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Circuit Analysis I
Set 1: Basic Concepts and Resistive Circuits
Shahriar Mirabbasi
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of British Columbia
shahriar@ece.ubc.ca
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Course Material
Evaluation
Assignments
10%
Midterms
40%
Final Exam
50%
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Motivation
Electrical circuits seem to be everywhere!
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Overview
In this slide set we will review basic concepts,
electrical quantities and their units, circuit elements,
and basic circuit laws.
Reading Material: Chapters 1 and 2 of the textbook.
Note: Some of the figures in this slide set are taken from the books (R.
Decarlo and P.-M. Lin, Linear Circuit Analysis, Second Edition, 2001,
Oxford University Press) and (C.K. Alexander and M.N.O Sadiku,
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition, 2004, McGraw Hill)
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is
an
interconnection
of
electrical
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A Simple Circuit
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A Radio Receiver
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System of Units
The International System of Units, or Systme
International des Units (SI), also known as metric
system uses 7 mutually independent base units. All other
units are derived units.
SI Base Units
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SI Prefixes
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Charge
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A Material Classification
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i=
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dq
dt
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Electric Current
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Electric Current
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v=
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dW
dq
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10
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Voltage
Some examples:
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Voltage Polarity
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The plus (+) and minus (-) sign are used to define voltage
polarity.
The assumption is that the potential of the terminal with (+)
polarity is higher than the potential of the terminal with (-)
polarity by the amount of voltage drop.
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Voltage Polarity
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Power
p=
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dW dW dq
=
= vi
dt
dq dt
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13
a
+
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Vab
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Tellegans Theorem
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14
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Example
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15
Example
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Example
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Energy Calculation
Instantaneous power:
p (t ) = v(t )i (t )
i (t )
+
Remainder
Circuit element
v(t )
consuming/generating
of Circuit
power p(t)
-
W = W (t0 , t ) =
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p ( ) d =
t0
v( )i( )d
t0
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Circuit Elements
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Example
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+
+
-
V(t)
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Vs(t)= I(t)
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+
V(t)
Is(t)= V(t)
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Example
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Example
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The charge that enters the BOX is shown below. Calculate and
sketch the current flowing into the BOX and the power absorbed
by the BOX between 0 and 10 milliseconds.
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Notes
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Example
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Resistance
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Resistance
l
A
R=
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l
A
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Resistance
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Ohms Law
i (t ) =
1
v (t ) i (t ) = Gv (t )
R
v 2 (t )
p(t ) = v(t )i (t ) =
= Ri 2 (t )
R
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Linear resistor
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Nonlinear resistor
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Fixed Resistors
A common type of resistor that you will work with in your labs:
It has 4 color-coded bands (3 for value and one for tolerance)
How to read the value of the resistor?
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Variable Resistors
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Conductance
German inventor
Ernst Werner von Siemens
(1816-1892)
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28
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Given the following circuit, find the value of the voltage source
and the power absorbed by the resistance.
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Wheatstone Bridge
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Wheatstone Bridge
That is:
R1 R2
=
R3 Rx
R
Rx = 2 R3
R1
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Wheatstone Bridge
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Wheatstone Bridge
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Please note that almost all components that we deal with in this
course are two-terminal components (resistors, sources, )
A binary node (or b-node for short) has only two components
connected to it.
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Example
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Example
Are the following two circuits different? Identify the nodes (and
their types) in each circuit.
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Branch
In our example:
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Loop
A loop is any closed path in the circuit that does not cross any
true node but once.
A window pane loop is a loop that does not contain any other
loops inside it.
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Example
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KCL
Example: Write the KCL for the node A inside this black box
circuit:
i4
i3
i1
i2
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KCL
iin=iout
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Example
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Example
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Closed Boundary
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KCL Example
2A
I
3A
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Example
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KVL: The algebraic sum of the voltage drops around any closed path
(or loop) is zero at any instance of time.
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KVL Example
D - 2V + E
+
-
1V
-2V
+
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+
4V
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Example
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Example
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Example
In the following circuit use KVL to determine Vae and Vec. Note
that we use the convention Vae to indicate the voltage of point a
with respect to point e or Vae=Va-Ve
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Series Resistors
Req = R1 + R2 + L + Rn or
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1
1
1
1
=
+
+L+
Geq G1 G2
Gn
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Voltage Division
v j (t ) =
Rj
R1 + R2 + L + Rn
vin (t )
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Parallel Resistors
Geq = G1 + G2 + L + Gn or
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1
1
1
1
= +
+L+
Req R1 R2
Rn
Why?
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Current Division
i j (t ) =
Gj
G1 + G2 + L + Gn
iin (t )
Why?
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Req =
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R1 R2
R2
R1
, i1 (t ) =
i (t ), and i2 (t ) =
i (t )
R1 + R2
R1 + R2
R1 + R2
Why?
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Example
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Example
In the following circuit find the resistance seen between the two
terminal s A and B, i.e., RAB
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Example
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Example
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In the following circuit find I1, I2, I3, Va, and Vb.
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Tricky Example!
gmv1
+
v1
-
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Example
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Given the network shown in Fig. 2.31: (a) find the required value
for the resistor R; (b) use Table 2.1 to select a standard 10%
tolerance resistor for R; (c) using the resistor selected in (b),
determine the voltage across the 3.9-k resistor; (d) calculate
the percent error in the voltage V1, if the standard resistor
selected in (b) is used; and (e) determine the power rating for
this standard component.
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Board Notes
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Wye-Delta Transformations
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Delta-Wye Conversion
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Delta-Wye Conversion
Rac (Y ) = R1 + R3
Rac ( ) = Rb ( Ra + Rc )
Rac (Y ) = Rac ( ) R1 + R3 =
Similarly:
Rb ( Ra + Rc )
Ra + Rb + Rc
R1 + R2 =
Rc ( Ra + Rb )
Ra + Rb + Rc
R2 + R3 =
Ra ( Rb + Rc )
Ra + Rb + Rc
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Delta-Wye Conversion
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R1 =
Rb Rc
Ra + Rb + Rc
R2 =
Rc Ra
Ra + Rb + Rc
R3 =
Ra Rb
Ra + Rb + Rc
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Wye-Delta Conversion
R R R ( R + Rb + Rc )
R1R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 = a b c a
( Ra + Rb + Rc ) 2
=
Ra Rb Rc
Ra + Rb + Rc
R R + R2 R3 + R3 R1
R R + R2 R3 + R3R1
R R + R2 R3 + R3 R1
Ra = 1 2
, Rb = 1 2
, and Rc = 1 2
R1
R2
R3
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Wye-Delta Transformations
R1 = R2 = R3 = RY and Ra = Rb = Rc = R
R
RY = and R = 3RY
3
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Example
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Example
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Find IS?
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