MAPPING ADD-ON

FRAME THIS FROM THE EEZ MAPPING AFF, USE THIS IN THE
2AC IN CASE SOME ADVANTAGES ARE BADGERED
Offshore mapping is key to offshore wind development
MAG, 2009 (Mid-Atlantic Governors Agreement on Ocean Conservation, Actions, Timelines, and
Leadership to Advance The Mid-Atlantic Governors Agreement on Ocean Conservation, Mid-Atlantic Ocean,
08/27/2009, http://www.midatlanticocean.org/summary-actions.pdf)

Issue expert Peter Mandelstam, Chair of the American Wind

Energy Association (AWEA) Wind Working Group provided the general context of the issue of
renewable energy development. Mr. Mandelstams presentation focused on the
current state of offshore wind energy development from the industry perspective,
available technologies, and issues associated with ocean-sited infrastructure . Mr.
Framework Session Discussion

Mandelstam characterized wind energy development projects by five pillars: wind resource, site control/access, permits,
interconnection to grid, and energy buyers. Issues include competition from Canadas aggressive encouragement of wind energy
development via Feed-in Tariffs. Workforce is another issue, in particular trained wind technicians and wind planners to coordinate
between states and the Federal government. Following the issue expert presentation, Delaware Secretary of the Department of
Natural Resources and Environmental Control Collin P. OMara provided a states perspective, sharing permitting lessons, the
importance of including all business and societal costs and benefits in energy conversations, particularly full life cycle costs and

He emphasized the
importance of the link between renewable energy and climate. The group discussed a variety of issues regarding
offshore wind energy development in the Mid-Atlantic. These included the development of decommissioning
guidelines, and the potential to coordinate federal and state information gathering, permitting, and funding. Issues
identified as needing further examination included research and development and
comprehensive offshore mapping,
public health costs, and the need for clear, collective goals that are consistent across the market.

Offshore wind is key to ocean biodiversity provides shelter

and creates artificial reefs
Casey, 12 EWEA Staff Writer, Citing International and Swedish funded studies (Zo Casey, Offshore wind
farms benefit sealife, says study, 12/4/12 http://www.ewea.org/blog/2012/12/offshore-wind-farms-benefit-sealifesays-study/)

Offshore wind farms can create a host of benefits for the local marine environment, as well as
combatting climate change, a new study by the Marine Institute at Plymouth University has found. The Marine

wind farms provide shelter to fish species since sea bottom trawling is
often forbidden inside a wind farm , and it found that turbine support structures can create
artificial reefs for some species. A separate study at the Nysted offshore wind farm in
Denmark confirmed this finding by saying that artificial reefs provided favourable growth conditions for blue
mussels and crab species. A study on the Thanet offshore wind farm in the UK found that some
species like cod shelter inside the wind farm. One high-profile issue covered by the Marine Institute
study was that of organisms colliding with offshore wind turbines. The study, backed-up by a number of previous
studies, found that many bird species fly low over the water, avoiding collision with wind
Institute found that

turbine blades. It also found that some species, such as Eider ducks, do modify their courses slightly to avoid
offshore turbines. When it comes to noise, the study found no significant impact on behaviour or populations. It
noted that a separate study in the Netherlands found more porpoise clicks inside a Dutch wind farm than outside it
perhaps exploiting the higher fish densities found. The study also said that offshore wind power and other marine
renewable energies should be rolled out rapidly in order to combat the threats to marine biodiversity, food

production and economies posed by climate change. It is necessary to rapidly deploy large quantities of marine
renewable energy to reduce the carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning which are leading to ocean acidification,
global warming and climatic changes, the study published said. EWEA forecasts that 40 GW of offshore wind
capacity will be online in European seas by 2020 which will offset 102 million tonnes of CO2 every year. By 2030,
the expected 150 GW of offshore capacity will offset 315 million tonnes of CO2 annually thats a significant
contribution to the effort to cut carbon. It is clear that the marine environment is already being damaged by the
increasingly apparent impacts of climate change; however it is not too late to make a difference to avoid more

these studies together they all point to a similar

conclusion: offshore wind farms have a positive impact on the marine environment in
several ways, said Angeliki Koulouri, Research Officer at EWEA. First they contribute to a reduction
in CO2 emissions, the major threat to biodiversity, second, they provide regeneration areas for fish
and benthic populations, she added.
extreme impacts, the study said. If you bring all

Collapse of ocean biodiversity causes mass extinction

Jackson 08( Jeremy B. C. Jackson Postdoctoral Fellowship in Biology , McGill
University, Ph.D. in Medical Genetics (2005), University of British Columbia, Marine
ecologist, paleontologist and a professor at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography
in La Jolla, Senior Scientist Emeritus at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
in the Republic of Panama. Ecological extinction and evolution in the brave new
ocean Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) vol. 105
Supplement 1, 8/12/08, http://www.pnas.org/content/105/Supplement_1/11458.full?
tab=author-info)//BLOV
The Future Ocean The overall status of the four major categories of ocean ecosystems and the principal drivers of

Coastal ecosystems are endangered to critically

endangered on a global scale. The lesser endangerment of pelagic ecosystems
reflects their remoteness from all factors except fishing and climate change , although
there are no real baselines for comparison to critically evaluate changes in
plankton communities. This grim assessment begs the question, What are the projected
long-term consequences for the ecological condition of the ocean if we continue
with business as usual? Predicting the future is, at best, a highly uncertain enterprise. Nevertheless, I
their degradation are summarized in Table 3.

believe we have a sufficient basic understanding of the ecological processes involved to make meaningful
qualitative predictions about what will happen in the oceans if humans fail to restrain their style of exploitation and

Failure to stop overfishing will push increasing numbers of species to the

brink of extinctionperhaps irreversibly as for Newfoundland codexcept for small, opportunistic species.
Unrestrained runoff of nutrients and toxins, coupled with rising temperatures, will
increase the size and abundance of dead zones and toxic blooms that may merge
all along the continents. Even farmed seafood will be increasingly toxic and
unfit for human consumption unless grown in isolation from the ocean .
Outbreaks of disease will increase. Failure to cap and reduce emissions of CO2
and other greenhouse gases will increase ocean temperatures and intensify
acidification. Warmer and lighter surface waters will inhibit vertical mixing of the ocean, eventually
leading to hypoxia or anoxia below the thermocline as in the Black Sea.
Biogeochemical cycles will be perturbed in uncertain ways as they have been in the past (94).
Mass extinction of multicellular life will result in profound loss of animal
and plant biodiversity, and microbes will reign supreme . These predictions will
consumption.

undoubtedly appear extreme, but it is difficult to imagine how such changes will not come to pass without
fundamental changes in human behavior. Moreover, as we have seen,

all of these trends have

actually been measured to a limited degree in the past few decades . The
oceans are becoming warmer and more acidic; eutrophication, hypoxia, and the numbers and sizes of dead zones

many of
our most valuable fisheries have collapsed and failed to recover . Some may say that it is
are increasing in quantity and size; vertical mixing of the open ocean is measurably decreasing; and

irresponsible to make such predictions pending further detailed study to be sure of every point. However, we will

it would be irresponsible to remain silent in the

face of what we already know.
never be certain about every detail, and