Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Submitted to:
Submitted by:
Sidra Shaukat
L1f11mbam2135
Umama Manzoor
L1f11mbam2017
Zainab Azmat
L1s12mbam2014
Faiza Tanveer
L1f11mbam2119
Aleem SHEIKH
L1f11mbam
Date of submission:
13th Feburary, 2015
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
By starting with the name of Allah Almighty who is most beneficial and merciful, First of all we would like
to say thanks to ALLAH for his blessing and guideness throughout this period. We could never have
skilled of this without the faith we have on ALLAH Almighty
Secondly its a
great pleasure in expressing thankfulness to all my group members who helped and
supported us, during our project on the role of Government Corporate Governance. We are highly
indebted to Mr? For their guidance as well as for providing all the necessary information regarding the
project and also for his support in completing the project. At the last but not we would like to convey our
sincere gratefulness gratitude towards our advisor Maam Eeshaa Tariq for her continuous giving us the
opportunity to study all concepts of corporate governance in the real corporate world which also helped us
in completion of our project, and us support in our project guideline, motivation, & immense knowledge.
Her supervision helped us in all the moment of understanding and working on project
Declaration
Dedicated to our Loving Parents, Brothers,
respected teachers and Supporting Friends
who always helped out
In times of woe and Distress
&
Taught us to
follow the Path of Truth,
Justice, Honesty and Sincerity.
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:................................................................................................. 2
Executive Summary:...................................................................................................... 5
INTRODUCTION:.......................................................................................................... 7
Definition of Corporate Governance:................................................................................. 7
Government role in Corporate Governance:.......................................................................8
Overarching role......................................................................................................... 8
Participatory role........................................................................................................ 8
Facilitative role........................................................................................................... 8
Legislative and regulatory role...................................................................................... 8
Corruption Controlling Role.......................................................................................... 9
Government should play a role in instilling values and ethics................................................9
Different roles of government in the economy:..................................................................10
Regulatory Role....................................................................................................... 10
The Promotional Role................................................................................................ 10
The Entrepreneurial Role........................................................................................... 10
The planning role:..................................................................................................... 10
Rationalism:......................................................................................................... 11
Socialism:............................................................................................................ 11
Nationalism:......................................................................................................... 11
State intervention in developing countries:.......................................................................11
Maximizing Social Welfare.................................................................................. 12
Macro-Economic Factors........................................................................................ 12
Socio-Economic Factors......................................................................................... 12
Reasons for the interference in market economy:.................................................12
Governance in Different Countries:.................................................................................13
Public governance and Corporate Governance:...............................................................13
Constraints on Government Powers:.............................................................................. 14
Sub factors:............................................................................................................. 14
Forms of Government Regulation:.................................................................................. 14
Advertising.............................................................................................................. 14
Executive Summary:
Corporate governance is the way a corporation polices itself. In short, it is a method of governing
the company like a sovereign state, instating its own customs, policies and laws to its employees from the
highest to the lowest levels. Corporate governance is intended to increase the accountability of your
company and to avoid massive disasters before they occur. Corporate governance isnt just one
structure though, but instead it consists of the various duties, obligations, and rights that control and
direct a corporation. The point of this governance is to properly distribute the responsibilities that those
who participate in the corporation have, such as the managers, stakeholders, creditors, regulators, and
of course those in the board of directors. In addition to informing these people of their responsibilities,
the corporate governance also informs people of their rights within the company. A part from all these
points government also play vital role in corporate governance.
In this Project basically we came to know how about all the roles and responsibilities of the government in
corporate governance. It includes the basic concept of corporate governance along with role of
government in economy. It also considered compassion of developing and developed economies in the
context with corporate governance along with laws implemented in those countries.
INTRODUCTION:
The concept of corporate governance is gaining momentum because of various factors as well as the
changing business environment. The EEC, GATT and WTO regulations have also contributed to the rising
awareness and are compelling us to think in terms of adhering to the good governance practices.
The following definition should help us to understand the concept better. Corporate governance is not
just corporate management; it is something much broader to include a fair, efficient and transparent
administration to meet certain well-defined objectives. It is a system of structuring, operating and
controlling a company with a view to achieve long term strategic goals to satisfy shareholders, creditors,
employees, customers and suppliers, and complying with the legal and regulatory requirements, apart
from meeting environmental and local community needs. When it is practised under a well-laid out
system, it leads to the building of a legal, commercial and institutional framework and demarcates the
boundaries within which these functions are performed.Corporate governance is a relatively recent
concept (Cadbury 1992; OECD 1999, 2004), over the past decade; the concept has evolved to address
the rise of corporate social responsibility.
Corporate governance became a pressing issue following the 2002 introduction of the Sarbanes-Oxley
Act in the U.S., which was ushered in to restore public confidence in companies and markets after
accounting fraud bankrupted high-profile companies such as Enron and WorldCom.
Most companies strive to have a high level of corporate governance. These days, it is not enough for a
company to merely be profitable; it also needs to demonstrate good corporate citizenship through
environmental awareness, ethical behaviour and sound corporate governance practices.
states, "the relationships among the management, Board of Directors, controlling shareholders, minority
shareholders and other stakeholders".
Participatory role
Government plays a participatory role on economic development through parastatals state -ownedenterprises. It is the fundamental role of government as the biggest employer in the economy to
implement corporate governance within its various ministries, parastatals and state owned enterprises.
Facilitative role
Government plays a facilitative role in the economy by creating a sound infrastructure.
Government provides relevant infrastructure and basic service enablers such as electricity, water,
communication, infrastructure etc. This enables companies, individuals and government itself to function
or perform efficiently towards wealth creation and economic Development of the country
Monitoring Role
Government ensures that there is fair play in business through monitoring. Government oversees and
monitors organizations such as the Securities Exchange Commission, the Stock Exchange etc.
Government, through Parliament makes public policy, legislation and statutory instruments.
Government creates a conducive environment for business to operate under through making regulatory
and statutory frameworks. The interpretation and enforcement of legislation is done through the courts or
judiciary and other national enforcement agencies. The regulatory environment enables the private
sector to play its direct role in increasing employment and thereby alleviating poverty. Poverty reduction is
one of the obligations of government to its poorer constituencies. It is one of the millennium development
goals that all governments must address and legislation that helps private sector revitalize the economy is
one of the strategies of alleviating poverty. Legislation ensures fairness and transparency in business
dealings and these are some of the tenets of good corporate governance.
which
should
cascade
down
the
leadership
ladder.
had
failed
to
comply.
Government should play an active role in instilling ethics in its citizens Best Practice
With a society or citizens with good moral values, it is easy for the government to use the comply or
explain, apply or explain, and adopt or explain bases in corporate governance and thus obviate the need
of legislation.
The voluntary basis works well where the moral fibre of society is strong.
Government should conscientise its citizens on moral values by making it a requirement that moral
and ethical values be taught in schools from an early age and continue to be reinforced at tertiary levels.
The voluntary basis is less costly to implement as opposed to the compulsory compliance approach
Regulatory Role
The entire regulatory legislations and policies stand covered under this segment
On the one hand, there is a very large indirect area of government control over the functioning of private
sector business through budgetary and monetary policies .Governments regulatory functions with regard
to trade, business and industry aim at laying down the limits for the private enterprise. The regulatory
functions of the Government include restraints on private activities, control of monopoly and big business,
development of public enterprises as an alternative to private enterprises to ensure competitive dualism,
maintenance of a proper socioeconomic infrastructure
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Rationalism:
A planned economy on the ground that it can be a rational economy which can utilize the available
resources in an optimal manner. In other words, the planned economy is a rational economy which
attempts to secure the maximum return with minimum wastage of productive resources.
Socialism:
The socialists advocate a planned economy because it helps to achieve some desirable social ends like
economic equality. An unplanned economy, left to it, is incapable of attaining the social ends.
Nationalism:
The nationalists advocate a planned economy because a planned economy is a powerful economy. The
nationalists want to use planning as a weapon to strengthen the military power of the country. Hitler in
Germany and Mussolini in Italy resorted to planning to achieve political motive.
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much of a resource while others do not have enough. Inefficiency can take many different forms. The
government tries to struggle these inequities through regulation, taxation, and subsidies. Most
governments have any combination of four different objectives when they intervene in the market. The
purpose is to discuss how market and government failures influence the design of institutions supporting
corporate finance in emerging market economies. Weaknesses in these institutions are an important part
of the explanation for why more capital is not flowing from the capital-rich to the capital-poor economies.
Even in countries that now enjoy large inflows of direct investment may find weak corporate governance
and poorly functioning bankruptcy procedures to be critical if these flows were to cease for exogenous
reasons. Moreover, while well-functioning corporate governance and bankruptcy laws are generally
believed to be critical to investment and growth, they are particularly important in emerging market
economies where corporations often are hugely influential in the economy-at-large and in politics. We
propose a general framework for thinking about the challenges of designing these institutions in emerging
market economies and draw some policy implications
Most governments have any combination of four different objectives when they intervene in the market.
Macro-Economic Factors
Governments also intervene to minimize the damage caused by naturally occurring economic
events. Recessions and inflation are part of the natural business cycle but can have a devastating effect
on citizens. In these cases, governments intervene through subsidies and manipulation of the money
supply to minimize the harsh impact of economic forces on its constituents.
Socio-Economic Factors
Governments may also intervene in markets to promote general economic fairness . Government often
try, through taxation and welfare programs, to reallocate financial resources from the wealthy to those that
are most in need. Other examples of market intervention for socio-economic reasons include employment
laws to protect certain segments of the population and the regulation of the manufacture of certain
products to ensure the health and well-being of consumers.
Governments can sometimes intervene in markets to promote other goals, such as national unity and
advancement. Most people agree that governments should provide a military for the protection of its
citizens, and this can be seen as a type of intervention. Growing a large and impressive military not only
increases a country's security, but may also be a source of pride. Intervening in a way that promotes
national unity and pride can be an extremely valuable goal for government officials.
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Greater Equality redistribute income and wealth to improve equality of opportunity and equality
of outcome
Market Failure Markets fail to take into account externalities and are likely to under-produce
public / merit goods. For example, governments can subsidise or provide goods with positive
externalities.
Governments liable to make the wrong decisions influence by political pressure groups, they
spend on inefficient projects which lead to inefficient outcome.
Personal Freedom. Government intervention is taking away individuals decision on how to spend
and act. Economic intervention, takes some personal freedom away.
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companies (PSCs) in order to bring about greater transparency and plugging the huge losses of
public sector enterprises, which are in the range of Rs400 billion per year.
Good governance is supposed to exist if three objectives are achieved. The first is equality of law and
effective implementation of laws. Secondly opportunity for every individual to realize his full
human
potential and thirdly there should be effective productivity and no waste in every sector.
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Advertising
Laws pertaining to marketing and advertising set in motion by the Federal Trade Commission exist to
protect consumers and keep companies honest about their products, according to Business. Every
business in the country is required to comply with the truth-in-advertising laws and could face lawsuits for
violation.
Truth-in-advertising laws are made up of dozens of tidbits under three main requirements: advertising in
the United States must be truthful and non-misleading; businesses need to be able to back up claims
made in advertisements at any time; and advertisements must be fair to competitors and consumers.
Additionally, in compliance with the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act of 1966, all product labels must
include information about the product, such as nutrition, size, and distribution and manufacturing
information.
Environmental
The carbon footprint of businesses on the environment is regulated by the Environmental Protection
Agency alongside state agencies. The EPA enforces environmental laws passed by the federal
government through educational resources, frequent inspections and local agency accountability.
The Environmental Compliance Assistance Guide exists to help businesses--small and large alike-achieve environmental compliance, and serves as an educational resource more than an enforcer.
Privacy
Sensitive information is usually collected from employees and customers during hiring and business
transactions and privacy laws prevent businesses from disclosing this information freely. Information
collected can include social security number, address, name, health conditions, credit card and bank
numbers and personal history. Not only do various laws exist to keep businesses from spreading this
information, but people can sue companies for disclosing sensitive information.
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In a Communist system, the central authority dictates the means and quantity of production, and
places strict rules on businesses.
Since there is no competition amongst firms, each is given the same amount of money and each
worker is paid the same, with the same expectations of each.
Populations tend to be treated homogeneously, meaning that common goals or sets of rules will not
apply to different segments of the population and community.
Without a price mechanism, supply and demand are difficult to balance perfectly over time.
The government owns all the businesses and properties (the means of production).
There is no freedom of speech.
Large or geographically-broad populations tend to be diverse, making it difficult to maintain a
common goal or set of rules for shared effort and resources.
Central planning is difficult to achieve.
Consumers needs are not taken into consideration.
Productivity and efficiency are difficult to achieve without profit motive for the workers.
It is difficult to achieve internal balances between supply and demand without a price mechanism.
Parliament can pass laws that for example prohibit the sale of cigarettes to children, or ban smoking in
the workplace. The laws of competition policy act against examples of price-fixing cartels or other forms of
anti-competitive behaviour by firms within markets. Employment laws may offer some legal protection for
workers by setting maximum working hours or by providing a price-floor in the labour market through the
setting of a minimum wage.
The economy operates with a huge and growing amount of regulation. The government appointed
regulators who can impose price controls in most of the main utilities such as telecommunications,
electricity, gas and rail transport. Free market economists criticise the scale of regulation in the economy
arguing that it creates an unnecessary burden of costs for businesses with a huge amount of red tape
damaging the competitiveness of businesses
Regulation may be used to introduce fresh competition into a market for example breaking up the
existing monopoly power of a service provider. A good example of this is the attempt to introduce more
competition for British Telecom. This is known as market liberalisation.
Changes to taxation and welfare payments can be used to influence the overall distribution of income and
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wealth for example higher direct tax rates on rich households or an increase in the value of welfare
benefits for the poor to make the tax and benefit system more progressive
An import quota is a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically. It
is a type of protectionist trade restriction that sets a physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be
imported into a country in a given period of time. If a quota is put on a good, less of it is imported.
Quotas, like other trade restrictions, are used to benefit the producers of a good in a domestic economy at
the expense of all consumers of the good in that economy. The primary goal of import quotas is to reduce
imports and increase domestic production of a good, service, or activity, thus "protect" domestic
production by restricting foreign competition. As the quantity of importing the good is restricted, the price
of the imported good increases, thus encourages consumers to purchase more domestic products. In
general, a quota is simply a legal quantity restriction placed on a good imported that is imposed by the
domestic government.
Examples:
Political parties
Trade unions
Professional associations
Americans love voluntary associations, using them to express a wide variety of interests,
goals, opinions, and even dissatisfactions. Some groups are local, consisting of only
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All these points basically help in building better corporate government in any country and thats why US is
better than India in their business procedures.
Permission
Most businesses need to register with a state government to operate. Corporations need a charter, and
other forms of businesses, such as limited liability companies or partnerships, need other forms of
registration. The function of this registration is usually to define the financial liability the owners of the
company have. It limits their risk to the amount they have invested in that particular organization.
Registration also allows the government to monitor companies to execute its other functions in the
business world.
Consumer Protection
The governments role in business includes protecting the consumer or customer. When a vendor fails to
honor the guarantee, the purchaser has recourse in the law. Likewise, when a product causes harm to an
individual, the courts may hold the vendor or manufacturer responsible. Labeling is another requirement
the government imposes on marketers. Many foods, for example, must display nutritional content on the
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packaging. The U.S. has been making advances in consumer rights for decades. However, the consumer
movement still needs considerable development to protect the public .
Employee Protection
Many state and federal agencies work to protect the rights of employees. The Occupational Health and
Safety Administration, for example, is an agency under the Department of Labor. Its mission is to ensure a
safe and healthful work environment. The Equal Opportunity Commission protects employees from
discrimination.
Environmental Protection
When a marketing transaction impacts a third party--others besides the marketer and purchaser--the
effect is called an externality. The third party is often the environment. Thus, it is the government's role
to regulate industry and thereby protect the public from environmental externalities.
Taxation
Governments at all levels tax businesses, and the resulting revenue is an important part of government
budgets. Some revenue is taxed at the corporate level, then taxed as personal income when distributed
as dividends. This is in no way inappropriate, since it balances the tax burden between the company and
individual and allows the government to tax more equitably.
Investor Protection
Government mandates that companies make financial information public, thereby protecting the rights of
investors and facilitating further investment. This is generally done through filings with the Securities and
Exchange Commission.
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Appointment of regulators
Government should appoint regulators to regulate the several sectors, to monitor the activities of the
companies, to allow them to have a fair competition as well as to protect them from any dispute.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
Government has a pivotal role to play in corporate governance. It should also create a conducive
environment and level the play-field so that businesses and individuals interests can thrive and create
wealth for the nation. It should play this role by:
Providing appropriate infrastructure and basic services such as water, electricity, communication etc.
Making regulatory and statutory laws. This should include the updating of the Zimbabwe Companies
Act.
Enacting measures to combat corruption which include giving judicial powers to the anti-corruption
commission.
Leading by example through implementing corporate governance in central government itself and thus
demonstrating will-power which would permeate down to its citizens.
Introducing the teaching of ethics and values at an early age in schools through to tertiary levels. This
will help nurture and sustain the moral values of society and these values will guide its citizens in
implementing corporate governance. Morally upright citizens have no problems in upholding the
principles of fairness, transparency and accountability which are some of the core tenets of good
corporate governance. Zimbabwes moral fibre has been eroded by the economic challenges the country
has faced for the past decade. It is therefore necessary that ethics and values be instilled in the society
by including them in the curriculum of schools and tertiary institutions.
Adopting both the legislative (comply or else) and the voluntary (comply or explain) regimes. Both
regimes are essential because of the economic and political history of our country, Zimbabwe. The
Government, in its wisdom, would then decide what would be legislated depending on the prevailing
corporate and societys cultural way of doing business.
Conclusion:
Corporate governance is a set of rules that define the relationship between stakeholders, management,
and board of directors of a company and influence how that company is operating but apart from all these
the role of government is always necessary. The government should make laws for the strong governance
standards which will provides better access to capital and aids economic growth. Properly designed rules
of governance should focus on implementing the values of fairness, transparency, accountability, and
responsibility to both shareholders and stakeholders. In order to be effectively and ethically governed,
businesses need not only good internal governance, but also must operate in a sound institutional
environment. Therefore, elements such as secure private property rights, functioning judiciary, and free
press are necessary to translate corporate governance laws and regulations into on-the-ground practice
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REFERENCES:
http://seminarprojects.com/Thread-the-role-of-Pakistan-government-in-business-environmentppt#ixzz3RYUV4S7T
Source: Boundless. Why Governments Intervene In Markets. Boundless Economics. Boundless,
03 Jul. 2014. Retrieved 10 Feb. 2015
from https://www.boundless.com/economics/textbooks/boundless-economicstextbook/introducing-supply-and-demand-3/government-intervention-and-disequilibrium-49/whygovernments-intervene-in-markets-182-12280/
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