesharedfirstplacewithBotvinnikat
Nottingham,withascoreof(+51=8),losingonlytoFlohr.ThelosstoFlohrwasbecauseofbeing
disturbedwhileintimetroublebythebystanderMaxEuwe.[73]Alekhineplacedsixth,onlyonepoint
behindthejointwinners.[71]Thesetournamentsof1936werethelasttwothatLaskerplayed,[74]andthe
onlyonesinwhichCapablancafinishedaheadofLasker,now67.[75]DuringthesetriumphsCapablanca
begantosuffersymptomsofhighbloodpressure.[31]HetiedforsecondplaceatSemmeringin1937,then
couldonlyfinishseventhoftheeightplayersatthe1938AVROtournament,[76]anlitecontestdesignedto
selectachallengerforAlekhine'sworldtitle.[77][78]Capablanca'shighbloodpressurewasnotcorrectly
diagnosedandtreateduntilaftertheAVROtournament,andcausedhimtolosehistrainofthoughttowards
theendofplayingsessions.[31]In1940,Capablancawasfoundtohaveextremelydangeroushypertension
of210systolic/180diastolic(hypertensivecrisisis180/120orabove,andevenaftertreatmentCapablanca
had180/130).[79]
AfterwinningatParisin1938andplacingsecondinaslightlystrongertournamentatMargatein1939,
CapablancaplayedforCubainthe8thChessOlympiad,heldinBuenosAires,andwonthegoldmedalfor
thebestperformanceonthetopboard.[80]WhileCapablancaandAlekhinewerebothrepresentingtheir
countriesinBuenosAires,CapablancamadeafinalattempttoarrangeaWorldChampionshipmatch.
Alekhinedeclined,sayinghewasobligedtobeavailabletodefendhisadoptedhomeland,France,asWorld
WarIIhadjustbrokenout.[81]CapablancaannouncedinadvancethathewouldnotplayAlekhineiftheir
teamsmet.[82]
Death
8/25
22/04/2015
On7March1942,CapablancawasobservingaskittlesgameandchattingwithfriendsattheManhattan
ChessClubinNewYorkCity,whenheaskedforhelpremovinghis
coat,andcollapsedshortlyafterward.HewastakentoMountSinai
Hospital,wherehediedat6a.m.thenextmorning.Thecauseofdeath
wasgivenas"acerebralhemorrhageprovokedbyhypertension".Not
longbeforehisdeath,hisfamilialhypertensionhadshotuptotheultra
hazardous200240/160+.Hisdoctorstronglyadvisedhimthathislife
wasendangeredunlesshetotallyrelaxed,butCapablancasaidthathe
couldn'tbecausehisexwifeandchildrenhadstartedcourtproceedings
againsthim.ThedoctorblamedCapa'sdeathon"histroublesand
Capablanca'sgraveatColn
[83]
Cemetery
aggravation." Capablanca'sgreatrivalEmanuelLaskerhaddiedin
thesamehospitalonlyayearearlier.[84]Capablancawasgivenapublic
funeralinHavana'sColnCemeteryonMarch15,1942.[83]
HisoldrivalAlekhinewroteinatributetoCapablanca:
Capablancawassnatchedfromthechessworldmuchtoosoon.Withhisdeath,wehavelosta
verygreatchessgeniuswhoselikeweshallneverseeagain.[24]
EmanuelLaskeroncesaid:"Ihaveknownmanychessplayers,butonlyonechessgenius:Capablanca."
AnannualCapablancaMemorialtournamenthasbeenheldinCuba,mostofteninHavana,since1962.[85]
Assessment
Playingstrengthandstyle
Asanadult,Capablancalostonly34seriousgames.[84]HewasundefeatedfromFebruary10,1916,when
helosttoOscarChajesintheNewYork1916tournament,toMarch21,1924,whenhelosttoRichardRti
intheNewYorkInternationaltournament.Duringthisstreak,whichincludedhis1921World
ChampionshipmatchagainstLasker,Capablancaplayed63games,winning40anddrawing23.[45][86]In
fact,onlyMarshall,Lasker,AlekhineandRudolfSpielmannwontwoormoreseriousgamesfromthe
matureCapablanca,thoughineachcase,theiroveralllifetimescoreswereminus(Capablancabeat
Marshall+202=28,Lasker+62=16,Alekhine+97=33),exceptforSpielmannwhowaslevel(+22
=8).Oftopplayers,onlyKereshadanarrowplusscoreagainsthim(+10=5).[87]Keres'winwasatthe
AVRO1938chesstournament,duringwhichtournamentCapablancaturned50,whileKereswas22.[88]
StatisticalrankingsystemsplaceCapablancahighamongthegreatestplayersofalltime.NathanDivinsky
andRaymondKeene'sbookWarriorsoftheMind(1989)rankshimfifth,behindGarryKasparov,Anatoly
Karpov,BobbyFischerandMikhailBotvinnikandimmediatelyaheadofEmanuelLasker.[89]Inhis1978
bookTheRatingofChessplayers,PastandPresent,ArpadElogaveretrospectiveratingstoplayersbased
ontheirperformanceoverthebestfiveyearspanoftheircareer.HeconcludedthatCapablancawasthe
strongestofthosesurveyed,withLaskerandBotvinniksharingsecondplace.[90]Chessmetrics(2005)is
rathersensitivetothelengthoftheperiodsbeingcompared,andranksCapablancabetweenthirdandfourth
strongestofalltimeforpeakperiodsranginginlengthfromonetofifteenyears.[91]Itsauthor,the
9/25
22/04/2015
statisticianJeffSonas,concludedthatCapablancahadmoreyearsinthetopthreethananyoneexcept
Lasker,AnatolyKarpovandGarryKasparovalthoughAlexanderAlekhinehadmoreyearsinthetoptwo
positions.[92]A2006studyclaimedtoshowthatCapablancawasthemostaccurateofalltheWorld
ChampionswhencomparedwithcomputeranalysisofWorldChampionshipmatchgames.[93][94]However,
thisanalysiswascriticizedforusingasecondrankchessprogram,Crafty,modifiedtolimititscalculations
tosixmovesbyeachside,andforfavoringplayerswhosestylematchedthatoftheprogram.[95]Anew
2011computeranalysisbyBratkoandGuidusingRybka2andRybka3hasrevealedsimilarresultsto
thoseachievedinthe2006Craftyanalysis.[96]
BorisSpassky,WorldChampionfrom1969to1972,consideredCapablancathebestplayerofalltime.[97]
BobbyFischer,whoheldthetitlefrom1972to1975,admiredCapablanca's"lighttouch"andabilitytosee
therightmoveveryquickly.Fischerreportedthatinthe1950s,oldermembersoftheManhattanChess
ClubspokeofCapablanca'sperformanceswithawe.[98]
Capablancaexcelledinsimplepositionsandendgames,andhispositionaljudgmentwasoutstanding,so
muchsothatmostattemptstoattackhimcametogriefwithoutanyapparentdefensiveeffortsonhispart.
However,hecouldplaygreattacticalchesswhennecessarymostfamouslyinthe1918ManhattanChess
ClubChampionshiptournament(inNewYork)whereMarshallsprangadeeplyanalyzedprepared
variationonhim,whichherefutedwhileplayingunderthenormaltimelimit(althoughwayshavesince
beenfoundtostrengthentheMarshallAttack).[15][99]Hewasalsocapableofusingaggressivetacticalplay
todrivehomeapositionaladvantage,providedheconsidereditsafeandthemostefficientwaytowin,for
exampleagainstSpielmanninthe1927NewYorktournament.[100][101]
Influenceonthegame
Capablancafoundednoschoolperse,buthisstylewasveryinfluentialinthegamesoftwoworld
champions:FischerandAnatolyKarpov.BotvinnikalsowrotehowmuchhelearnedfromCapablanca,and
pointedoutthatAlekhinehadreceivedmuchschoolingfromhiminpositionalplay,beforetheirfightfor
theworldtitlemadethembitterenemies.
Asachesswriter,Capablancadidnotpresentlargeamountsofdetailedanalysis,insteadfocusingonthe
criticalmomentsinagame.Hiswritingstylewasplainandeasytounderstand.[102]Botvinnikregarded
Capablanca'sbookChessFundamentalsasthebestchessbookeverwritten.[102]Capablancainalecture
andinhisbookAPrimerofChesspointedoutthatwhilethebishopwasusuallystrongerthantheknight,
queenandknightwasusuallybetterthanqueenandbishop,especiallyinendingsthebishopmerely
mimicsthequeen'sdiagonalmove,whiletheknightcanimmediatelyreachsquaresthequeen
cannot.[103][104]ResearchisdividedoverCapablanca'sconclusion:in2007,GlennFlearfoundlittle
difference,[105]whilein1999,LarryKaufman,analysingalargedatabaseofgames,concludedthatresults
veryslightlyfavoredqueenplusknight.[106]JohnWatsonwrotein1998thatanunusuallylargeproportion
ofqueenandknightversusqueenandbishopendingsaredrawn,andthatmostdecisivegamesare
characterizedbythewinningsidehavingoneormoreobviousadvantagesinthatspecificgame.[107]
Personality
10/25
22/04/2015
Earlyinhischesscareer,Capablancahadreceivedsomecriticism,mainlyinBritain,fortheallegedly
conceiteddescriptionofhisaccomplishmentsinhisfirstbook,MyChessCareer.Hethereforetookthe
unprecedentedstepofincludingvirtuallyallofhistournamentandmatchdefeatsuptothattimeinChess
Fundamentals,togetherwithaninstructivegroupofhisvictories.Neverthelesshisprefacetothe1934
editionofChessFundamentalsisconfidentthatthe"readermaythereforegooverthecontentsofthebook
withtheassurancethatthereisiniteverythingheneeds."[102]HoweverJuliusduMontwrotethatheknew
Capablancawellandcouldvouchthathewasnotconceited.InduMont'sopinioncriticsshouldunderstand
thedifferencebetweenthemerelygiftedandthetoweringgeniusofCapablanca,andthecontrastbetween
theBritishtendencytowardsmodestyandtheLatinandAmericantendencytosay"Iplayedthisgameas
wellasitcouldbeplayed"ifhehonestlythoughtthatitwascorrect.[2]Capablancahimselfsaid,inhis
author'snoteprefacingMyChessCareer:"ConceitIconsiderafoolishthing,butmorefoolishstillisthe
falsemodestythatvainlyattemptstoconcealwhichallfactstendtoprove."Fischeralsoadmiredthis
frankness.[98]DuMontalsosaidthatCapablancawasrathersensitivetocriticism,[2]andchesshistorian
EdwardWinterdocumentedanumberofexamplesofselfcriticisminMyChessCareer.[102]
DespitehisachievementsCapablancaappearedmoreinterestedinbaseballthaninchess,whichhe
describedas"notadifficultgametolearnanditisanenjoyablegametoplay."[108]Hissecondwife,Olga,
thoughtheresentedthewayinwhichchesshaddominatedhislife,andwishedhecouldhavestudiedmusic
ormedicine.[53]
Capablancachess
Inaninterviewin1925Capablancadeniedreportsthat
hethoughtchesshadalreadycurrentlyreacheditslimit
becauseitwaseasyfortopplayerstoobtainadraw.
Howeverhewasconcernedthattheaccelerating
developmentofchesstechniqueandopeningknowledge
mightcausesuchstagnationin50years'time.Hencehe
suggestedtheadoptionofa10x8boardwith2extra
piecesperside:
achancellorthatmovesasbotharookanda
knight
anarchbishopthatmovesasbothabishop
andaknight.Thispiecewouldbeabletodeliver
checkmateonitsown,whichnoneofthe
conventionalpiecescandohowever,checkmate
cannotbeforcedwithoutthehelpofitsownking.
1
a
Capablancachess.Archbishop(bishop+knight
compound)isplacedbetweenknightandbishopon
thequeen'sside,chancellor(rook+knight
compound)ontheking'sside. [109]
Hethoughtthiswouldpreventtechnicalknowledgefrombecomingsuchadominantfactor,atleastfora
fewcenturies.[110]
11/25
22/04/2015
CapablancaandEdwardLaskerexperimentedwith10x10and10x8boards,usingthesameexpandedsetof
pieces.Theypreferredthe8rankversionasitencouragedcombattostartearlier,andtheirgamestypically
lasted20to25moves.[109]Contrarytotheclaimsofsomecritics,Capablancaproposedthisvariantwhile
hewasworldchampion,notassourgrapesafterlosinghistitle.[111]
Similar10x8variantshadpreviouslybeendescribedin1617byPietroCarreraandin1874byHenryBird,
differingonlyinhowthenewpieceswereplacedineachside'sbackrow.Subsequentvariantsinspiredby
Capablanca'sexperimentationhavebeenproposed,includingGrandchess(whichusesa10x10boardand
haspawnsonthethirdrank),GothicChess,andEmbassyChess(theGrandchesssetupona10x8board).
Notablechessgames
JoseRaulCapablancavsLMolina,BuenosAires1911,Queen'sGambitDeclined:Modern.Knight
Defense(D52),10(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1361800)Thisgamefeatures
Greco'ssacrifice.
JoseRaulCapablancavsFrankJamesMarshall,chManhattanCC,NewYork1918,SpanishGame:
MarshallAttack.OriginalMarshallAttack(C89),10(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?
gid=1095025)OneofthemostfamousgamesofCapablanca.ThatMarshallunveiledthisattackafter
havingkeptitsecretforyearsisamyth.[112]Capablancadefendsagainstanextremelyaggressive
attack.
JoseRaulCapablancavsProfessorMarcFonaroff,NewYork1918,SpanishGame:BerlinDefense.
HedgehogVariation(C62),10(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1265585)
Capablancawinsquicklywithsomepreciseplay.
EmanuelLaskervsJoseRaulCapablanca,LaskerCapablancaWorldChampionshipMatch,Havana
1921.Queen'sGambitDeclined:OrthodoxDefense.RubinsteinVariation(D61),01
(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1241504)
JoseRaulCapablancavsSaviellyTartakower,NewYork1924,DutchDefense,HorwitzVariation:
General(A80),10(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1102104)Thisgame
concludeswithoneofthemostreveredendgamesinchesshistory.
JoseRaulCapablancavsRudolfSpielmann,NewYork1927,Queen'sGambitDeclined:Barmen
Variation(D37),10(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1007840)Atacticalgame
thatearnedtheBrilliancyPrizeforCapablanca.
JoseRaulCapablancavsAndorLilienthal,Moscow1936,RetiOpening:AngloSlav.Bogoljubow
Variation(A12),10(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1090864)Pawnplay
utilizingspaceagainstmaterialadvantage.
IliaAbramovichKanvsJoseRaulCapablanca,Moscow1936,ViennaGame:AnderssenDefense
(C25),01(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1228690)Thisgamecontainsoneof
Capablanca'smostfamousendgames.
12/25
22/04/2015
Datemissing:priorto1929,Capablancav.historian/educator/businessmanHenryE.Chambersin
NewOrleans,Louisiana.Eachwonamatch.[113]
Writings
Havana1913,byJosRalCapablanca.Thisistheonlytournamentbookhewrote.Itwasoriginally
publishedinSpanishin1913inHavana.EdwardWintertranslateditintoEnglish,anditappearedas
aBritishChessMagazinereprint,Quarterly#18,in1976.
APrimerofChessbyJosRalCapablanca(prefacebyBenjaminAnderson).Originallypublished
byHarcourt,BraceandCompanyin1935.Republishedin2002byHarvestBooks,ISBN015
6028077.
ChessFundamentalsbyJosRalCapablanca(Originallypublishedin1921.Republishedby
EverymanChess,1994,ISBN1857440730,ISBN4871878414.RevisedandupdatedbyNickde
Firmianin2006,ISBN0812936817.)availableatGutenberg.orginmultipleformats
(http://www.gutenberg.org/author/capablanca)Workinprogresstranscription
(http://www.openchessbooks.org/capablancacf/chapter1/some_simple_mates.html)withanimated
diagrams.
FundamentosdelAjedrezbyJosRalCapablanca,ISBN4871878422
MyChessCareerbyJosRalCapablanca(OriginallypublishedbyG.BellandSons,Ltd.of
London,andTheMacmillanCompanyinNewYorkin1920.RepublishedbyDoverin1966.
RepublishedbyHardingeSimpoleLimited,2003,ISBN1843820919.)
TheWorld'sChampionshipChessMatchbetweenJosRaulCapablancaandDr.EmanuelLasker,
withanintroduction,thescoresofallthegamesannotatedbythechampion,togetherwithstatistical
matterandthebiographiesofthetwomasters,1921byJosRaulCapablanca.(Republishedin1977
byDover,togetherwithabookonthe1927matchwithannotationsbyFrederickYatesandWilliam
Winter,asWorld'sChampionshipMatches,1921and1927byJosRalCapablanca.ISBN0486
231895.)
LastLecturesbyJosRalCapablanca(SimonandSchuster,January1966,ASINB0007DZW6W)
Tournamentresults
ThefollowingtablegivesCapablanca'splacingsandscoresintournaments.[11][26][39][46][62][65][66][71][76][114]
Thefirst"Score"columngivesthenumberofpointsoutofthetotalpossible.Inthesecond"Score"column,
"+"indicatesthenumberofwongames,""thenumberoflosses,and"="thenumberofdraws.
Date
Location
Place
Score
Notes
Capablancawonsixgamesanddrewoneinthe
1910NewYorkStateChampionship.Both
13/25
22/04/2015
1910
1911
1913
NewYork
State
1st
6/7
+60=1
CapablancaandCharlesJaffewontheirfour
gamesintheknockoutpreliminariesandmetina
matchtodecidethewinner,whowouldbethefirst
towintwogames.Thefirstgamewasdrawnand
Capablancawonthesecondandthirdgame.
NewYork
2nd
9/12
+81=3
Marshallwas1staheadofCapablanca.
SanSebastin
1st
(Spain)
9/14
+61=7
AheadofAkibaRubinsteinandMilanVidmar(9),
FrankJamesMarshall(8)[114]and11other
worldclassplayers.[14]Hisonlylosswasto
Rubinstein,andhiswinagainstOssipBernstein
wasawardedthebrilliancyprize.[114]
NewYork
1st
11/13
+101=2
AheadofMarshall(10),CharlesJaffe(9)and
DawidJanowski(9)[114]
Havana
2nd
10/14
+82=4
BehindMarshall(10)aheadofJanowski(9)and
fiveothers.[114]
NewYork
1st
13/13
+130=0 AheadofOldichDuras
1914
St.Petersburg 2nd
13/18
BehindEmanuelLasker(13)aheadof
AlexanderAlekhine(10),SiegbertTarrasch(8)
andMarshall(8).Thistournamenthadanunusual
structure:therewasapreliminarytournamentin
whichelevenplayersplayedeachotherplayer
oncethetopfiveplayersthenplayedaseparate
finaltournamentinwhicheachplayerwhomade
the"cut"playedtheotherfinaliststwicebuttheir
+102=6 scoresfromthepreliminarytournamentwere
carriedforward.Eventhepreliminarytournament
wouldnowbeconsidereda"supertournament".
Capablanca"won"thepreliminarytournamentby
1pointswithoutlosingagame,butLasker
achievedaplusscoreagainstallhisopponentsin
thefinaltournamentandfinishedwithacombined
scorepointaheadofCapablanca's.[114]
1915
NewYork
13/14
+120=2 AheadofMarshall(12)andsixothers.[26]
AheadofJanowski(11)and11others.The
+121=4 structurewassimilartothatofSt.Petersburg
1914.[26]
1st
1916
NewYork
1st
14/17
1918
NewYork
1st
10/12 +90=3
AheadofBorisKosti(9),Marshall(7),andfour
others
1919
Hastings
1st
10/11 +100=1
AheadofKosti(9),SirGeorgeThomas(7),
FrederickYates(7)andeightothers[26]
1922
London
1st
13/15
AheadofAlekhine(11),Vidmar(11),Rubinstein
+110=4 (10),EfimBogoljubow(9),and11otherplayers,
mostlyverystrong[39]
BehindLasker(16)aheadofAlekhine(12),
14/25
22/04/2015
1924
NewYork
1925
Moscow
1926
Lake
Hopatcong
2nd
3rd
1st
14/20 +101=9 Marshall(11),RichardRti(10)andsixothers,

mostlyverystrong[39]
13/20 +92=9
6/8
+40=4
BehindBogojubow(15)andLasker(14)ahead
ofMarshall(12)andamixtureofstrong
internationalplayersandrisingSovietplayers[46]
AheadofAbrahamKupchik(5),GzaMarczy
(4),Marshall(3)andEdwardLasker(1)[46]
NewYork
1st
14/20
AheadofAlekhine(11),AronNimzowitsch
+80=12 (10),Vidmar(10),RudolfSpielmann(8)and
Marshall(6).[46]
Bad
Kissingen
2nd
7/11
+41=6
BehindBogojubow(8)aheadofMaxEuwe(6),
Rubinstein(6),Nimzowitsch(6)andsevenother
strongmasters[62]
Budapest
1st
7/9
+50=4
AheadofMarshall(6),HansKmoch(5),
Spielmann(5)andsixothers[62]
Berlin
1st
8/12
+50=7
AheadofNimzowitsch(7),Spielmann(6)and
fourotherverystrongplayers[62]
Ramsgate
1st
5/7
+40=3
AheadofVeraMenchik(5),Rubinstein(5),and
fourothers[65]
Carlsbad
2nd=
BehindNimzowitsch(15)tiedwithSpielmann
14/21 +102=9 aheadofRubinstein(13)and18others,mostly
verystrong[65]
Budapest
1st
10/13 +80=5
Barcelona
1st
13/14 +130=1 AheadofTartakower(11)and13others[65]
1929
Hastings
30
1st
6/9
+40=5
[115]
1930
Hastings
31
2nd
6/9
+51=3
BehindEuwe(7)aheadofeightothers[66]
1931
1st
10/11
+90=2
AheadofIsaacKashdan(8)and10others[66]
5/9
+42=3
BehindThomas,(6),Euwe(6)andSaloFlohr
(6)aheadMikhailBotvinnik(5),Andor
Lilienthal(5)andfourothers[71]
1927
1928
1929
NewYork
1934
Hastings
35
4th
AheadofRubinstein(9),SaviellyTartakower(8)
and11others[65]
Moscow
4th
12/19
BehindBotvinnik(13),Flohr(13)andLasker
+72=10 (12)aheadofSpielmann(11)and15others,
mainlySovietplayers[71]
Margate
2nd
7/9
+61=2
BehindSamuelReshevsky(7)aheadofeight
others.[71]
Margate
2nd
7/9
+50=4
BehindFlohr(7)aheadofGideonSthlbergand
eightothers.[71]
1935
15/25
22/04/2015
Moscow
1st
13/18
AheadofBotvinnik(12),Flohr(9),Lilienthal
+80=10 (9),ViacheslavRagozin(8),Lasker(8)andfour
others[71]
10/14
+71=6
TiedwithBotvinnikaheadofEuwe(9),Reuben
Fine(9),Reshevsky(9),Alekhine(9),Flohr
(8),Lasker(8)andsevenotherstrong
opponents[71]
1936
Nottingham
1937
1938
1939
1st=
Semmering
3rd=
7/14
BehindPaulKeres(9),Fine(8)tiedwith
+21=11 ReshevskyaheadofFlohr(7),ErichEliskases(6),
Ragozin(6)andVladimirsPetrovs(5)[76]
Paris
1st=
8/10
+60=4
AheadofNicolasRossolimo(7)andfour
others[76]
AVRO
tournament,
attencitiesin 7th
the
Netherlands
6/14
+24=8
BehindKeres(8),Fine(8),Botvinnik(7),
Alekhine(7),Euwe(7)andReshevsky(7)ahead
ofFlohr(4)[76]
Margate
6/9
+40=5
BehindKeres(7)tiedwithFlohraheadofseven
others[76]
2nd=
Atthe1939ChessOlympiadinBuenosAires,Capablancatookthemedalforbestperformanceona
country'sfirstboard.[76]
Matchresults
HereareCapablanca'sresultsinmatches.[11]Thefirst"Score"columngivesthenumberofpointsonthe
totalpossible.Inthesecond"Score"column,"+"indicatesthenumberofwongames,""thenumberof
losses,and"="thenumberofdraws.
16/25
22/04/2015
Date
Opponent
Result
Location
1901
JuanCorzo
Won
Havana
76
+43=6
Corzowasthereigningchampionof
Cuba.
1909
FrankJames
Marshall
Won
NewYork
158
+81
=14
1912
CharlesJaffe
Won
NewYork
+20=1
1912
OscarChajes
Won
NewYork
10
+10=0
1913
Richard
Teichmann
Won
Berlin
20
+20=0
Won
Berlin
20
+20=0
1913
Eugene
Znosko
Borovsky
Drawn
St.
Petersburg
11
+11=0
1913
Alexander
Alekhine
Won
St.
Petersburg
20
+20=0
1913
FedorDuz
Khotimirsky
Won
St.
Petersburg
20
+20=0
Won
Moscow
+10=1
Won
Vienna
+10=1
1914 ArnoldAurbach
Won
Paris
20
+20=0
1919
Won
Havana
50
+50=0
Won
Havana
95
+40
=10
FortheWorldChessChampionship.
1913 JacquesMieses
1914 OssipBernstein
Savielly
Tartakower
1914
BorisKosti
1921 EmanuelLasker
Score
Notes
ThethreematchesagainstRussian
masterswereplayedforstakes.
Besidesthestakemoneytherewasa
goldcuptobeawardedfortheseries,
eithertoCapablancaifhewonallhis
games,
ortotheplayerwhomadethebest
scoreagainsthim.
ThecupwenttoZnoskoBorovsky.
1927
Alexander
Alekhine
Lost
Buenos
Aires
15
18
+36
=25
FortheWorldChessChampionship.
1931
MaxEuwe
Won
Netherlands
64
+20=8
EuwebecameWorldChampion
19351937.[116]
Seealso
BotvinnikversusCapablanca
ChessFevera1925filmstarringCapablanca
ListofpeopleonthecoverofTimeMagazine:1920s7December1925
Notes
1. "JoseCapablanca"(http://www.chessposter.com/english/great_players/jose_capablanca.htm).Retrieved
17/25
22/04/2015
1. "JoseCapablanca"(http://www.chessposter.com/english/great_players/jose_capablanca.htm).Retrieved
20150219.
2. DuMont,J.(1959)."MemoirofCapablanca".InGolombek,H.Capablanca'sHundredBestGamesofChess.G.
Bell&Sons.pp.118.
3. Reynolds,Q.(March2,1935)."OneMan'sMind"
(http://www.chessarch.com/excavations/0017_capablanca/capablanca.shtml).Collier'sWeekly.Retrieved
20090102.
4. Hooper,D.,andBrandreth,D.A.(1994)."TheCorzoMatch".TheUnknownCapablanca
(http://books.google.com/?id=rIrb_zLiVd4C&pg=PA116&dq=capablanca+corzo#PPP7,M1).CourierDover
Publications.pp.116140.ISBN0486276147.Retrieved20090102.
5. ColumbiaUniversity:JosRalCapablanca
(http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/jose_raul_capablanca.html)(C250
CelebratesColumbiansAheadofTheirTime).
6. Reinfeld,F.(1990)[1942]."Biography".TheImmortalGamesofCapablanca(http://books.google.com/?
id=bUdw5Zc1diEC&pg=PA1&dq=capablanca+biography).CourierDoverPublications.pp.113.ISBN0486
263339.Retrieved20090601.
7. Hooper,D.,andBrandreth,D.A.(1994)."SimultaneousExhibitions".TheUnknownCapablanca
(http://books.google.com/?id=rIrb_zLiVd4C&pg=PA116&dq=capablanca+corzo#PPP7,M1).CourierDover
Publications.p.141.ISBN0486276147.Retrieved20090102.
8. "ChessmetricsPlayerProfile:FrankMarshall"(http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PlayerProfile.asp?
Params=199510SSSSS3S081701000000111000000000018610100).Retrieved20090102.
9. Kasparov,Garry(2003).MyGreatPredecessors,partI.EverymanChess.p.232.ISBN1857443306.
10. Sonas,J."ChessmetricsPlayerProfile:JosCapablanca"(http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PlayerProfile.asp?
Params=199510SSSSS3S019593000000131000000000000010100).Retrieved20090601.(selectthe"Career
Details"option)
11. Golombek,H.(1959)."ListofTournamentsandMatches".Capablanca'sHundredBestGamesofChess.G.Bell
&Sons.pp.1920..Note:EdwardWintergivesalistoferrorsinGolombek'sbook:Chesshistorydocumentby
EdwardWinter(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/golombek_capa.pdf)
12. "NewYork1910"(http://xoomer.alice.it/cserica/scacchi/storiascacchi/tornei/190049/1910ny.htm).Retrieved
20090102.
13. "Chessvillevignettes:JosRaoulCapablancayGraupera"
(http://www.chessville.com/vignettes/Capablanca.htm).Retrieved20090102.
14. DavidHooperandKennethWhyld(1992).TheOxfordCompaniontoChess(2ed.).Oxford:OxfordUniversity
Press.p.67.ISBN0198661649.
15. Fine,R.(1952)."JosRalCapablanca".TheWorld'sGreatChessGames.AndrDeutsch(nowaspaperback
fromDover).pp.109121.
16. Kmoch,H.(1960).Rubinstein'sChessMasterpieces.Dover.pp.6567.ISBN0486206173.
17. Hooper&Whyld1992,pp.6768.
18. "1921WorldChessChampionship"
(http://web.archive.org/web/20050120165616/http://members.aol.com/graemecree/chesschamps/world/world1921.
htm).January20,2005.Archivedfromtheoriginal
(http://members.aol.com/graemecree/chesschamps/world/world1921.htm)on20050120.Retrieved20081121.
18/25
22/04/2015
Thiscites:areportofLasker'sconcernsaboutthelocationanddurationofthematch,inNewYorkEveningPost.
March15,1911.Missingorempty|title=(help)Capablanca'sletterofDecember20,1911toLasker,stating
hisobjectionstoLasker'sproposalLasker'slettertoCapablanca,breakingoffnegotiationsLasker'sletterof
April27,1921toAlbertoPonceoftheHavanaChessClub,proposingtoresignthe1921matchandPonce's
reply,acceptingtheresignation.
19. Hooper,D.Brandreth,D.TheUnknownCapablanca.R.H.M.Press.p.170.ISBN0890582076.
20. Marshall,F.J.(1960).FrankJ.Marshall'sBestGamesofChess.Dover.pp.1920.ISBN0486206041.Page
19:"Mytwo1913tournamentstookacuriouscourse.AtNewYork,Capabeatmeoutbyhalfapoint,buta
monthlaterIreversedtheprocedureatHavana."P.20:Marshallthoughtthecrowdwere"aftermybloodfor
defeatingtheiridolandaskedforanescorttomyhotel.Itturnedout,however,thatthegoodCubanswerejust
showingtheirsportsmanshipandwerecheeringme!"
21. Winter,E.G.(1989)."Rapidascent".Capablanca.McFarland.ISBN0899504558.
22. Hooper&Whyld1992,p.68.
23. Soltis,A.(1975).TheGreatChessTournamentsandTheirStories.ChiltonBookCompany.pp.96103.
ISBN0801961386.
24. Alekhine,A.Winter,E.G.(1980).107GreatChessBattles'(http://books.google.com/?
id=ErJqoQ8oZ3wC&pg=PA157&dq=Capablanca+%22london+rules%22#PPA157,M1).Dover.pp.157158.
ISBN0486271048.Retrieved20090602.
25. Usingaverageincomesfortheconversionifaveragepricesareused,theresultisabout66,000."FiveWaysto
ComputetheRelativeValueofaU.K.PoundAmount,18302006"
(http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/result.php).Retrieved20080609.
26. Golombek,H.(1959)."OntheWaytotheWorldChampionship".Capablanca'sHundredBestGamesofChess.
G.Bell&Sons.pp.5986.
27. "TheTotalMarshall"(http://www.scottishcca.co.uk/books/marshall.html).15April2002.Retrieved20090601.
28. Winter,E.G."TheMarshallGambit"(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/marshallgambit.html).Retrieved
20090601.
29. Silman,J.(2004)."MarshallAttack"(http://www.jeremysilman.com/book_reviews_js/js_marshall_attack.html).
Retrieved20090601.
30. Winter,E.(1981).WorldChessChampions.PergamonPress.p.58.ISBN0080240941.
31. Capablanca,J.R(1939)."CapablancaInterviewed"
(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablanca11.html).ElGrfico(EdwardG.Winter).Retrieved
20090603.
32. Winter,Edward."HowCapablancaBecameWorldChampion"
(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablanca2.html).ChessHistory.Retrieved20080605..Winter
cites:AmericanChessBulletin(JulyAugust1920issue)forLasker'sresignationofthetitle,theACB'stheory
aboutLasker'srealmotiveandHavana'sofferof$20,000AmosBurninTheFieldof3July1920,theBritish
ChessMagazineofAugust1920andothersourcesforprotestationsthatLaskerhadnorighttonominatea
successorAmosBurninTheFieldof3July1920andE.S.TinsleyinTheTimes(London)of26June1920for
criticismoftheconditionsLaskersetforthedefenseofthetitleAmericanChessBulletinSeptemberOctober
1920forLasker'sandCapablanca'sstatementsthatCapablancawasthechampionandLaskerthechallenger,for
Capablanca'sstatementthatLasker'scontractwithRubinsteinhadcontainedaclauseallowinghimtoabdicatein
favorofRubinstein,forLasker'sintentiontoresignthetitleifhebeatCapablancaandhissupportforan
19/25
22/04/2015
favorofRubinstein,forLasker'sintentiontoresignthetitleifhebeatCapablancaandhissupportforan
internationalorganization,preferablybasedintheAmericas,tomanageinternationalchess.Wintersaysthat
beforeLasker'sabdication,somechesscorrespondentshadbeencallingforLaskertobestrippedofthetitle.For
averydetailedaccountgivenbyCapablancaafterthematch,seeCapablanca,J.R.(October1922)."Capablancas
ReplytoLasker"(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablancalasker.html).BritishChessMagazine.
Retrieved20080605.
33. Fine,R.(1976)."TheAgeofCapablanca".TheWorld'sGreatChessGames(2nded.).Dover(firstedition
publishedbyAndrDeutschin1952).p.109.
34. VladimirKramnik."KramnikInterview:FromSteinitztoKasparov"
(http://www.kramnik.com/eng/interviews/getinterview.aspx?id=61).Kramnik.com.Retrieved20090102.
35. Hooper,D.Whyld,K.(1992).TheOxfordCompaniontoChess(2nded.).OxfordUniversityPress.pp.67,217.
ISBN0198661649.
36. Golombek,H.,ed.(1977).Golombek'sEncyclopediaofChess.CrownPublishers.pp.58,172.ISBN0517
531461.
37. B.M.Kazi(1974).InternationalChampionshipChess:ACompleteRecordofFIDEEvents.Pitman.p.218.
ISBN0273070789.
38. Byrne,R.(November3,2000)."ChessADrawbyKramnikMakesKasparovtheExChampion"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/03/world/chessadrawbykramnikmakeskasparovtheexchampion.html).
TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved20090601.
39. Golombek,H.(1959)."WorldChampion".Capablanca'sHundredBestGamesofChess.G.Bell&Sons.
pp.60114.
40. Usingincomesfortheconversionifpricesareused,theresultisabout$103,000."SixWaystoComputethe
RelativeValueofaU.S.DollarAmount,1774toPresent"
(http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/result.php).Retrieved20080609.
41. Winter,E.G."TheLondonRules"(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/london.html).Retrieved
20090601.
42. Clayton,G."TheMadAussie'sChessTrivia:Archive#3"
(http://www.chessville.com/misc/History/Mad_Aussie_Trivia_Archive_Three.htm).Retrieved20080609.
43. "JoseRaulCapablanca:OnlineChessTribute"(http://www.chessmaniac.com/2007/06/joseraulcapablanca
onlinechess.php).chessmaniac.com.June28,2007.Retrieved20080520.
44. Damsky,Yakov(2005).TheBatsfordBookofChessRecords.London:Batsford.p.253.ISBN0713489464.
45. 34lossesoutof571games,accordingtoYoung,M.C(1998).GuinnessBookofWorldRecords,1999(26ed.).
BantamBooks.p.117.ISBN0553580752.EdwardWinterquotespage565ofthe1988edition,whichdoes
notincludethenumberofgames"ChessRecords"(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/records.html).
Retrieved20090102.
46. Golombek,H.(1959)."VictoryandDisaster".Capablanca'sHundredBestGamesofChess.G.Bell&Sons.
pp.115147.
47. "JoseRaulCapablanca"(http://www.chesscorner.com/worldchamps/capablanca/capablanca.htm).
chesscorner.com.Retrieved20080523.
48. Cree,G."1927WorldChessChampionship"
(http://web.archive.org/web/20050121124900/http://members.aol.com/graemecree/chesschamps/world/world1927.
htm).Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://members.aol.com/graemecree/chesschamps/world/world1927.htm)on
20050125.Retrieved20090602.
20/25
22/04/2015
20050125.Retrieved20090602.
49. Alekhine,A.(1960).MyBestGamesofChess19241937(2ed.).Bell.pp.3853.
50. Reti,R."Introduction".InTartakower,S.,andLeach,C.NewYork1927(http://labatechess.com/cart/index.php?
main_page=product_info&cPath=133&products_id=237).Retrieved20090602.
51. Alekhine,A.(1960).MyBestGamesofChess19241937(2ed.).Bell.pp.2833.
52. Winter,E.G.(1990)."5:Champion".Capablanca:ACompendium...McFarland.ISBN0899504558.
53. Winter,E.G."TheGeniusandthePrincess"(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablancaolga.html).
Retrieved20090602.
54. Byrne,R.(December21,1984)."Chesstitlematchtobecomelongestoneinmodernera"
(http://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/21/nyregion/chesstitlematchtobecomelongestoneinmodernera.html).
TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved20090603.
55. Fine,Reuben(1952)."AlexanderAlexandrovitchAlekhine".TheWorld'sGreatChessGames.AndrDeutsch
(nowaspaperbackfromDover).pp.149162.
56. Pachman,L.Russell,A.S.(1971)."IndividualStyle:PsychologicalPlay".Modernchessstrategy
(http://books.google.com/?id=TdWNkSYLQ8gC&pg=PA306&dq=alekhine+change+style).CourierDover.
p.306.ISBN0486202909.Retrieved20090602.
57. Kasparov,G.Russell,H.W.(July28,2003)."InterviewwithGarryKasparov:Part2"
(http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles209.pdf)(PDF).Retrieved20090603.
58. Pachman,L.(1987)."WorldChampionship1927:WhyDidAlekhinWin?".DecisiveGamesinChessHistory
(http://books.google.com/?id=jlgJTCyonAgC&pg=PA1&dq=capablanca).CourierDover.pp.8690.ISBN0
486253236.Retrieved20090604.
59. Alekhinedescribedthegameasa"comedyoferrors",andincludeditinhis"BestGames"collectiononlybecause
itwas"thecrucialpointofthematch":Alekhine,A.(1960).MyBestGamesofChess19241937(2ed.).Bell.
pp.4145.
60. Winter,E."CapablancavAlekhine,1927"
(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablancaalekhine1927.html).Retrieved20080609.Regardinga
possible"twogamelead"clause,WintercitesCapablanca'smessagestoJuliusFinnandNorbertLederer,dated
15October1927,inwhichheproposedthat,iftheBuenosAiresmatchweredrawn,thesecondmatchcouldbe
limitedto20games.WintercitesLaPrensa30November1927forAlekhine'sconditionsforareturnmatch.
61. Fine,R.(1983)[1958].LessonsfromMyGames:APassionforChess.Dover.p.80.ISBN0486244296.
62. Golombek,H.(1959)."AttemptsatRehabilitation".Capablanca'sHundredBestGamesofChess.G.Bell&
Sons.pp.148170.
63. Fine,Reuben(1952)."MaxEuwe".TheWorld'sGreatChessGames.AndrDeutsch(nowaspaperbackfrom
Dover).pp.192200.
64. Fine,Reuben(1952)."IsaacKashdan".TheWorld'sGreatChessGames.AndrDeutsch(nowaspaperbackfrom
Dover).pp.175179.
65. Golombek,H.(1959)."1929ARichYear".Capablanca'sHundredBestGamesofChess.G.Bell&Sons.
pp.171202.
66. Golombek,H.(1959)."PreludetoRetirement".Capablanca'sHundredBestGamesofChess.G.Bell&Sons.
pp.171202.
67. Sona,J."ChessmetricsPlayerProfile:MaxEuwe"(http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PlayerProfile.asp?
Params=199510SSSSS3S035520000000131000000000000010100).Chessmetrics.Retrieved20090603.
21/25
22/04/2015
68. Winter,E.G."Capablanca'scleansweep"
(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter30.html#4817._Capablancas_clean_sweep).Retrieved20090603.
Basedonreportsin:AmericanChessBulletin,January1934,page15TheNewYorkTimes,7December1933,
page31.
69. HaninterviewsDutchmanMaxEuweandCapablanca
(http://www.geschiedenis24.nl/speler.program.7099385.html),DutchPublicBroadcastingarchives,18May2012
70. Sonas,J."EventDetails:AVRO,1938"(http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/SingleEvent.asp?
Params=193805SSSSS3S000000000000111100201300000010100).Chessmetrics.Retrieved20090604.
71. Golombek,H.(1959)."TriumphantReturn".Capablanca'sHundredBestGamesofChess.G.Bell&Sons.
pp.203249.
72. Fine,R.(1976)."TheAgeofLasker".TheWorld'sGreatChessGames(2nded.).Dover(firsteditionpublished
byAndrDeutschin1952).p.51.ISBN0486245128.
73. Winter,E.G.(1989)."Rapidascent".Capablanca.McFarland.ISBN0899504558.,p.279.
74. Hannak,J.(1959).EmanuelLasker:TheLifeofaChessMaster.SimonandSchuster.pp.284,297.
75. Fine,R.(1976)."TheAgeofLasker".TheWorld'sGreatChessGames(2nded.).Dover(firsteditionpublished
byAndrDeutschin1952).p.50.ISBN0486245128.
76. Golombek,H.(1959)."TheFinalPhase".Capablanca'sHundredBestGamesofChess.G.Bell&Sons.
pp.250267.
77. Winter,E."WorldChampionshipDisorder"(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/disorder.html).Retrieved
20080915.
78. "AVRO1938"(http://www.endgame.nl/AVRO1938.htm).Retrieved20080915.
79. Capablanca'sDeath(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablanca13.html),chesshistory.com.
80. "3rdChessOlympiad:Hamburg1930"(http://www.olimpbase.org/1930/1930in.html).Retrieved20080523.
81. Winter,E.G."4696.CapablancaandAlekhineinBuenosAires,1939"
(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter28.html#4696._Capablanca_and_Alekhine_in_Buenos).Retrieved
20090603.SeealsoWinter,E.G."4742.CapablancaandAlekhineinBuenosAires,1939(C.N.4696)"
20090603.
82. Winter,E.G."4696.CapablancaandAlekhineinBuenosAires,1939"
20090603.
83. Winter,E.G."Capablanca'sDeath"(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablanca13.html).Retrieved
20090604.
84. EdwardWinter,ed.(1981).WorldChessChampions.PergamonPress.p.64.ISBN0080240941.
85. "AllCapablancaMemorialchesstournaments"(http://www.endgame.nl/capamem.htm).Retrieved20090604.
86. Soltis,A.(2002).ChessLists,SecondEdition.McFarland.pp.4243.ISBN0786412968.
87. CapablancaKeresgames(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?
yearcomp=exactly&year=&playercomp=either&pid=&player=Keres&pid2=&player2=Capablanca&movescomp=e
xactly&moves=&opening=&eco=&result=).ChessGames.com.Retrievedon20090602.
88. A.V.R.O.1938,BritishChessMagazine,pp.xiii,1.
89. Keene,RaymondDivinsky,Nathan(1989).WarriorsoftheMind.Brighton,UK:HardingeSimpole.Seethe
summarylistat"AllTimeRankings"(http://chess.eusa.ed.ac.uk/Chess/Trivia/AlltimeList.html).Retrieved
22/25
22/04/2015
summarylistat"AllTimeRankings"(http://chess.eusa.ed.ac.uk/Chess/Trivia/AlltimeList.html).Retrieved
20081121.
90. Elo,A.(1978).TheRatingofChessplayers,PastandPresent(http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?
newsid=1160).Arco.ISBN0668047216.TheURLprovidesgreaterdetail,covering47playerswhomElo
rated,andnotesthatBobbyFischerandAnatolyKarpovwouldhavetoppedthelistiftheJanuary1,1978FIDE
ratingshadbeenincludedtheFIDEratingsuseElo'ssystem.
91. "PeakAverageRatings:1yearpeakrange"(http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PeakList.asp?
Params=199510SSSSS1S000000000000111000000000000010100).Retrieved20080610."PeakAverage
Ratings:5yearpeakrange"(http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PeakList.asp?
Params=199510SSSSS5S000000000000111000000000000010100).Retrieved20080610."PeakAverage
Params=199510SSSSSTS000000000000111000000000000010100).Retrieved20080610."PeakAverage
Params=199510SSSSSFS000000000000111000000000000010100).Retrieved20080610.
92. Sonas,J.(2005)."TheGreatestChessPlayerofAllTimePartIV"(http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?
newsid=2409).Chessbase.Retrieved20081119.PartIVgiveslinkstoallthreeearlierparts.
93. Guid,MatejBratko,Ivan(June2006)."ComputerAnalysisofWorldChessChampions"
(http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3455).ICGAJournal29(2):6573.Retrieved20150107.
94. Guid,M.Bratko,I.(December30,2006)."Computerschoose:whowasthestrongestplayer?"
(http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3455).Chessbase.Retrieved20090601.
95. Riis,S.(2006)."Reviewof"ComputerAnalysisofWorldChessChampions" "
96. BratkoandGuid.(2011)."Reviewof"ComputerAnalysisofWorldChessChampions" "
97. ChessCanadamagazine,February2008,p.13.
98. "FischeronIcelandicRadio"(http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3468).Chessbase.November4,2006.
Retrieved20090618.
99. "JoseRaulCapablancavsFrankJamesMarshall,NewYork1918"(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?
gid=1095025).chessgames.com.Apagewhereyoucanplaythroughthegame(noannotation)
100. Golombek,H.(1947).Capablanca's100BestGamesofChess.Bell.
101. "JoseRaulCapablancavsRudolfSpielmann,NewYork1927"(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?
gid=1007840).chessgames.com.Apagewhereyoucanplaythroughthegame(noannotation)
102. Winter,E.(1997)."CapablancaGoesAlgebraic"(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablanca.html).
103. Winter,Edward."ALecturebyCapablanca"
(http://web.archive.org/web/20130120070250/http://chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablanca10.html).Archived
fromtheoriginal(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablanca10.html)on30May2010.Retrieved
20100530.
104. Capablanca,JoseRaul(2002)."SynthesisofGeneralTheory".APrimerofChess
(http://books.google.co.uk/books?
id=pi37L2kBk4UC&pg=PA202&dq=Queen+and+Knight,+Queen+and+Bishop,+Capablanca&lr=&output=html_t
ext&cd=3).HoughtonMifflinHarcourt.p.202.ISBN0156028077.RetrievedMay2013.
105. Flear,Glenn(2007).PracticalEndgamePlaybeyondthebasics:thedefinitiveguidetotheendgamesthatreally
matter.EverymanChess.pp.42223.ISBN9781857445558.
23/25
22/04/2015
matter.EverymanChess.pp.42223.ISBN9781857445558.
106. Kaufman,L.(March1999)."TheEvaluationofMaterialImbalances"
(http://home.comcast.net/~danheisman/Articles/evaluation_of_material_imbalance.htm).ChessLife.Retrieved
20090601.
107. Watson,John(1998).SecretsofModernChessStrategy:AdvancesSinceNimzowitsch.GambitPublications.
p.73.ISBN1901983072.
108. Reynolds.Q.(March2,1935)."OneMan'sMind"
(http://www.chessarch.com/excavations/0017_capablanca/capablanca.shtml).Collier'smagazine.
109. Trice,E.(June2004)."80SquareChess"(http://www.gothicchess.com/80.pdf)(PDF).ICGAJournal
(InternationalComputerGamesAssociation)27(2):8195.Retrieved20090604.
110. Winter,E.G."CapablancaonMoscow"(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablanca7.html).Retrieved
20090604.
111. Winter,E.G.(1990)."8:ChangingtheRules".Capablanca:ACompendium...McFarland.ISBN089950455
8.
112. Winter,E.G."TheMarshallGambit"(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/marshallgambit.html).Retrieved
20110806.
113. "BiographyofHenryEdwardChambers"(http://files.usgwarchives.org/la/orleans/bios/c000021.txt).
usgwarchives.org.RetrievedMarch15,2011.
114. Golombek,H.(1959)."RapidDevelopment".Capablanca'sHundredBestGamesofChess.G.Bell&Sons.
pp.3558.
115. IrvingChernev,CapablancaBestChessEndings,p.284
116. Fine,R.(1952)."MaxEuwe".TheWorld'sGreatChessGames.AndrDeutsch(nowaspaperbackfromDover).
Furtherreading
HaroldSchonberg(1973).GrandmastersofChess.NewYork:WWNorton&CoInc.
EdwardWinter(1981).WorldChessChampions.London,UK:PergamonPress.
IrvingChernev(1982).Capablanca'sBestChessEndings.NewYork:DoverPublications.
HarryGolombek(1947).Capablanca'sHundredBestGamesofChess.London,UK:Bell.
FredReinfeld(1990).TheImmortalGamesofCapablanca.NewYork:DoverPublications.
DaleBrandreth&DavidHooper(1993).TheUnknownCapablanca.NewYork:DoverPublications.
Chernev,Irving(1995).TwelveGreatChessPlayersandTheirBestGames.NewYork:Dover.
pp.181212.ISBN0486286746.
EdwardWinter(1989).Capablanca:ACompendiumofGames,Notes,Articles,Correspondence,
IllustrationsandOtherRareArchivalMaterialsontheCubanChessGeniusJosRalCapablanca,
18881942.Jefferson,NorthCarolina:McFarland&Company.
GarryKasparov(2003).MyGreatPredecessors:part1.EverymanChess,ISBN1857443306.
IsaakLinderandVladimirLinder(2009).JosRalCapablanca:ThirdWorldChessChampion.
RussellEnterprises,ISBN9781888690569.
24/25
22/04/2015
Externallinks
JosRalCapablanca
Wikiquotehasquotations
relatedto:JosRal
Capablanca
(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=47544)
playerprofileandgamesatChessgames.com
BiographyonChesscorner.com
(http://www.chesscorner.com/worldchamps/capablanca/capablanca.htm)
Lasker'sChessMagazine(Feb1905)recognizesCapablancaatage16
(http://batgirl.atspace.com/LaskerMagazine.html)
Capablancabiography
(http://www.chessclub.demon.co.uk/culture/worldchampions/capablanca/capablanca.htm)
Capablanca'sChess(http://www.twopaths.com/bg/capablanca.htm)aprogramimplementation.
TheGeniusandthePrincess(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablancaolga.html)by
EdwardWinter(1999),withconsiderableinputbyCapablanca'swidowOlgaonhislife.
EdwardWinter,ListofBooksAboutCapablancaandAlekhine
(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablancaalekhine.html)
WorksbyJosRalCapablanca(https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Capablanca,+Jos+Ral)at
ProjectGutenberg
WorksbyoraboutJosRalCapablanca(https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28%22Jos
%22%20OR%20Jose%29%20AND%20%28%22Capablanca%22%20OR%20Capablanca%29%29%
20OR%20%28%2218881942%22%20AND%20Capablanca%29)atInternetArchive
Awardsandachievements
Precededby
EmanuelLasker
WorldChessChampion
192127
Succeededby
Alexander
Alekhine
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos_Ral_Capablanca&oldid=656888255"
Categories: 1888births 1942deaths SportspeoplefromHavana Worldchesschampions
Chesstheoreticians Cubanchessplayers ChessOlympiadcompetitors Deathsfromstroke
DiseaserelateddeathsinNewYork ColumbiaUniversityalumni
ColumbiaSchoolofEngineeringandAppliedSciencealumni Chesswriters Chessvariantinventors
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon17April2015,at11:46.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmay
apply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisa
registeredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.
25/25

Capablanka Chess Player

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Capablanka Chess Player

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

22/04/2015

14/20 +101=9 Marshall(11),RichardRti(10)andsixothers,

13/14 +130=1 AheadofTartakower(11)and13others[65]

Potrebbero piacerti anche