Saturday, April 18, y

Chapter 5
Tissue
Tissue Organization
Cells organized into complex units are called tissue
Types of Tissue
1. Epithelial
1. Functions
1. Protection
2. Selective permeability
3. Secretions- May form exocrine/endocrine glands
4. Sensations- have special epithelium called neuroepithelium ( for taste,sight,
smell, hearing, equilibrium)
2. Characterisitics- Lines body surfaces and cavities, glands
1. Epithelium- composed of one or more layers closely packed cells
1. Cellularity- Composed of tightly packed cells
2. Polarity- Apical, basal and lateral surface with intercellular junctions
3. Attach to basement membrane- contain collagen fibers, specific protein
and carbohydrates
1. Forms a selective barrier bw epithelial and connective tissue
4. Avascularity
5. Extensive innervation- detects environmental changes
6. High regeneration- frequent mitosis in the stem cells, replaces lost cells
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3. Classifications
1. Simple epithelium- found where filtration, absorption and secretion
2. Stratified epithelium- found in areas that experience mechanical stress.
Basal layer continuously regenerate
3. Pseudopeithelial- all cells are attached to the basement but appear stratified
because some cells don't reach the surface
4. Squamous- nucleus flattened
5. Cuboidal- Nucleus spherical
6. Columnar- nucleus oval
7. Transitional Cells- occurs where epithelial stretches and relaxes
Simple Squamous- Rapid diffusion, filtration and secretion
Simple Cuboidal- absorption and secretion
Simple Columnar- ideal for secretory and absorptive
Nonciliated- secrete glycoprotein, mucin and lines most of digestive tract
from stomach to anal canal
Ciliated- found in bronchioles and lines uterine tubes
Pseudo-stratified Columnar
Ciliated- House goblet cells, found in large passageways of respiratory
system
Nonciliated- lacks goblet cells. found in male urethra and epididymis
Stratified Squamous Epithelial- protects against abrasion and friction
Apical is squamous while basal is cuboidal. Exist as nonkertainized and
keratinized

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Transitional Epithelium- limited to urinary tract. It relaxes and stretches, contain
binucleate cells. Stretches to fill the bladder

2. Connective
1. Residential Cells
1. Fibroblasts- produce fibers and ground substance
2. Adipocytes appear in small clusters with some type of CT proper
3. Mesenchymal Cells- type of embryonic stem cell
4. Fixed Macophages- derived from monocytes, type of WBC
2. Wandering Cells
1. Mast Cells- small, mobile cells close to blood vessels, secrete heparin and
histamine
2. Plasma Cells- formed when B-lymphocytes and produce antibodies
3. Free Macrophages- mobile phagocytic cells
4. Leukocytes- neutrophils and lymphocytes
3. Protein Fibers
1. Collagen fibers- unbranched, strong, flexible and resistant to stretching
Found in tendons and ligaments
2. Reticular Fibers- similar to collagen fibers but thinner, branches.
Found in lymph nodes, spleen and liver
3. Elastic Fibers- help structure return to normal shape. /
Found in skin, lungs and arteries
4. Ground Substance - nonliving material

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1. Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) composed of carbohydrate and amines
heparin and hyaluronic acids
2. Proteoglycans- formed by GAG linked to proteins
3. Adherent glycoproteins- proteins with carbohydrates attached
5. Functions
1. Protections- bones and adipose
2. Support and structural framework- bones and cartilage
3. Binding of structures- ligaments and tendons
4. Storage- adipose tissue and bones
5. Transport- blood carrying nutrients
6. Immune protection- leukocytes protecting body

6. Classification of CT
1. Connective Tissue Proper
1. Loose CT- contains fewer cells and protein fibers but abundant ground
substance. It is a packing material by supporting structures
1. Areolar- protect tissue and organs, bind some epithelia to deeper
tissue
2. Adipose- stores energy, insulates, cushion and protects
3. Reticular- provide stroma ( supportive framework to lymphatic organs)
2. Dense CT- Mainly protein fibers with less ground substance. Collagen
fibers are dominant fiber type

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1. Dense Regular- attaches bone to bone (ligament), muscle to bone
(tendon). Resist stretch in one direction
2. Dense Irregular- withstands stress applied in every direction
3. Elastic CT- allows stretching and recoil
2. Supporting Connective Tissue
1. Cartilage- firm, semisolid extracellular matrix
1. Surround by dense irregular connective (perichondrium)
2. Avascular
3. 3 types
4. Hyaline Cartilage- form most of fetal cartilage, provide support
5. Fibrocartilage- resists compression, acts a shock absorber
6. Elastic Cartilage- maintain shape while permitting extensive flexibility
2. Bone
1. More solid than cartilage, less flexibility, contain organic and inorganic
components.
2. Covered by a dense irregular connective tissue called periosteum
3. Dense Connective Tissue
7. Fluid CT
1. Blood
1. composed of cells and cellular fragments, platelets (help clot blood)
2. RBC transport gases
3. Leukocytes- mount immune response
4. Plasma- transport nutrients, wastes and hormones
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3. Muscle
1. Cells that contract with Nervous System stimulation
2. Contraction casuses voluntary movement, contraction of the heart and
propulsion of the digestive and urinary tracts
3. 3 type of muscle tissue
1. Skeletal- moves skeleton. Multinucleated and unbranched
2. Cardiac- pumps blood thru heart. 2 nucleus and branched
3. Smooth Muscle- moves material thru internal organs. no nucleus and
unbranched
4. Nervous
1. Located in brain, spinal cord, and nerves
2. Consists of neurons that carry nerve impulses
3. Contain glial cells that nourish the neurons

Integration of Tissue Body Membranes

Body Membranes- formed from epithelial tissue bound to underlying connective tissue
Line body cavities, covers viscera
1. Mucous membrane- lines compartments that open to external environment.
Performs absorptive, protective and secretory functions. Lamina propria
2. Serous membrane- lines body cavities that do not open to external environment.
Composed of simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium.
Serous fluid- derived from blood plasma reduced the friction between opposing
surfaces

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3. Cutaneous membrane- skin. Composed of keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium.
4. Synovial Membrane- lines some joints in the body
Composed of areolar connective tissue and covered by squamous epithelial cells
Synovial fluid secreted by epithelial cells to reduce friction among moving bone parts
and distributes nutrients to cartilage