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BS-121 (3-0)
Lecture # 1
Date:11-05-2012
Introduction
There are at least two main approaches to the study of linear algebra.
1. The more abstract is to introduce the general discussion of vector spaces
first. In this approach matrices come up in a natural way in the discussion
of linear transformation and the usual theorems about the solvability of
systems of linear equations come out in due course.
2. The other approach, which is more concrete, is to begin the discussion with
matrices and systems of linear equations. The advantage of this
direction is that it introduces the general concepts with examples in a more
familiar setting.
Linear Algebra???
Linear Algebra???
Linear algebra has in recent years become an essential part of the
mathematical background required of mathematicians, engineers, physicists
and other scientists. This requirement reflects the importance and wide
applications of the subject matter.
Linear Algebra includes the theory and application of linear system of
equations, linear transformations, and eigenvalue problems, as they arise,
for instance, from electrical networks, frameworks in mechanics, curve
fitting and other optimization problems, systems of differential equations, and
processes in statistics.
If we suppress the headings, then we are left with the following rectangular array of
numbers with three rows and seven columns, called a matrix:
The size of a matrix is described in terms of the number of rows (horizontal lines) and
columns (vertical lines) it contains.
The first matrix in Example 1 has three rows and two columns, so its size is 3 by 2
(written 3 2 ). In a size description, the first number always denotes the number of
rows, and the second denotes the number of columns.
A matrix with only one column is called a column matrix (or a column vector), and a
matrix with only one row is called a row matrix (or a row vector).
We shall use capital letters to denote matrices and lowercase letters to denote
numerical quantities; thus we might write
By an
Thus a general
The entry in i-th row and j-th column of matrix A is also commonly denoted by the
symbol ( A ) ij . Thus, for the above matrix we have
A matrix A with n rows and n columns is called a square matrix of order n, and
the Shaded entries are said to be on the main diagonal of A.
Equality of Matrices
Two matrices are defined to be equal if they have the same size and their
corresponding entries are equal.
Scalar multiple
If A is any matrix and c is any scalar, then the product cA is the matrix obtained by
multiplying each entry of the matrix A by c. The matrix cA is said to be a scalar
multiple of A.
Examples
Linear Combination
Multiplying Matrices
Example:
Consider the matrices
Since A is a 2 by 3 matrix and B is a 3 by 4 matrix, the product is a 2 by 4 matrix.
To determine, for example, the entry in row 2 and column 3, as illustrated below, we
multiply corresponding entries together and add up these products.
AB BA in General
AB = 0
A= 0
or
B=0
or
BA= 0
For instance,
Verify!
Applications of matrix multiplication (ASSIGNMENT)
A 0 )
Transpose of a matrix
Trace of a Matrix
( a ) tr ( A ) = tr ( A T )
( b ) tr ( A + B ) = tr ( A ) + tr ( B )
( c ) tr ( A ) = tr ( A )
( d ) tr ( A B ) = tr ( B A )( tr ( A ) tr ( B ))
There are a number of familiar properties of the real number zero (0) that do carry over
to null matrices.
(i ) A + O = O + A = A
( ii ) A A = O
( iii ) O A = A
( iv ) A O = 0 ; O A = O
Null matrices are rectangular as well as square.
If A is an m by n matrix, then,
Inverse of a Matrix
If A is a square matrix, and if a matrix B of the same size can be found such that ,
AB = I = BA
then A is said to be invertible and B is called an inverse of A. If no such matrix B can
be found, then A is said to be singular.
Verifying the Inverse Requirements
The matrix
Since
and
A1 . Thus,
AA1 = I = A1 A
If B and C are both inverses of the matrix A, then
is unique.
Properties of Inverses
If A and B are invertible matrices of the same size, then is
( AB)1 = B1 A1
T
( AT )1 = ( A1 )T
AB
invertible and
ASSIGNMENT
APPLICAIONS OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
(Submission Date: 18-05-2012)