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Observation:
Hardness
Mean Hardness(HRC)
1
2
3
Result:
Rockwell Hardness of given specimen =-------------------HRC
Precautions and sources of error
Ensure proper indenter is fixed on the machine.
Use V-Block for round jobs
Select proper load
Move wheel gradually & slowly.
Do not cross the red mark on the smaller dial.
Ensure surface is smooth & polished.
Related short questions:
What is hardness?
How many types of method to check hardness of materials.
How many scales in Rockwell hardness.
B and C scale where use?
Can we check soft materials hardness in this method?
02
Experiment N0-02
1. Object: To determine the hardness of the given specimen using Brinell Hardness Testing
Machine.
2. Experimental set up/Equipment/Apparatus/Tools
i. Brinell hardness Testing Machine.
ii. Specimen of mild steel/Cast iron/non ferrous metals.
iii. Optical microscope.
3. Theory and application:
Formula used:
Loadapplie d (inkg )
BHN = Sphericals urfaceareaofindentation
4.
B.H.N =
Where
2
D D2d
D
2P
03
Diameter of indentation
(mm)
d
BHN
Mean BNN
1
2
3
7. Calculations: The Brinell hardness is calculated as follows.
B.H.N =
Where
2
D D2d
D
2P
EXPERIMENT
04
NO-03
1. Object: To find the spring constant and Modulus of Rigidity of a given spring using
spring testing Machine.
2. Experimental set up/Equipment/Apparatus/Tools -Spring testing Machine/ spring/
Vernier caliper/out side caliper/ Micrometer
3. Theory and application: Spring index K (or spring stiffness) is defined as the load
W that causes unit deflection in the spring. This deflection is in the form of
contraction in a compression spring and in the form of extension form in tension
spring. Thus spring index or stiffness K=
8W (Dm) n
4. Formula used: Modulus of Rigidity, C=
d4
W
Stiffness K=
N/mm2
5. Experimental Procedure:
1- By using the vernier caliper/Micrometer measure the diameter of the wire
of the spring.
2- By using the vernier caliper measure the diameter of spring coil.
3- Count the number of turns of the spring.
4- Measure the original length of the spring
5- Insert the spring in the spring testing machine and load the spring by
S.no
Load W
(in Kg)
Load W
(in Newton)
Deflectio
n
(cm)
Deflection
(mm)
05
Stiffness, K= W/
N/mm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
7. Calculations:
Stiffness K =
N/mm
3
Modulus of Rigidity, C=
8W (Dm) n
d4
N/mm2
What is Stiffness?
What is modulus of rigidity?
What is the significance of modulus of rigidity?
Which type of spring you have checked?
Tell the name of different types of spring?
Give the example where springs are useful in general life.
06
EXPERIMENT NO-04
1. OBJECT: to conduct the tensile test on a UTM and determine the ultimate tensile
strength and percentage elongation for a steel specimen.
2. Experimental set up/Equipment/Apparatus/Tools
Universal Testing Machine
Mild steel specimen
Vernier caliper/out side caliper
3. Theory and application: Various machine and structural components are subjected to
tensile loading in numerous operations. For safe design of these components, their ultimate
tensile strength and ductility are to be determined before actual use. For that the above test
is conducted.
A material when subjected to a tensile load resists the applied load by developing
internal resisting force. This resistance comes due to atomic bonding between the atoms of
the material. The resisting force per unit cross-sectional area is known as stress. The value
of stress in material goes on increasing with the increase in applied tensile load, but it has a
certain maximum limit too. The maximum stress, at which a material fails, is called
Ultimate Tensile Strength. (UTS).
All known materials are elastic in nature and so is the steel specimen also. Its initial
length increase with increase in applied load followed with corresponding decrease in its
lateral dimensions. Increase in length is called elongation which is a measure of ductility.
The change in length over the original length is called strain. The ratio of stress to strain
within the elastic limit is termed as modulus of elasticity. The end of elastic limit is
indicated by the yield point. With increase in loading beyond the elastic limit, original area
of cross-section goes on decreasing and finally reduces to is minimum value when the
specimen breaks.
4. Formula used:
ultimateload
Ultimate tensile strength ult = original , cross , sec tional , area ( Ao)
Extendgaugelength( Lf ) origina lg augelength( Lo)
X 100
origina
lg
augelength
(
Lo
)
Percentage elongation =
Loadonyiel dpo int( N )
Yield strength = Originalcr oss sec tionalarea ( Ao) N/mm2
Ao Af
X 100
Percentage reduction in Area= Ao
Load (P) Newton
Stress () = crosssectional area of specimen (Ao)
l
Strain () = Lo
l- is change in length
Lo- Original length
07
Strain
l/Lo
Yield
Load
1
2
20
University of Petroleum & energy studies Dehradun
7. Calculations:
Ultimate load (P) = ---------- KN
= ---------- N
Yield load (Yo) =--------- KN
=-----------N
ultimateload
N / mm2
original
cross
sec
tionalarea
(
Ao
)
Ultimate tensile strength ult =
Extendgaugelength( Lf ) origina lg augelength( Lo)
X 100
origina
lg
augelength
(
Lo
)
Percentage elongation =
Yield strength =
Ao Af
X 100
Percentage reduction in Area= Ao
8. Result:
Ultimate tensile strength =----------N/mm2
Percentage elongation = -----------%
Yield strength =
------------ Percentage reduction in Area= ---------
Specimen description
08
09
10
EXPERIMENT NO-05
OBJECT:
To conduct Torsion test on Mild steel or cast iron specimen to find out modulus of
rigidity
Experimental set up/Equipment/Apparatus/Tools
Torsion testing machines
A steel rule and caliper or micrometer
Standard specimen of mild steel
Theory and application:
A Torsion test quite instrumental in determining the value of modulus of rigidity (ratio of
shear stress to shear strain) of a metallic specimen. The value of modulus of rigidity can be
found out through observations made during the experiment by using the torsion equation
Formula used:
T
Ip
=
Where
C
l
therefore, C=
T
Tl
Ip
Modulus of rigidity
Experimental Procedure:
Select the driving dogs to suit the size of the specimen and clamp it in the machine by
adjusting the length of the specimen by means of a sliding spindle.
Measure the diameter at about three places and take the average value.
Choose the appropriate unit of torque on the microprocessor based load indicator.
Reset the load indicator to zero.
Set the protector to zero for convenience and clamp it by means of knurled screw.
Carry out straining by rotating the hand wheel in appropriate direction.
Load the machine in suitable increments, observing the recording.
Then load out to failure as to cause equal increments of strain reading.
Plot a torque- twist (T- ) graph.(T in N-m and in radian)
Read off co- ordinates of a convenient point from the straight line portion of the torquetwist (T- ) graph and calculate the value of C by using the relation:
T
Ip
C
l
Observations:
Gauge length of the specimen (l) =
Diameter of the specimen
Polar moment of inertia
(d) =
Ip
d
32 4
m4
Observation table:
S No
Angle of twist
Angle of twist
(radians)
(degree)
30
60
90
120
150
Torque (N-M)
Calculations:
Slope of the straight portion of the torque-twist curve m =
CIp
Slope m = l
Therefore C =
ml
Ip
Results:
Modulus of rigidity C =
N/mm2
13
EXPERIMENT NO-06
1. OBJECT: To Conduct the Izod Impact test on Impact testing machine and find the
impact strength and modulus of rupture of a given specimen.
2. Experimental set up/Equipment/Apparatus/Tools
i-Impact testing machine
ii-Izod test specimen of mild steel (75X10X10 mm) with 2mm notch
3. Theory and application: An Impact test signifies toughness of material that is
ability of material to absorb energy during plastic deformation. Toughness takes into
account both the strength and ductility of the material. Several engineering materials
have to withstand impact or suddenly applied loads while in service. Impact strengths
are generally lower as compared to strengths achieved under slowly applied loads.
The test measures the notch toughness of material under shock loading. Values
obtained from these tests are not of much utility to design problems directly and are
highly arbitrary. Still it is important to note that it provides a good way of comparing
toughness of various materials or toughness of same material under different
conditions.
4. Formula used: Notch impact strength I=
U
Ve
U
Ae N/m
Modulus of rupture =
Jule/mm3
Where Ae is effective area of specimen (in meter)
Ve is effective volume of specimen (in mm)
5. Experimental Procedure:
(1Jule=1 N-M)
14
Make use of brake handle to stop the motion of hammer after its swing.
Repeat the experiment on the other specimen(reading of three specimen is desired)
6. Observation Table:
Specimen
Size
of Depth
of Initial
No
specimen
notch (mm)
reading
(lXbXh) mm
(X) Jules
7. Calculations:
Impact Energy U
= Y-X Jules
U
Ae N/m (1Jule=1 N-M)
U
Ve
Jule/mm3
Modulus of rupture
=
Where Ae is effective area of specimen (in meter)
Ve is effective volume of specimen (in mm)
8. Results:
9. Precautions and sources of error
Final Reading
(Y)Jules
Place the specimen carefully so that the hammer strikes at the centre of the specimen
What is toughness?
What is proof resilience?
What is resilience?
Which material is tough hard or ductile?
If temperature increases the toughness increase or decrease?
Why notch provide in specimen?
If notch not provide in specimen then which type of fracture accurse?
Give any examples where tough is importance?
15
Experiment No-07
1. Object: To conduct the charpy Impact test on Impact testing machine and find
the Impact strength of a given specimen.
2. Experimental set up/Equipment/Apparatus/Tools
i- Impact testing machine
ii- Charpy test specimen of mild steel( 55X10X10 mm) with 2mm notch
3. Theory and application: An Impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability
of material to absorb energy during plastic deformation. Toughness takes into account
both the strength and ductility of the material. Several engineering materials have to
withstand impact or suddenly applied loads while in service. Impact strengths are
generally lower as compared to strengths achieved under slowly applied loads. The test
measures the notch toughness of material under shock loading. Values obtained from
these tests are not of much utility to design problems directly and are highly arbitrary.
Still it is important to note that it provides a good way of comparing toughness of
various materials or toughness of same material under different conditions.
4. Formula used: Notch impact strength I=
U
Ve
U
Ae N/m
Modulus of rupture =
Jule/mm3
Where Ae is effective area of specimen (in meter)
Ve is effective volume of specimen (in mm)
(1Jule=1 N-M)
5. Experimental Procedure:
Following procedure should be adopted to conduct the test
First measure the length, width and thickness of the specimen.
Set the machine at 300 Jules dial reading and lock the striking hammer in its top
position 1600
Now press down the pendulum release lever so that the hammer falls and sings
past the bottommost position. Note down the reading on dial. This is initial
reading(X). Remember that this reading is without any specimen and indicates
frictional and windage (air) loss of energy of the hammer.
Now put the test- specimen on the support provided as simply supported beam
with the face with notch on the tension side. Release the lever so that the hammer
strikes the test-piece and break it. Note down this reading. This is final reading(Y)
Repeat the experiment on the other specimen(reading of three specimen is desired)
Observation Table:
Specimen
Size
of Depth
of Initial
No
specimen
notch (mm)
reading
(lXbXh) mm
(X) Jules
7. Calculations:
Impact Energy U= Y-X Jules
U
Notch impact strength I= Ae N/m (1Jule=1 N-M)
U
Ve
Modulus of rupture =
Jule/mm3
16
Final Reading
(Y) Jules
Place the specimen carefully so that the hammer strikes at the centre of the specimen
What is toughness?
What is proof resilience?
What is resilience?
Which material is tough hard or ductile?
If temperature increases the toughness increase or decrease?
Why notch provide in specimen?
If notch not provide in specimen then which type of fracture accurse?
Give any examples where tough is importance?
17
Specifications: Specifications:
Pendulum drop angle
1400
Pendulum effective weight
20.59 kg
Pendulum speed
5.3465 m/sec
Distance of Axes of hammer rotation and center of test piece
Impact energy
300 Jules
825mm
18
Experiment No. 8
Object:
To perform the shear test on UTM.
Apparatus used:
A UTM, Specimen, shearing attachment, vernier caliper or outside caliper etc.
Theory and application: - A type of force which causes or tends to cause two contiguous
parts of the body to slide relative to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of
contact is called the shear force. The stress required to produce fracture in the plane of
cross-section, acted on by the shear force is called shear strength.
Formula used:
ultimate load Newton
s =
W
2
2x d
4
N/mm2
Experimental procedure: First measure diameter of specimen (pin) by using our side caliper or vernier caliper
Take the suitable test rig (shear die) and insert the pin in given hole in test rig
Put the test rig on the bottom carriage.
Select the suitable range of loads on machine.
Adjust the middle carriage over the test rig through electrically system.
Bring the dummy pointer on the load indicator close to the live pointer.
The machine is switched on by pressing the appropriate button on the control panel
and the load is applied gradually by turning the control valve slowly.
Continue the test till fracture occurs.
Note down the maximum load at fracture indicated by the dummy pointer on the load
indicator.
University of Petroleum & energy studies Dehradun
19
Calculation: - Cross sectional area of the pin (in double shear) = 2x 4 d2 mm2
Load taken by the specimen at the time of failure, W = ---- (Newton)
The shear strength shall be calculated from the following formulae: s =
Whered is the actual diameter of the specimen
2 x d2
4
N/mm2
Precautions and sources of error: The specimen should be all place equal dia.
Measure the diameter of specimen carefully.
Take reading more carefully.
After shearing specimen stop to m/c.
Related short questions: Does the shear failure in wood occur along the 45 shear plane?
What is budging? Why does it occur?
What is single & double shear?
What is finding in shear test?
What is unit of shear strength?
20
Experiment No. 9
1.0 Object: To conduct the compression test on a UTM and determine the ultimate
compressive strength for a given specimen (C.I, Brick, wooden)
Equipment:
2.0 Experimental set up/Equipment/Apparatus/Tools
Universal testing Machine
Vernier caliper/out side caliper
Test specimen( Brick, wooden or C.I)
3.0 Theory and application: Various machine and structural components are subjected
to compressive load in numerous operations. For safe design of these components their
ultimate compressive strength are to be determined before actual use. For that the above test
is conducted.
Failure mode: The procedure of experimentation and observation of data are almost similar
to that of the tension test. Most compressive test are performed on brittle materials.
Generally they failed in shear. Shear develops along a diagonal plane. The maximum shear
stress develops on a plane inclined at 450 from the direction of compressive load. However
the spread of shear cracks may be deviated from this plane due the effects of end restraint. It
can be noticed cast iron and concrete. The directionality of grains in wood also effects the
shear failure along the 450 shear plan.
4.0 Formula used: Ultimate compressive strength =
Ultimate load
Crosssectional area
N/mm2
l
L
l- is change in length
L- Original length
21
S.No.
22
Applied load
Elongation
Stress()
Strain()
(P) N
(l) mm
P/Ao
(l)/L
(N/mm2)
7.0 Calculation:
Ultimate load (P) = KN
=N
Ultimate load
Crosssectional area
N/mm2
l
L
l- is change in length
L- Original length
8.0 Results: Ultimate compressive strength of given specimen= -----9.0 Precautions and sources of error:
Open the control valve slowly.
Loosen the locking nuts slightly as soon as load pointer starts moving.
Close the control valve immediately after fracture of specimen.
Open the release valve slowly after operation
Do not touch the specimen immediately after fracture.
10.1 Related short question:
Compression tests are generally performed on brittles materials-why?
How do ductile and brittle materials in their behavior in compression test?
What is column action? How does the h/d ratio of specimen affect the test
result?
23