TYPES OF CURRENT NURSING PRACTICES:

TEAM NURSING:
This is a newer method in this there are two or more members of the nursing
staff one living designated as leader, are assigned to work together in giving care to
a group of patients. The team leader is always a professional nurse. The members
may be graduate or student professional or practical nurse, nurses aids or any
combination of these.
Team nursing developed as a care delivery model in response to the severe nursing
shortage following World War II.
Philosophy of Team Nursing:
Team nursing is based on a philosophy of certain beliefs and values:

The work of every individual

The need for a qualified person to be the overall coordinator and interpreter
of plan for care.

Responsiveness to the need for adaptability and change

Characteristics of Team Nursing:

1.

Nursing team is always led by a nurse licensed to practice.

2.

team spirit is in all the members

3.

It is a small group

4.

All the members are able to contribute and make practical contributions to
the common goal.

5.

The health needs are focused on total patient care.

6.

They have a frequent and two way communication to plan and evaluate the
group activity

7.

They have a continuous practical by supplementing each other as team

method.

Disadvantage of Team Nursing:

1.

Some believes it to be costly because the overall efficacy of nursing unit is

reduced by fragmented distribution of personnel.

2.

Some believes that is time consuming for the leader to plan and manage.

3.

Confusion may occur when so many people are receiving order.

4.

Some nurses do not like to take leadership roles.

5.

No continuity of care.

Primary nursing Care:

A nurse is responsible for total care received by a particular patient from the
day of admission till discharge. Nursing care of a specific patient is under the
guidance of one nurse from admission till discharge. Primary nurse is responsible
for planning and supervising the patient care round the clock.
Primary nursing was instituted in some hospital by professional nurses who
were unhappy with fragmented care and lack of direct patient contact. It is based
on the philosophy that patient, instead of task should be the focus of professional
nurses.
Primary nurses are registered nurse who is giving completely responsibility
of the patient care. They develop the admission discharge treatment and nursing
care plans the associate nurse cares for the patient by using rare plan developed by

the primary nurse while she is off duty. The associate nurse is expected to contact
to contact primary nurses regarding changes in Care plan. The members of patient
assigned to are varies according to the length of the hospitalization, complexity of
care, number of medical and paramedical personal involved he patient. Care
availability of support systems and stiff worked.

It is not task oriented or

functional nursing.
For best results the primary nurse should be a registered professional nurse
prepared for the role primary nurses are expected to be clinically competent like
nursing histories do all initial assessments develop care plans problem solve
effectively and a new role of independent for planning and providing
comprehensive care line of organization of primary nursing.
Communication with other member of the health team regarding the patient,
and his health care are made by the primarily nurse.
Clinical Responsibilities of Primary Nurse:

Assess the condition of the patient and family on admission

Outlines the patients problem on admission

Envelop the plan for 24 hours a day.

Nursing care of the patient on

admission.

Maintains correct problem test and care plan based on continuing assessment
of the patient status.

Evaluation the effectiveness of nursing intervention.

Advantages of Primary Nursing:

1.

Focus on knowing the needs of patient or Clients and increasing care and
effectiveness

2.

Patient or client satisfaction is more

3.

Opportunity to function autonomously and use their capacity.

4.

Continuity of care

Disadvantages:
1.

Primary nurse is insufficient care given will be poor

2.

It confines a nurse talents to her

3.

Own patient other plan without discussion.

4.

Cost is most in implementing primary nursing because highly qualified

personnel are required.

5.

Role of licensed practiced nurses in primary nursing is not consistent.

Progressive Patient Care:

Progressive patient care is the organization of medical and nursing care
according to the degree of illness and care requirement in the hospital. The
elements are intensive care intermediate care self care long term care home care.
Intensive Care:
The purpose of intensive care is life being basically all health care practices
is designed to observe and preserve the vital functions of respiration. Circulation
and elimination life saving equipment drugs and supplies are made available for
immediate use of at all time.

Intermediate Care:
From intensive care unit the patients are transferred to intermediate. Care
units when they no longer need close attention by medical or nursing personnel.
Here the patients have the continuity of care which they were recovering in
intensive care unit. Emergency care and frequent observation are nearly needed
they are able to meet their own needs to some extent.
Self Care:
Patient who have recovered from critically ill disease or those who are
admitted for investigations or therapeutic services are seen in this unit.
Long Term Care:
Those units are assigned to patients who are substantially disabled by the
effect of disease for this patient. The patient in their units will be partially or
totally their activities of clearly living.
Home Care:
This is the part of the outpatient programme. Home care is benefited by
those patients who are ambulatory and who do not need hospitalization.
Holistic Nursing Care:
Holistic nursing is defined as all nursing practice that has healing the whole
person as its goals.
Commercial holistic nurses association 1998 holistic nursing is especially
practice that draws on nursing knowledge there is experts and infection to guide in
learning therapeutic partners with people in the care.

It is the utilization of health care plan that incorporate the body mind
approach by taking in to consideration the effects of the social economic, physical,
psychological and spiritual aspects of the individuals life on his or her present
illness.
Common holistic health care include illness creation, regular exercise and
management of interpersonal relationships.
Homeostatic Nursing Care:
Homeostatic is bodys tendency to maintain equilibrium. It is the dynamic
form of equilibrium in the bodys internal environment because the environment is
constantly changing and bodys adoptive mechanism are continuously changing to
adjust to these changes and thus to maintain equilibrium.
Every human being is a composition of physical, social, emotional and
intellectual needs. the components are inter connected ever changing and in
content dynamic interaction, in a state of balance equilibrium as homeostasis. But
in case of disease or illness the equilibrium is disturbed. The responsibility of a
nurse in this care is to help the patient to maintain homeostasis the stat of
equilibrium between internal and external environment.
Community Centered Care:
Community may be defined as a group of people living in a some locality
and who have shared interest and needs. The public health nurse or community
health nurse functions within this commercial from work. It is the PHNs role to
serve the health needs of the portion of the public to which she or he is assigned.
The public health nurse is mainly focused on decrease prevention and health

promotion. The community health workers work with the interdisciplinary health
team which include physician sanitarians, nutritionalist, and health educations.
PHN mainly focused on health promotion of self care and to recognizing the
importance of family, culture, and the community.
Primary prevention focuses on early diagnosis through screening and
preventing complication, tertiary prevention focuses on preventing long term
disability and restoring functional capacity.
Client centered Care:
In this client is considered as the centre of reviewing health care the client is
no more outside the health team nut part of the team has right to demand quality
assurance. The patient now they are considered as clients consumers of health care
are becoming more knowledge able about health care issues and pay greater
attention to what they hear about hospital, physician and the perceived quality of
nursing.
Task oriented Nursing Care:
It is a system of care borrowed from industry that concentrated on duties or
advices. This pattern can involves an assembly line approach with Majos tasks
delegated by the charge nurse to individual members of the work group.
Here members are may be unsigned to client work, another to gives
medication, another to give hygienic and so on, each members of the working of
highly depending on other for completion of the group total assignment but here
standard of care is less.

3H Integrated Care:
Modern nursing believes that apart from clinical competence and manual
clarity for performing skill, humanistic and compassionate attitude is a must to
provide the lender having care.
it can be illustrated by means of a triangle.
HEAD

HEART

Head
Heart
Hand

HAND

:
:
:

Posses intellect, cognation and scientific knowledge

Possess conditions emptily and tender loving care.
Possess skill and conation.

Humanistic compassionate attitude is a must to provide tender loving care.

Our technical skill may be excellent the equipment may be outstanding and
treatment may be superior. But if we dont have the desirable attitude for patient
care, everything is in vein several studies reveal that patient values a human
approach more than the technical skill and intellectual activity. Them the good
care demands a heart and gentle hands.

Care cure, coordination nursing care:

It is very effective care:

Care
Care
Co-ordination

The nurse cares for the patient by giving him comfort

:
:

and support in times of stress and pain

Promotion of health as well as healing
Nurse has the responsibility in co-ordinating the health
services of various members of the team to put clear in to
operation.

Home Health Care Nursing:

While community public health nursing is based on wellness model. Home
health care has evolved as medical model. Most home health care nurse are visit
the home to provide some type of care, teach he patient and family how to manage
care in the home and evaluate response to treatment the goal is effective patient
and family car.
The focus of home care nursing broad it ranges from providing short term
visit for. Clients who need assistance after a hospital stay or acute illness to
assisting directs who will need ongoing home care for yours, such as those
requiring dialysis or ventilates support in the home.
The nurses role in home health care is to visit a designated numbers of
clients a day, assess the needs provided hand on care. Such as bed bath, change of
dressing provides emotional and psychological support determines patients
progress and maintain records.
The nurse should have a cheerful approach to each days activity cordial
relationship with people ambition to do task well respect for others view dignity of

labors. Sympathy, willingness o help in difficult stimulations desire to learn and

contribute to society general concern for the welfare of others and a sense of
responsibility.
Electronic Nursing Care:
Contemporary nursing requires that the nurse possess knowledge and skills
in a variety of area. Because technological advances are influencing where and
how nurse provide care to patient sophisticated equipment such as electronic,
intravenous infusion devices cardiac telemetry and computerized documentation of
patient information systems nurses has an expanded role to carry out specific
nursing function.
Todays the professional role of the nurse has compounded from that of a
traditional role to an expanded multiple roles.
Family centered nursing Care:
The family is the unit of services in all generalized community health
nursing programme the health of one member affects the welfare of every other
members in the family.
Family nursing is based on the based on the assumption that all people
regardless of age are a member of some type of family firm. The goal of family
nursing is to help the family and its individual members reach and maintain
maximum health throughout and beyond the illness experience.
A family nursing focus includes both family as context and family as patient

Family as Context:

Here the nursing process concentrates on the health and

development of on individual member existing within a specific environment.

Family as Patient: Here the nursing process concentrates on the family pattern of
the patient.
Nursing Process Care:
It is a systemic problem showing approach in nursing this is the systemic
way of assessing the patients needs planning the care implementing and evaluating
the outcome of care given. The nursing process is needed to identify, diagnose and
treat human responses to health and illness.
This

process

includes:

Assessment,

nursing

diagnosis,

planning

implementation and evaluation.

The nursing process is simply one variation of scientific reasoning that allow
you to organize car for your patients whether the patient is an individual family or
community. It is a practice that differentiates nursing practice from that of physical
and other health care professionals.
Assessment:
It is the systemic process of collecting patients data focusing on the total
person. It help into make accurate diagnosis and this to provide effective nursing
care data can b collected from patient himself as form significant others.

Planning:

Planning to the determination of what can be done to assist the client. It

involves setting priority formulating goals developing nursing orders and writing
nursing care plan.
Implementation:
Implementation defined as carrying out interventions directed towards the
accomplishment of scientific objective. It depends up on intellectual interpersonal
and technical skills of the nurse.
Evaluation:
It is defined as continuous process through which appraisal of effectiveness
of the previous steps in meeting the patient needs are provided.
Conclusion:
Nursing pructrce is influenced by numbers of emerging brenccls in society same of
them nursing pructrce must change in response to correct social transactions and
creations nursing has a long way to attain its peek level of and it is duty to each
one of us who are the members of this profession to strive hard to contribute to the
development of the profession.

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Dugas. Introduction to patient care a comprehensive approach to nursing. 4 th

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