MUSIK TEKNIK HELSE en annoteret

litteraturliste 110611
Denne liste er resultatet af sgning i en rkke databaser, herunder
musik/terapividenskabelige databaser samt de tekniske databaser ACM
og IEEE Explorer, med sgeord som music + disability +
design/interaction/composition/co-creation/interface/tactile/dementia
mm. Listen er inklusiv, dvs. at det er en meget blandet litteratur, der
medtages. Abstracts er medtaget, hvis de er tilgngelige. Bibliografien
er baseret p databasen med samme navn, som kan tilgs p
adressen: http://www.refworks.com/refshare2/default.aspx?
r=references|
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%5b44&subscriber=4154&site=041541163653200000/RWWS5A78380
/TEKNIK-MUSIK-HELSE
Lars Ole Bonde, Senter for musikk og helse 110611

References
The king's fund Retrieved 1/11/2010, 2010, from
http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/applications/site_search/kb_search.rm?
term=music+and+health&submit.x=0&submit.y=0

[Anon]. (1986). SYMPOSIUM FOR MUSIC-THERAPY, ART-THERAPY AND DANCE-THERAPY +

MUNSTER WORKSHOPS. BALLETT INTERNATIONAL, 9(4), 56-56.

Aasgaard, T. (2002). Song Creations by Children with Cancer - Process and Meaning. (Ph.D.,
Aalborg University). , 242 + 42 + CD.
Abstract can be found at www.musik.auc.dk

Adams, J. (1992). SwitchEnsemble [music program]. Computing Applications to Assist Persons

with Disabilities, 1992., Proceedings of the Johns Hopkins National Search for, 128.
SwitchEnsemble is a music performance program written for the Apple IIGS. It provides a
large variety of age-appropriate activities for students with a broad range of physical and
cognitive abilities. SwitchEnsemble makes full use of the exceptional graphics and sound
capabilities of the IIGS and it supports a wide variety of input devices

Playin' in the band : A qualitative study of popular music styles as clinical improvisation.
Aigen, K. and New York University. Nordoff-Robbins Center for Music Therapy. (Directors).
(2005).[Video/DVD] Gilsum, NH: Barcelona Pub.
DVD contains excerpts from therapy sessions of Lloyd, a 27-year-old man with
disabilities.

Aldridge, D., Schmid, W., Kaeder, M., Schmidt, C., & Ostermann, T. (2005). Functionality or
aesthetics? A pilot study of music therapy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis patients.
Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 13(1), 25-33.

Anderson, T. (1999). Using music performance software with flexible control interfaces for live
performance by severely disabled musicians. EUROMICRO Conference, 1999.
Proceedings. 25th, , 2 20-27 vol.2.

Andrews, T. (1997). Music therapy for non-musicians. Batavia OH: Dragonhawk Publishing.
A handbook for healing with sound, music and voice. Following the principles of holistic
health the author suggest music therapies for all the major body systems: circulation,
digestion, elimination, glands, muscles, nerves, reproduction, respiration, skeleton +
sacred sounds.

Ansdell, G. (1995). Music for life : Aspects of creative music therapy. London ; Bristol, Pa.: J.
Kingsley Publishers.

Antonietti, A. (2009). Why is music effective in rehabilitation? , 145 179-194.

In this chapter a conceptual foundation of employing music in rehabilitation is
highlighted. The basic assumption is that, when a person is involved in performing or
listening to music, she has a comprehensive experience in which several mental registers
are activated simultaneously. The specific effect of music is to trigger a coordinated action
of motor, visuospatial and verbal mechanisms. Thanks to the synergic activation of these
mechanisms, music can stimulate, support and driven the mental functions to be
rehabilitated. 2009 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved.

Argstatter, H., Plinkert, P., & Bolay, H. (2007). Music therapy for tinnitus patients. HNO, 55(5),
375-+.

Aris, S. A. M., Sulaiman, N., Hamid, N. H. A., & Taib, M. N. (2010). Initial investigation on
alpha asymmetry during listening to therapy music. Signal Processing and Its
Applications (CSPA), 2010 6th International Colloquium on, 1-4.
Several studies had shown that frontal alpha-asymmetry is closely related to emotions
and motivation. The present study is to investigate the frontal alpha asymmetry during
listening to the therapy musical piece. Electroencephalograph (EEG) was used to
investigate the emotions states of relax, tense, sad or not focus. 10 participants were
involved in this study. Mean power of both hemispheres was computed and the
Asymmetry Relation Ratio (ARR) was calculated. From the calculation, individuals with
relatively positive ratio shows more relax than the negative ratio.

Armstrong, D. (2003). Quality of life as an innovative health technology. Swindon: Economic

and Social Research Council.

Author index.(1999). Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, IEEE, 18(6), 101-104.

Baker, F., Wigram, T., Stott, D., & McFerran, K. (2009). Therapeutic songwriting in music
therapy, part II: Comparing the literature with practice across diverse clinical populations.
Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 18(1), 32-56.
A growing body of literature on therapeutic songwriting with diverse clinical populations
indicates that clinicians employ a wide range of approaches. The purpose of this research
was to establish trends in the clinical practice of songwriting as implemented across a
range of clinical populations. Responses to a 21-question online survey were obtained
from 419 professional music therapists practicing in 29 countries which focused on
approaches to songwriting within their practice with a single clinical population. Results
suggest that, in general, the literature provides good representation for what is occurring
in clinical practice. Generally, songs were composed with individual clients in single
sessions, with lyrics created prior to the music. Clinicians had a significant role in creating
the music with improvised and pre- determined musical structures being equally
employed. Chi-square or comparable Exact tests (Fisher-Freeman-Halton) were applied to
the data and significant associations were found according to clinical populations,
particularly with respect the number of sessions required to complete a song, approaches
to composing lyrics and music, the context with which songwriting was employed, and
the types of allied health professionals involved in the songwriting interventions. There is
a distinct absence of songwriting literature as applied in developmental disability, autism
spectrum disorder, and aged care contexts so the resulting practice trends offered here
contribute to the increasing body of knowledge about songwriting practices. 2009 The
Grieg Academy Music Research Therapy Centre.

Ballard, C., Brown, R., Fossey, J., Douglas, S., Bradley, P., Hancock, J., et al. (2009). Brief
psychosocial therapy for the treatment of agitation in aalzheimer disease (the CALM-AD
trial). American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(9), 726-733.
BACKGROUND: Good practice guidelines state that a psychological intervention should
usually precede pharmacotherapy, but there are no data evaluating the feasibility of
psychological interventions used in this way. METHODS: At the first stage of a randomized
blinded placebo-controlled trial, 318 patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) with clinically

significant agitated behavior were treated in an open design with a psychological

intervention (brief psychosocial therapy [BPST]) for 4 weeks, preceding randomization to
pharmacotherapy. The therapy involved social interaction, personalized music, or removal
of environmental triggers. RESULTS: Overall, 318 patients with AD completed BPST with
an improvement of 5.6 points on the total Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI;
mean [SD], 63.3 [16.0] to 57.7 [18.4], t = 4.8, df = 317, p 95% of patients. More
detailed evaluation of outcome was completed for the 198 patients with AD from these
centers, who experienced a mean improvement of 6.6 points on the total CMAI (mean
[SD], 62.2 [14.3] to 55.6 [15.8], t = 6.5, df = 197, p < 0.0001). Overall, 43% of
participants achieved a 30% improvement in their level of agitation. CONCLUSION: The
specific attributable benefits of BPST cannot be determined from an open trial. However,
the BPST therapy was feasible and was successfully delivered according to an
operationalized manual. The encouraging outcome indicates the need for a randomized
controlled trial of BPST. Copyright 2009 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry.

Barham, P. A. J., Oxley, P. R., Ayala, B. E., & Alexander, J. J. (1995). The ergonomic and safety
implications of in-car ATT devices-evidence from field trials with elderly drivers. Design of
the Driver Interface, IEE Colloquium on, 4/1-4/3.

Benveniste, S., Jouvelot, P., Lecourt, E., & Michel, R. (2009). Designing wiimprovisation for
mediation in group music therapy with children suffering from behavioral disorders. 1826.
We present qualitative experimental evidence that the " Wiimprovisation" process of
using Nintendo Wiimotes as virtual instruments linked to a musical sound system within
the framework of Group Music Therapy sessions can provide effective psychodynamic
mediation for patients. We designed and implemented specific modalities for movementbased sound control and tested our tool in two clinical settings with children (age 7 to 12)
suffering from behavioral disorders. Our preliminary results show immediate acceptance
of, long term motivation for and meaningful expression through our system by patients.

Future work will focus on assessing the therapeutic potential of our platform's
personalization features in a controlled experiment. Copyright 2009 ACM.

Brodsky, W. (1989). Music therapy as an intervention for children with cancer in isolation
rooms. first international paediatric oncology nursing meeting (1987, jerusalem, israel).
Music Therapy, 8(1), 17-34.
Discusses the use of music therapy (MT) for hospitalized medical and oncology patients.
MT has been shown to be more effective in stimulating verbalization of hospital
experiences, resolving anxiety and fear-provoking fantasies, and aiding more positive
affect than are other therapies. A clinical program is described in which MT is a primary
intervention for pediatric oncology patients in isolation rooms. Using a musicomputer of
advanced microtechnology and various song activities, children participate in
interpersonal interactions and shared musical experiences. MT encounters help to
mobilize ego strengths and coping abilities, as well as provide a vehicle for emotional
expression. Four case vignettes illustrate these interventions. (PsycLIT Database
Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)

Carswell, W., McCullagh, P. J., Augusto, J. C., Martin, S., Mulvenna, M. D., Zheng, H., et al.
(2009). A review of the role of assistive technology for people with dementia in the hours
of darkness. Technology and Health Care, 17(4), 281-304.
Assistive Technology (AT) has been utilized to support people with dementia (PwD) and
their carers in the home. Such support can extend the time that PwD can remain safely at
home and reduce the burden on the tertiary healthcare sector. Technology can assist
people in the hours of darkness as well as during the day. The objective of this literature
review is to evaluate reported healthcare technologies appropriate to night time care.
This paper summarises and categorises the current evidence base. In all, 131 abstracts
were returned from a database search, yielding fifty four relevant papers which were
considered in detail. While night-time specific studies identified very few papers (4
papers, 7%), most of the more general AT findings could be adopted to benefit night-time
assistance. Studies have used technology for prompting and reminding as loss of time

and forgetfulness are major problems; for monitoring daily activities in a sensor enriched
environment and utilised location aware technologies to provide information to enhance
safety. Technology also supports a range of therapies to alleviate symptoms. Therapies
include the delivery of music and familial pictures for reminiscing, the use of light therapy
to enhance wellbeing and the provision of mental tasks to stimulate the brain and
maintain activity levels. 2009-IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.

Cheng, P., & Chen, R. (2010). Study on therapeutic effect of music therapy on patients with
dental anxiety of College Students. E-Health Networking, Digital Ecosystems and
Technologies (EDT), 2010 International Conference on, , 1 12-14.
Dental anxiety (DA) is the psychology obstacle of the dental patients in the dental
treatment. It has been an important problem thait hampers dental care service in
common people, especially in College Students of many countries. The serious dental
anxiety not only injures oral health and physical and mental health of patients but also
affects university students' normal study and life. The intervention treatment was carried
out in college students with dental anxiety through music therapy, so as to eliminate their
misgiving and fear. Different music is chosen according to different grades and hobbies of
colleage students, then the doctor carried out careful operation when the patient enjoying
music. We should measure and record the students' symptoms of diseases and reaction,
so as to get score of dental anxiety scale(DAS) about preoperativcly and inrtaoperativcly.
By using the music therapy and humanized nursing in college students with dental
anxiety, we could obviously relieve their symptoms and dreadful emotion.

Chiu, H. W., Lin, L. S., Kuo, M. C., Chiang, H. S., & Hsu, C. Y. (2003). Using heart rate
variability analysis to assess the effect of music therapy on anxiety reduction of patients.
Computers in Cardiology, 2003, 469-472.
Music therapy has been considered to reduce the anxiety of patients, but the mechanism
of music therapy remains to be investigated. Psychophysiological researchers have
revealed that the autonomic activities relate to the anxiety. Heart rate variability (HRV)
analysis has been used to assess the autonomic activities hence it may be a useful tool

for evaluate the effects of music therapy on anxiety reduction of patients. In this study,
we attempted using HRV analysis to display the effect of music therapy on autonomic
balance. 68 patients attending extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) were
included, among them 34 patients (music therapy group) were randomly selected to
undergo a music therapy (listening to a natural music) to reduce their anxiety for
upcoming operation, the rest patients were be the control group. The short-term (5
minutes) HRV parameters of all patients before and undergoing music therapy were
computed. The results revealed that the standard deviation of RR intervals (SDRR) and
high frequency spectral power (HF power) of HRV significantly increased in the music
therapy group while they did not change in the control group. Since SDRR and HF power
of HR V are considered as markers for vagal activities music therapy seems to increase
the vagal activity of patients. This study demonstrated that listening to the music has the
influences on autonomic control. Using HRV analysis can help evaluating the effects of
music therapy.

Cook, A. M., Bentz, B., Harbottle, N., Lynch, C., & Miller, B. (2005). School-based use of a
robotic arm system by children with disabilities. Neural Systems and Rehabilitation
Engineering, IEEE Transactions on, 13(4), 452-460.
A robotic arm system was developed for use by children who had very severe motor
disabilities and varying levels of cognitive and language skills. The children used the robot
in a three-task sequence routine to dig objects from a tub of dry macaroni. The robotic
system was used in the child's school for 12-15 sessions over a period of four weeks.
Goal attainment scaling indicated improvement in all children in operational competence
of the robot, and varying levels of gain in functional skill development with the robot and
in carryover to the classroom from the robot experiments. Teacher interviews revealed
gains in classroom participation, expressive language (vocalizations, symbolic
communication), and a high degree of interest by the children in the robot tasks. The
teachers also recommended that the robot should have more color, contrast and
character, as well as generating sounds and/or music for student cues. They also felt that

the robotic system accuracy should be increased so that teacher assistance is not
necessary to complete the task.

Cooper, R. G., Al-Muhtadi, J., & Ashford, R. (2008). Smart Spaces with Real-Time Physiological
Measurement and Mitigation of Stress. Pervasive Computing and Applications, 2008.
ICPCA 2008. Third International Conference on, , 1 3-8.
We propose the use of context-aware smart space technology that is able to monitor
physiological signs of a user in real-time. The smart space informs the user when they
are stressed and automatically initiate an appropriate stress-relieving response via a
selection of scenarios. Using the Nexus-10 we measured on single male subject
physiological responses by comparison with baseline music, video, coffee, photo and
game participation. Music and a (coffee) break are more beneficial in reducing BP, than
watching a comical video. Taking a break also reduces the breaths/min. EMG responses
were reduced during music suggestive of adoption of a listening posture, and the low
EEG, suggests important aspects of appealing music therapy during relaxation. We
recommend a combination of music and regular (coffee) breaks in a stressful situation.
We configure a smart space to automatically initiate music and coffee breaks when the
stress levels of the user reach a specific threshold.

Correa, A. G. D., Ficheman, I. K., do Nascimento, M., & de, D. L. (2009). Computer Assisted
Music Therapy: A Case Study of an Augmented Reality Musical System for Children with
Cerebral Palsy Rehabilitation. Advanced Learning Technologies, 2009. ICALT 2009. Ninth
IEEE International Conference on, 218-220.
This article presents an experiment conducted with an augmented reality musical system
for music therapy. In this system, colored cards with graphic symbols replace the music
keyboard. Unlike the keyboard, composed of unchangeable and fixed keys, in this system
the therapist can print cards of different sizes and place them in various ways, according
to the desired motor exercise. Each card represents a different musical note in the timbre
of a given musical instrument. A colored virtual cube is attached to each card. A music
therapist initially evaluated the system and later an experiment was conducted with a

child with cerebral palsy. Results showed the potential of this software in the
rehabilitation process.

Correa, A. G. D., de Assis, G. A., Nascimento, M. d., Ficheman, I., & Lopes, R. d. D. (2007).
GenVirtual: An Augmented Reality Musical Game for Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation.
Virtual Rehabilitation, 2007, 1-6.
Electronic games have been used to stimulate cognitive functions such as attention,
concentration and memory. This paper presents GenVirtual, which is an augmented
reality musical game and is proposed to help people with learning disabilities. The
intention is to help the patient in the following skills: creativity, attention, memory
(storage and retrieval), planning, concentration, ready-response, hearing and visual
perception, and motor coordination. The therapist has flexibility to place the musical and
visual elements, allowing him to create different scenarios to each patient. GenVirtual
uses Augmented Reality technology to allow people with physical disorders to interact
with the game. Patients with no fingers can also play this game. GenVirtual was
evaluated by a music therapist who considered it as a facilitating and motivating game to
the learning process and that it has the potential to improve the life of the people with
special needs.

Detriche, J. M., Lesigne, B., Mandin, P., & Sgarbi, F. (1990). Man machine cooperation in the
robotized system MASTER. High-Tech Help for the Handicapped, IEE Colloquium on, 3/13/4.

Dong, Q., Li, Y., Hu, B., Liu, Q., Li, X., & Liu, L. (2010). A solution on ubiquitous EEG-based
biofeedback music therapy. Pervasive Computing and Applications (ICPCA), 2010 5th
International Conference on, 32-37.
Nowadays, many people suffer from negative moods like sadness or anxiety. As an
effective tool to relieve such moods, music therapy is widely embraced. Furthermore,
researchers try to use newly developed bio-feedback technologies like
electroencephalograms (EEG) to measure the effects of music therapy since it can reflect
people's emotion sensitively and objectively. In this paper, we design a mobile platform of

music therapy based on EEG feedback. The platform can record user's EEG in real time,
analyze the emotion state, and choose a suitable music track to play. Users can adjust
their emotion at anytime and anywhere. They can examine the therapeutic effects in time
by observing EEG feedback on mobile client. In consideration of the hardware and
software resources of mobile device limitations, we only collect EEG data from two
channels and barely compute beta/alpha power ratio and alpha lateralization as the signal
features used to measure test subjects' emotion status. Accordingly, we've committed
experiments involving 4 subjects. Preliminary results show that the prototype design of
the music therapy is fitful and it can be used in the mobile platform because of its
simplicity and accuracy.

Eddon, G. (1992). Danny's Rooms [multimedia game]. Computing Applications to Assist

Persons with Disabilities, 1992., Proceedings of the Johns Hopkins National Search for,
78-79.
Danny's Rooms is a multimedia game for autistic people that holds users' attention
through the use of graphics, music, and animation. It incorporates digitized photographs
and voice capabilities to allow the student to see and hear people whom he knows. A
unique feature of Danny's Room is the menu screen, through which the user is able to
make game choices independently

Frishman, W. H., Grattan, J. G., Mamtani, R., Rahimtoola, S. H., Alpert, J. S., Bonow, R. O., et
al. (2005). Alternative and complementary medical approaches in the prevention and
treatment of cardiovascular disease. Current Problems in Cardiology, 30(8), 381-459.

Guide to the selection of musical instruments with respect to physical ability and
disability(1982). . St. Louis: Magnamusic-Baton.

Haijing, Z., & Hua, H. (2010). Status and Prospects of Music Electrotherapy. Bioinformatics
and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE), 2010 4th International Conference on, 1-2.
Music electrotherapy is on the basis of electro-acupuncture, which combined music,
electrode with electro-acupuncture. This method draws on the characteristics of both

electrotherapy and music therapy music. Music electrotherapy through music and music
signals acting on the hearing and body, increase or improve the person's psychological,
physiological conditions, so as to achieve health, disease prevention and rehabilitation
purposes. In this article, some new ideas and methods based on programmable and
distributed automatic system are proposed, in order to improve and perfect the existing
music electrotherapy instruments.

Hannemann, C. (1992). Wireless programmable choir chimes. Computing Applications to

Assist Persons with Disabilities, 1992., Proceedings of the Johns Hopkins National Search
for, 153-154.
The Music Therapy Department at Matheny wanted to organize a student hand chime
choir. The department wanted to include the students with severe motor impairments.
After consulting the Technical Resources Department, plans were made to mount the
hand bells in a rack that included solenoids, solid state relays, and jacks to plug in
switches. The only problem was the wires. Every concert was a big spaghetti party.
Switches were often disconnecting. Something needed to be done. The solution was to
make the system wireless. The final system consisted of chimes, solid state relays,
wireless transceivers, a single board computer, and other miscellaneous parts

Hiraga, R., Kato, N., & Yamasaki, T. (2006). Understanding emotion through drawings
comparison between hearing-impaired people and people with normal hearing abilities.
Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2006. SMC '06. IEEE International Conference on, , 1
103-108.

Hirohashi, Y., & Oyama-Higa, M. (2008). The use of a non-linear analysis of pulse waves to
measure the impact of music therapy and animal therapy on psychiatric care. Systems,
Man and Cybernetics, 2008. SMC 2008. IEEE International Conference on, 3348-3352.
This study examines the psychiatric effectiveness of music therapy and animal therapy.
Unlike previous research into these modalities, the present study relies on scientifically
valid measurements of actual somatic reaction rather than on subjective reports. Earlier
work by the current authors defined fluctuation in plethysmogram readings in terms of a

Lyapunov exponent derived from activity in the sympathetic nervous system related to
the preservation of mental health. Drawing on the previous findings, this study measured
changes in the Lyapunov exponent as a function of therapy. Results demonstrated that
the Lyapunov exponent reflected the therapeutic effect of these treatments. Specifically,
an increase in the lyapunov exponent indicated nerve activation within the sympathetic
nervous system. On this basis, the authors recommend that traditional formulation
regarding a dasiahealing effectpsila (i.e., therapeutic benefit) be reconsidered.

Homenda, W. (2010). Intelligent computing technologies in music processing for blind people.
Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA), 2010 10th International Conference
on, 1400-1405.

Honisch, S. S. (. (2009). Re-narrating disability through musical performance. Music Theory

Online, 15(3-4)
[Unedited] The combination of disability and music performance engages two principal
dimensions: the reality of living and functioning as a musician with an impairment (lived
experience), and the outside perceptions of that reality which intrude upon an audiences
experience of, and response to a musical performance. These two aspects of disability
affect both performer and audience in numerous complex ways; both of these dimensions
in turn are addressed, and how they intersect in the context of a live musical
performance is examined. There is a dialectical relationship between the lived reality of
being a visibly impaired musician and external views of that reality. The presence of
visible physical difference in the context of a Western art music performance disrupts
conventional binary oppositions between ability and disability, and as such opens up a
space for both performers and audiences within which they can re-think their
relationships to, and interactions with, people whose lived experiences sometimes may be
very different from their own. To support this project, Henri Girouxs conception of culture
as the primary sphere in which individuals, groups, and institutions engage in the art of
translating the diverse and multiple relations that mediate between private life and public
concerns is used. Following Girouxs assertion that private issues connect with larger

social conditions, the relationship between the private experience of physical

impairment, and the impact of physical difference on society in general and musical
performance in particular, is explored by using my own experiences as a musician with
physical impairments as a point of reference.

Hourigan, R. (. (2009). Preservice music teachers' perceptions of fieldwork experiences in a

special needs classroom. Journal of Research in Music Education, 57(2), 152.
Examines phenomenologically a special needs fieldwork experience through the
perceptions of seven participants. All of the participants were a part of a long-term field
experience. The research question was, how was this experience, assisting and teaching
students with special needs in an elementary general music context, perceived and
constructed by the participants individually, and as they collaborated and interacted with
one another, as indicated by journals, semi-structured interviews, case writing, and field
observations? A qualitative particularistic case study design was used in this
investigation. Data included journals, participant interviews, observations, and an
orientation session video. Findings suggested that the orientation process to fieldwork
with children with disabilities, which included the case method of teaching, was perceived
as valuable; observation, journaling, discussion, and the relationships that emerged were
important to the participants; and reflective practice may have occurred.

Hunt, A., Kirk, R., Abbotson, M., & Abbotson, R. (2000). Music therapy and electronic
technology. Euromicro Conference, 2000. Proceedings of the 26th, , 2 362-367 vol.2.
The paper explains how a mobile Music Therapy van was established using electronic and
computer technology developed as part of a long-term university research project. The
electronic instruments and computer programs that are used are described along with an
overview of their applied uses with children who have special needs. The technology is
shown not only to allow access to those clients otherwise alienated from music and the
music therapy, but is also beginning to provide quantitative data to expand the analytical
techniques of the therapist

Hunt, A., Kirk, R., & Neighbour, M. (2004). Multiple media interfaces for music therapy.
Multimedia, IEEE, 11(3), 50-58.
This article describes interfaces (and the supporting technological infrastructure) to
create audiovisual instruments for use in music therapy. In considering how the
multidimensional nature of sound requires multidimensional input control, we propose a
model to help designers manage the complex mapping between input devices and
multiple media software. We also itemize a research agenda.

Jensema, C., Hinton, D., & Dew, N. (1992). A computer sound cue indicator for hearing
impaired people. Computing Applications to Assist Persons with Disabilities, 1992.,
Proceedings of the Johns Hopkins National Search for, 49-52.
This paper presents a sound cue indicator for use with IBM and IBM compatible
computers that provides deaf people equal access to the sound cues and music enjoyed
by the general computer user. The display is via a ten segment frequency to light display

Jian-Ye Yu, Fan-Er Zeng, Jing-Meng Zhang, Li, Y., & Yuan-Ting Zhang. (2010). Implementation
of portable monitor based on mobile phone for music therapy on hypertension.
Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI), 2010 3rd International Conference on, ,
5 1923-1926.
Hypertension is a common clinical disease and a major risk to human health.
Relationships between specific music phrases and cardiovascular variability promote
music therapy to an important part of anti-hypertension treatment. We integrate our
former related researches achievement into a new portable monitor based on smart
phone. The new portable device which is made up of health accessories and mobile
software, can measure user's blood pressure (BP) with a cuff-less technique, do data
processing, display waveforms and parameters and play selected music. The strategy of
music selection is based on correlation coefficient, which derived from rhythm of music
phrases and blood pressure. The coefficient determines the type of music should be
selected and played.

Kara, S., & Ozel, P. (2007). Determination of Effects of Different Music on Frontal Muscle by
Using EMG Signal. Frontiers in the Convergence of Bioscience and Information
Technologies, 2007. FBIT 2007, 449-452.
Music has a myriad of health-related benefits, both psychological and physiological.
However, because the healthful effects of music have not been fully explored scientifically,
many questions about the clinical efficacy of music are yet to be answered. In this study
the musical selections used were reed flute sound and hard rock music. The information
obtained from the present study adds significantly to what is known about the relaxing
properties of music, by investigating how exposure to different styles of music the
psychophysiological aspects of anxiety. The physiological measure was frontalis
electromyography. EMG data taken from individual before music was listened, during
listening to reed flute sound and during listening to hard rock music, were examined to
extracted power spectral density by welch method which is use to evaluate unstable sign.
Power spectral densities of during listening to reed flute and hard rock music were
determined differently compared with psd of without music situation. As reed flute sound
triggered off the decreased psd value, hard rock music triggered off the increased psd
value. There is a reverse ratio between PSD on muscle and relief amount. In conclusion,
listening to reed flute music has relaxing property according to hard rock music on frontal
muscle.

Kerchner, J. L. (. A. I. )., & Abril, C. R. (. A. I. ). (2009). Musical experience in our lives:

Things we learn and meanings we make. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Education (MD)
Lanham, MD.

Kirk, R., Hunt, A., Hildred, M., & Verity, A. (2000). The role of gesture in environmental
control. Euromicro Conference, 2000. Proceedings of the 26th, , 2 377-383 vol.2.

Kittay, J. (. (2008). The sound surround: Exploring how one might design the everyday
soundscape for the truly captive audience. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 17(1), 41.
Just as we care about adapting physical spaces and visual environments for the
residences of those with severe disabilities, so we should monitor and design everyday

sound environments (which include music and non-music sounds). This imperative is
particularly important given that, no matter what their cognitive disabilities, many such
residents are both particularly attuned to sounds in their environment and particularly
vulnerable to them. But exactly how to adapt and design sound environments has not
been systematically thought through; there is no consistent research tradition specific to
this goal. The many related disciplines that can be of help in laying the groundwork are
reviewed. Aspects of music therapy theory and practice are considered. Music therapy
should give more sustained attention to the everyday soundscape of the clients and
communities it serves.

Kunieda, S., & Jingu, H. (2005). Kansei interaction between fragrance and behavior in music
therapy. Networking, Sensing and Control, 2005. Proceedings. 2005 IEEE, 609-614.
The aim of this study is to clarify the effect which aroma (fragrance and/or flavor) push to
the behavior in a scene of the music therapy. The music therapy is designed to improve
the functioning of mind and body at using which music has the function and role for the
illness and health. And this therapy is used in broad fields such as a mental disease, a
dementia, a handicap, and a terminal care, etc., however, the rehabilitation effect is not
clear. So, we studied the behavioral effect to the demented elderly by using the rhythm
instrument with and/or without the four types of fragrances, which are all natural oils.
The frequency which the musical instruments were shaken by elderly was measured as
active index, and was compared, under the condition of with and/or without fragrance.
Result showed different improvement in the behavior depending on the kind of fragrance.
Peppermint oil activated the behavior, and cinnamon oil inactivated the behavior. Similar
effects of peppermint and cinnamon were observed in the evaluation of music therapy
scene. The aroma strengths of these four fragrances were weak enough, so the elderly
participants were not conscious of the aroma. If the participants were to try to find the
character of these fragrances, they would need to pay attention and consciously aware of
the aroma. We concluded that the fragrances have had the subliminal effect on the
participant, as a result affected the behavior of the elderly. We propose the new function
of the aroma and the improvement in the music therapy effect by clarifying Kansei

interaction of the aroma and behavior in this research. Moreover, we think that it is
important also from the viewpoint of transfer of scent information to research the human
activity to a scent stimulus.

Kurizuka, Y., Miyake, Y., & Kobayashi, Y. (2004). Co-creative walking support as music therapy.
Robot and Human Interactive Communication, 2004. ROMAN 2004. 13th IEEE
International Workshop on, 289-294.
Mutual adaptation process in musical communication is often used for walking support
and rehabilitation. But this kind of supporting system is not realized yet. So the purpose
of this research is to construct walking support system as a musical communication
process. Our strategy is to extend walk-mate system, which realizes mutual adaptation
process between human and virtual walker by exchanging step sound. We replaced this
step sound to the music performance and showed the effectiveness in the experiment of
walking support. The smoothness of gate cycle was improved in the both music
performance condition and step sound condition. But in the music condition, the
improvement of smoothness remained after the support walking. This result show the
effectiveness of this proposed system as a walking support.

Lee, K. L., Schwarz, E., & Mak, K. Y. (1993). Improving oral health through understanding the
meaning of health and disease in a chinese culture. Int Dent J, 43(1), 2-8.
Advances in modern technology have undoubtedly been of benefit to dentistry in its
preventive and curative activities for populations worldwide. Studies, mainly from
Western societies, show nonetheless that utilisation of services or adoption of preventive
methods are not taken up at satisfactory levels. The focus of this paper is on the special
problems in a Chinese society where major differences exist between the traditional lay
health concepts and the modernised professional ones. Traditional Chinese health
concepts comprise the balance between and interaction of 'Yin' and 'Yang', the vital forces
in both the universe and in man's body, as the basis for maintaining health. To restore a
disturbed equilibrium of vital forces, which will manifest itself as disease, a range of
dietary products are available in Hong Kong, for example cooling herb tea to reduce fire

from the stomach producing gum disease. Seeking dental treatment from dentists could
be delayed or made 'unnecessary' due to reliance on home remedies. This could reduce
the effectiveness of any planned health education activities and dental services available
for improving the oral health status of the community according to prevailing Western
concepts. An understanding of the cultural meaning of dental disease is fundamental to
changing beliefs and attitudes of people in order to improve the oral health of the
community.

Li, C., & Niu, J. (2007). The Study on Ultrasonic Acupuncture Synthetical Instrument for Brain
Paralysis. Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, 2007. ICBBE 2007. The 1st
International Conference on, 1165-1168.
Brain paralysis disease incidence rate reaches as high as 0.27% in our newborns. It has
brought the serious attack to the general patient's family. It has said that dolphin human
therapy is effective to cure brain paralysis. But it is too expensive to general patient
family. In order to solve this problem, the ultrasonic synthetical instrument which is
studied may treat the body paralysis which brain paralysis causes. It simulates the valid
part ultrasonic which is radiated by dolphin and has treatment result. It also may start
the compensation of brain cell simultaneously. This design of instrument achieves the
modern medical idea which is to treat paralysis and brain at the same time. Uses
modulate technology and music therapy, then can avoid the attenuation which is caused
in long-term function and patient's dread, the ultrasonic treatment elementary knowledge
and the advantage of ultrasonic acupuncture are also introduced briefly, and the concept
of this instrument is given finally.

Liu, H., Hu, J., & Rauterberg, M. (2010). LsM: A new location and emotion aware web-based
interactive music system. Consumer Electronics (ICCE), 2010 Digest of Technical Papers
International Conference on, 253-254.

Loeser, C. (., & Crowley, V. (. (2009). A natural ear for music? hearing (dis)abled masculinities.
Popular Music, 28(3), 411.
[Unedited] Musical performances on the bass guitar, able to be felt bodily beyond the ear,

connect into the many layers of affect that music excites, but are particularly potent as a
means of communicating embodied masculinity for one young man with a hearing
disability. Masculinity as a social code enacted within practices of the everyday involves
both the affect and the effect of difference. The bass guitar, the instrument which drives a
band's sound and rhythm, is part of the performativity of masculinity within popular
musicvisually, and at the level of sound, as auricular materialityan embodied
sensation where the feel of sound through the body constitutes a language in which
desirable and undesirable modes of masculinity become appropriated and defined.
Displays of musical prowess on the bass guitar open a space for becoming unfixed from
the identity and abject status of hearing-disabled Other. This 'Othering' occurs primarily
in everyday spoken encounters where difficulties with hearing and speech limit
opportunities for occupying a viable masculine positioning. By contrast, the capacity to fit
the sensory and sensual prompts that trigger recognition of masculinity within popular
music enables the reassembling of an embodied masculine identity for a hearing-disabled
young man. Masculinity and disability are rendered reversible and exchangeable
performative productions that are excessive and transgressive, contingent on the sensory
perceptions of self and others. This emphasis on embodied communicative practice
through the play of bass guitar provides an important counterweight to representational
forms of embodied gendered subjectivity that continue to predominate in some modes of
disability and gender theorizing. It constitutes a forceful assertion of how everyday
embodied interactions are irrevocably coupled with mobile and transient masculine and
disabled aesthetic identifications.

Low, Y. F., Argstatter, H., Bolay, H. V., & Strauss, D. J. (2008). Evaluation of a compact tinnitus
therapy by electrophysiological tinnitus decompensation measures. Engineering in
Medicine and Biology Society, 2008. EMBS 2008. 30th Annual International Conference of
the IEEE, 5132-5135.
Large-scale neural correlates of the tinnitus decompensation have been identified by
using wavelet phase stability criteria of single sweep sequences of auditory late responses
(ALRs). Our previous work showed that the synchronization stability in ALR sequences

might be used for objective quantification of the tinnitus decompensation and attention
which link to Jastreboff tinnitus model.

Magee, W. L., & Burland, K. (2008). An exploratory study of the use of electronic music
technologies in clinical music therapy. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 17(2), 124-141.
In line with wider health and educational services, there is a growing demand for music
therapists to apply electronic music technologies in clinical practice. Despite a handful of
accounts indicating the benefits these tools offer, an objective assessment of their role in
music therapy and guidelines for their application in therapy are lacking. A qualitative
study collected data in semi-structured individual interviews from music therapists
experienced in using electronic equipment using MIDI generated sounds triggered by
specialist input devices. Interview transcripts were analyzed independently by two
multidisciplinary investigators using open coding procedures from Grounded Theory, with
member checking to enhance credibility. The findings propose a five-step treatment
model when using technologies with people with complex needs. Accurate assessment of
movement, positioning of the technology, and establishing the client's awareness of cause
and effect are central to meeting clinical aims. Clinical indicators include complex physical
and sensory disabilities, motivational problems, and specific needs pertaining to
expression of identity. Their use is contraindicated in cases where it is known the client
has no awareness of cause and effect.

Maricic, A., & Hiew, P. L. (2005). Biofeedback computer game-based training. ELMAR, 2005.
47th International Symposium, 185-188.
The application of multimedia technology has been many in our every-day life. In 2004,
using the concept of the biofeedback computer game-based training the authors of this
paper started a project at Monash University Malaysia to help students de-stress in order
to improve academic performance. This paper describes the development of a new set of
multimedia applications that combine a biofeedback technology and a concept of music
therapy in a game-based training for stress management. This paper also aims to present

a pattern for using the iterative model of a software development process The paper
concludes with a discussion about further research and development in this area

Masuda, F., & Wada, C. (2007). Character Selection with Sympathetic Skin Response when
Listening to Sounds. Innovative Computing, Information and Control, 2007. ICICIC '07.
Second International Conference on, 3-3.

Mirenkov, N., Kanev, K., & Takezawa, H. (2008). Quality of Life Supporters Employing Music
Therapy. Advanced Information Networking and Applications - Workshops, 2008. AINAW
2008. 22nd International Conference on, 1051-1056.

Mitas, A. W. (2009). Spectral Analysis in Stimuli Art Predefining in Music Therapy. Biometrics
and Kansei Engineering, 2009. ICBAKE 2009. International Conference on, 123-126.
In the paper, first a short discussion about music therapy is presented. Some important
features of the so called modern live style are pointed out in the context of humanpsilas
emotional quality. In this meaning of affective states the stimuli art of the daily music
influence as a therapy is presented. The main goal of the analysis would be to define,
what kind of soundspsila sets should be used, to reach the relaxation state of the human
body. It is presented, on the base of spectral analysis of the mechanical sound waves,
that music, which is made by mixed (bas, tenor, alt and soprano) chore, seems to be
better for these applications, that the one from an typical instrument. There exist sound
frequencies (proposed in literature) which are much easier attainable for the human voice
than for a musical instrument.

Morris, R. (. (2009). Universal design and adaptive equipment: Ideas and solutions for music
schools. Music Theory Online, 15(3-4)
[Unedited] Address the possibilities and limitations of universal design for musicians, both
performers and scholars.

Mu, Y. C., Hwa, J. S., & Hyung, S. K. (2007). Speech/Music Discrimination for Robust Speech
Recognition in Robots. Robot and Human interactive Communication, 2007. RO-MAN
2007. The 16th IEEE International Symposium on, 118-121.

Music therapy with children(1999). CD ed. By D. Aldridge. London, England: Jessica Kingsley
Publishers.

Ogawa, T., Karungaru, S., Mitsukura, Y., Fukumi, M., & Akamatsu, N. (2006). Feature
Extraction in Listen'ng to Music Using Statistical Analystis of the EEG. SICE-ICASE, 2006.
International Joint Conference, 5120-5123.
In order to solve stress problems, researchers have studied healing, especially the music
therapy. It is mentioned that objective evaluation of the music therapy is an important
assignment, and some researchers have tried objective measurement based on
physiological change. In this paper, the purpose is extraction of features that may be
influenced by the music. We pay attention to EEG (electroencephalogram) as an objective
and absolute scale. This paper proposes a method that extracts features of the EEG by
the CDA (canonical discriminant analysis). From the result of the experiment, it is
suggested that the CDA extracts the features influenced by the individual and the music
type

Okita, M., Nakaura, Y., & Suto, H. (2009). A Study of Non-verbal Communication System by
Using Pictograms. Biometrics and Kansei Engineering, 2009. ICBAKE 2009. International
Conference on, 205-208.
A communication system which uses pictograms to support interactive non-verbal
communication is discussed. At first, a concept of "Pict-script" is introduced. Pict-script is
a language using pictograms,and it has following features. (1) It has high flexibility. It
can be used for not only consecutive expressions but also diagrammatic expressions. (2)
It is usable by not only people with disabilities but also people in general. It can be used
for various styles of communication. (3) Its output can indicate the userpsilas feelings.
(4) It promotes communication. (5) A picture is not necessarily correspond to a word.

Second, a communication system based on the concept of pict-script is proposed.

Moreover, features of proposed system is discussed.

Okita, M., & Suto, H. (2010). A communication medium using pictograms for media biotope.
SICE Annual Conference 2010, Proceedings of, 2183-2185.
A communication medium using pictograms for use with media biotope is discussed, and
the Pict-script concept is introduced. Pict-script is a language system using pictograms
that features high flexibility, so it can be used for not only sequential expressions but also
diagrammatic expressions, and high usability, so it can be used by people with
disabilities, children, the elderly, and people in general. It can also indicate the user's
feelings directly, so it can promote communication. A communication system based on
the concept of Pict-script is described, and the features of such a system are discussed.

Patrick, G. (1999). The effects of vibroacoustic music on symptom reduction. Engineering in

Medicine and Biology Magazine, IEEE, 18(2), 97-100.
This present study describes the outcome of a recreation therapy program of
vibroacoustic music (VAM) offered to hospitalized patients. In order to provide patients
with assistance in achieving the relaxation response, recreation therapists at a major
federal research hospital created several relaxation opportunities for patients and family
members. The present results suggest the value of using VAM to induce the relaxation
response in order to reduce the symptom burden of hospitalized patients. These findings
point to an avenue of future research using careful patient selection, assignment,
controls, variable dosage, and longer follow-up periods to test the durability of VAM
interventions.

Perez, L., Ettienne-Modeste, G., & Enderle, J. (2002). An updated assisted musical learning
device. Bioengineering Conference, 2002. Proceedings of the IEEE 28th Annual
Northeast, 235-236.
The updated assisted musical/learning device (AMLD) is an electronic device that
combines musical creativity and educational applications into one. The AMLD affords a

person with cerebral palsy to play a musical instrument; and makes learning basic hand
and eye coordination skills through a unique control panel an enjoyable experience

Pino, P., Arnoud, P., & Brangier, E. (1998). A more efficient man/machine interface: fusion of
the interacting telethesis and smart wheelchair projects. Knowledge-Based Intelligent
Electronic Systems, 1998. Proceedings KES '98. 1998 Second International Conference
on, , 3 41-45 vol.3.

Proceedings of IDC 2009 - The 8th International Conference on Interaction Design and
Children. (2009).
The proceedings contain 69 papers. The topics discussed include: designing
wiimprovisation for mediation in group music therapy with children suffering from
behavioral disorders; designing a story-based platform for HIV/AIDS counseling with
Tanzanian children; an investigation of purpose built netbooks for primary school
education; interactive storytelling in pre-school: a case-study; ten design lessons from
the literature on child development and children's use of technology; hands on what?
comparing children's mouse-based and tangible-based interaction; how children search
the Internet with keyword interfaces; putting interference to work in the design of a
whole-class learning activity; designing for spatial competence; a novel approach to
interactive playgrounds: the interactive slide project; identifying embodied metaphors in
children's sound-action mappings; formative evaluation of a didactic software for
acquiring problem solving abilities using Prolog; and SyCo: a collaborative learning tool
for generating ideas in private and in public.

Rossi, J., Perales, F. J., Varona, J., & Roca, M. (2009). COL.diesis: Transforming Colour into
Melody and Implementing the Result in a Colour Sensor Device. Visualisation, 2009. VIZ
'09. Second International Conference in, 30-35.
This paper represents a system which explores the reality of colour in relation to sound
and dedicated firstly to blind people, the challenges they live with, their psychology and
their emotions. Itpsilas an exploration of the infinite range of colours that they have
either never been able to see or that they have lost the possibility to see. The system

developed is based on the concept of synesthesia: a dasialiaisonpsila between colour and

sound, colour that becomes sound. This paper synthesizes a wider range of study
regarding people with diverse psychological and movement conditions. It represents a
new method of expression and of self development through music therapy and game,
dedicated mainly to children aged between 5 and 13. Finally we conclude with a portable
prototype device that has been validated and patented. It is capable of detecting colour
and transforming it into sound: a colour sensor identifies colours and transforms this data
into musical notes. The prototype is totally adaptable to the requirements of the end user
meaning that the user can choose the best combination between colour and sound in
order to improve their communication with the environment. We are now developing a
mathematical theoretical background in order to formalize the correspondence between
colour and musical space.

Rossi, J., Perales, F. J., Varona, J., & Roca, M. (2009). COL.diesis: Transforming Colour into
Melody and Implementing the Result in a Colour Sensor Device. Visualisation, 2009. VIZ
'09. Second International Conference in, 30-35.
This paper represents a system which explores the reality of colour in relation to sound
and dedicated firstly to blind people, the challenges they live with, their psychology and
their emotions. Itpsilas an exploration of the infinite range of colours that they have
either never been able to see or that they have lost the possibility to see. The system
developed is based on the concept of synesthesia: a dasialiaisonpsila between colour and
sound, colour that becomes sound. This paper synthesizes a wider range of study
regarding people with diverse psychological and movement conditions. It represents a
new method of expression and of self development through music therapy and game,
dedicated mainly to children aged between 5 and 13. Finally we conclude with a portable
prototype device that has been validated and patented. It is capable of detecting colour
and transforming it into sound: a colour sensor identifies colours and transforms this data
into musical notes. The prototype is totally adaptable to the requirements of the end user
meaning that the user can choose the best combination between colour and sound in
order to improve their communication with the environment. We are now developing a

mathematical theoretical background in order to formalize the correspondence between

colour and musical space.

Schneck, D. J. (1999). From the guest editor music! music! music! Engineering in Medicine
and Biology Magazine, IEEE, 18(2), 42-43.

Scotto, C. G. (. (2009). The symbiosis of disability. Music Theory Online, 15(3-4)

[Unedited] The author explores the ways in which teaching his son (who has Asperger's
Syndrome) to navigate the social world has inflected both his teaching and his
scholarship. An examples of how this has impacted his teaching comes from the way he
had to create theories to explain social situations, which is not the way most people learn
how to interact socially. The goal of social theorizing was to help his son understand the
importance of social interactions on an emotional level. This method has become an
important part of the author's method of teaching undergraduates about 20th-c. music.
Most teachers of atonal music use theory to explain the structure of the music, but they
do not use the same theory to help students form an emotional connection to the music.

Shaftel, M. R. (. A. F. )., & Straus, J. N. (. ). (2009). Scholars with disabilities

A collection of essays on the role of disability in academic life. The essays were originally
presented in a special session at the joint meeting of the American Musicological Society
and the Society for Music Theory in Nashville, November 2008. The following
contributions are cited separately in RILM: Paul ATTINELLO, Time, work, and chronic
illness (RILM 2009-4229); Samantha BASSLER, But you dont look sick: A survey of
scholars with chronic, invisible illnesses and their advice on how to live and work in
academia (RILM 2009-4230); James A. DEAVILLE, More than the blues: Clinical
depression, invisible disabilities and academe (RILM 2009-4231); Jeffrey GILLESPIE, Our
common uniqueness (RILM 2009-4236); Allen GIMBEL, Scholarship and quadriplegia
(RILM 2009-4233); Stefan Sunandan HONISCH, Re-narrating disability through musical
performance (RILM 2009-4234); Timothy L. JACKSON, Escaping from a black hole: Facing
depression in academia (RILM 2009-4232); Jonathan KOCHAVI, How do you hear that?
Autism, blindness, and teaching music theory (RILM 2009-4250); Rebecca MORRIS,

Universal design and adaptive equipment: Ideas and solutions for music schools (RILM
2009-4251); Ciro G. SCOTTO, The symbiosis of disability (RILM 2009-4237).

Sims, D. (1994). Multimedia camp empowers disabled kids. Computer Graphics and
Applications, IEEE, 14(1), 13-14.
Creative and artistic exploration is an important element of childhood development. Jutta
Treviranus saw how important drawing, painting, dancing, and making music were to her
five year old daughter, and she realized that some of the physically disabled children she
worked with at the Hugh MacMillan Rehabilitation Centre in Toronto, Ontario, were
missing out on an important aspect of development. As a specialist in microcomputer
applications, she also knew that computer technology-specifically art, music, multimedia,
virtual reality applications and input devices-has evolved to the point where it can fill that
gap. The result was a nine-week summer day camp where kids and adults whose
disabilities prevent them from holding a crayon or playing a musical instrument learned to
create art and music. Indeed, children as young as three years old could (with a little
help) create their own multimedia presentations

Takahashi, T., Suzuki, S., Kasumatsu, K., Shoubu, K., & Ninomija, S. P. (2000). Effectiveness
measurement of familiar songs method by means of electroencephalography. Engineering
in Medicine and Biology Society, 2000. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International
Conference of the IEEE, , 3 1887-1888 vol.3.
Using the electroencephalography measurement, it was proved that the familiar songs
method, a method of music therapy, was effective enough to improve the arousal level of
senile dementia. The frequency analysis of the electroencephalography shows that crests
were observed in the a wave region before the music program, and the crests were
lowered or shifted to the &beta; wave region before and after singing the familiar songs,
The result shows that the arousal level is increased by the familiar songs method

Tapus, A. (2009). Improving the Quality of Life of People with Dementia through the Use of
Socially Assistive Robots. Advanced Technologies for Enhanced Quality of Life, 2009. ATEQUAL '09. 81-86.

In less than 25 years, 37 million people are expected to have dementia and/or
Alzheimerpsilas disease. This significant figure is a result of several factors, including
increasing life expectancy and an ageing population in developing countries.
Alzheimerpsilas disease, a form of dementia, is a progressive brain disorder that causes
memory loss, and behavior and personality changes. People suffering from this disease
become increasingly physically and cognitively impaired; they usually need help with all
aspects of daily living. While there is currently no cure for dementia, special therapies
(e.g., arts and crafts, music therapy) can help people with dementia to live as good a life
as possible. We propose to use socially assistive robots as customized/individualized
helpers as a complement to humans. This work proposes a new adaptive socially assistive
robotic (SAR) system that aims to provide a customized protocol through motivation,
encouragement, and companionship for users suffering from cognitive changes related to
aging and/or Alzheimerpsilas disease. The robot aims to maintain/improve the userpsilas
cognitive attention in a cognitive music game setup.

Tejima, N., & Bunki, H. (2001). Feasibility of measuring the volition level in elderly patients
when using audio encouragement during gait training physical therapy. Engineering in
Medicine and Biology Society, 2001. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International
Conference of the IEEE, , 2 1393-1395 vol.2.
The purpose of this study is to find a method for measuring the volition level in elderly
patients during gait training physical therapy. First, both the walking speed and tempo of
the elderly patients were experimentally measured with a video camera under musical
stimulation, however, neither walking speed nor tempo was directly related to the
subjects' will or level of enthusiasm to undergo the gait training physical therapy. Second,
the Fm&theta; activities of EEG signals were experimentally measured while performing a
psychological task at a desk. These Fm&theta; activities seemed to be related to the
subjects' enthusiasm, however, their high level of deviation and the influence of artifacts
minimized their usefulness for this purpose.

Teng, X. F., Wong, M. Y. M., & Zhang, Y. T. (2007). The Effect of Music on Hypertensive
Patients. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2007. EMBS 2007. 29th Annual
International Conference of the IEEE, 4649-4651.
The aim of this study is to examine if, and to what extent, daily listening to a certain type
of music can help hypertensive patients lower their blood pressure (BP). Experiments
were conducted at an elderly home. Thirty subjects aged 63-93 years participated in the
study and were randomly assigned into either a music group (n=15) or a control group
(n=15). There were no significant differences between the two groups in initial BP values,
age, gender, or medication status. Subjects in the music group listened to selected music,
25 min every day for 4 weeks. BP was measured twice a week by a registered nurse with
a sphygmomanometer during the 4-week study period and after the completion of the
study. Four subjects dropped from the experiment due to a change of medical conditions
or to personal reasons. After 4 weeks, the average decrease for the music group (n=12)
in systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) was 11.8 mmHg (/>=0.008) and 4.7 mmHg
(/>=0.218), respectively, whereas there was no significant changes in SBP or DBP for the
control group (n=14). The results suggest that listening to a certain type of music serves
to reduce high SBP and therefore music therapy may be an alterative for hypertension
treatment.

Teng, X. F., Wong, M. Y. M., & Zhang, Y. T. (2008). The long-term effect of music on
hypertensive patients. Information Technology and Applications in Biomedicine, 2008.
ITAB 2008. International Conference on, 582-583.
Previous studies of physiological responses to music showed the reduction of blood
pressure (BP) under various medical conditions. However, the long-term lasting effect of
music on hypertensive patients has not been systematically investigated. In this study, 30
subjects aged 63-93 years were enrolled and randomly assigned into either a music
group (n=15) or a control group (n=15). There were no significant differences between
two groups in initial BP values, age, and gender. Subjects in the music group listened to
selected music, 25 min every day for 4 weeks. Four subjects dropped from the
experiment due to a change of medical conditions or personal reasons. Immediately and

4 weeks after the completion of 4-weekpsilas music treatment, the average changes for
the music group (n=12) in systolic BP (SBP) were -.7plusmn18 mmHg (p=0.01) and
-10.3plusmn17.2 mmHg (p=0.04), in diastolic BP (DBP) were -4.6plusmn9.8 mmHg
(p=0.22) and 4.0plusmn13 mmHg (p=0.24), respectively, whereas there were no
significant changes in SBP or DBP for the control group (n=14). The results suggested
that listening to a certain type of music may reduce high SBP and the effect could last up
to four weeks.

Thaut, M. H., Kenyon, G. P., Schauer, M. L., & McIntosh, G. C. (1999). The connection between
rhythmicity and brain function. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, IEEE,
18(2), 101-108.
We first present some clinical research results involving rhythmic facilitation and motor
control. We then discuss synchronization strategies for sensorimotor coupling pertaining
to rhythmic entrainment mechanisms; followed by trajectory cuing and optimization
models as they relate to rhythmic entrainment and movement control; and, finally, the
outlook for applications that may help rehabilitate motor function. Our interest in the
study of the connections between rhythm, time, and the control of movement was
stimulated from three directions: (a) the study of high-level motor control in musicians
and the effect of rhythmic cues on muscle activity in cello performance; (b) the evidence
that auditory rhythmic patterns exert a strong magnet effect on the timing of motor
responses; and (c) the clinical observation that music-therapy techniques that were
originally designed for socio-emotional needs elicited motor responses in neurologically
impaired patients that were not readily accessible by other therapies.

Thompson, B. M., & Andrews, S. R. (1999). The emerging field of sound training. Engineering
in Medicine and Biology Magazine, IEEE, 18(2), 89-96.
Sound stimulation impacts 20th century human life in myriad ways, from sonic booms to
the high-quality technological capture and delivery of music and voice through a variety
of media. This article describes the emerging field of Sound Training, which is a newly
proposed name that encompasses the current and evolving sound-based technologies

and methodologies. The applications of these technologies are many, with current uses in
education, health, and human development. Sound training and its technology are based
on the observations that (1) people of all ages can be trained to process incoming sound
more effectively and that (2) many people have weaknesses or problems in their ability
to process sound (listening disabilities), which affects them in a multitude of ways.
Sound-training technology consists of equipment and materials that have been designed
to produce specific effects in the listener when following recommended methods. In
educational, business, and clinical settings worldwide, sound stimulation is used with
different types of individuals (e.g., those with learning disabilities or developmental
delays, or those with a desire to learn a second language or to sing better) to achieve a
host of performance goals that have listening as their foundational skill

Tzanetakis, G., Benning, M. S., Ness, S. R., Minifie, D., & Livingston, N. (2009). Assistive music
browsing using self-organizing maps. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on
PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments, Corfu, Greece. 3:1-3:7.

Welch, G. F. (., Ockelford, A. (., Carter, F. (., Zimmermann, S. (., & Himonides, E. (. (2009).
Sounds of intent: Mapping musical behaviour and development in children and young
people with complex needs. Psychology of Music, 37(3), 348.
Reports on the first year of a research project into the design and evaluation of an
original framework for mapping behavior and development in and through music for
children with profound and multiple learning difficulties (PMLD). An initial four-month
design and pilot phase critiqued and evaluated a framework that was grounded in videobased iterative analyses of individual case studies collected during the previous two
years. The pilot phase was followed by a sustained period of classroom-based music
lesson observation in five special schools over a period of seven months. A total of 630
observations were made using the framework for 68 participants, ages four years and
seven months to 19 years and one month. Subsequent analyses support the general
design features of the observational framework and provide new evidence of PMLD
musical behavior and development.

Wunnava, S. V., & Williams, T. (2000). VideoNet and VoiceNet concepts help the realization of
interactive video and audio on the Internet. Southeastcon 2000. Proceedings of the IEEE,
209-212.
With recent advances in the field of data and network communications, there is an everincreasing demand for multimedia information transfers consisting of audio, video and
data elements. In addition, the explosion in the Internet application platforms has
practically rendered institutions like universities, commercial and industrial organizations
to adapt the multimedia communications via the Internet. As the Internet continues to
expand, a great deal of emphasis is being placed on technologies that support
interactivity and/or real time transfer of data. These include CGI, Java applets, ActiveX,
plugins, VRML, JavaScript, and VBScript. In addition, a lot of development work is being
done in areas such as real time voice and video communication as well as streaming
audio and video. The term multimedia refers to a combination of elements such as text,
graphics, images, animation, audio and video. Multimedia technology finds increasing
applications in numerous fields such as medicine, education, law, business, engineering,
science, music, entertainment, and enhancements for people with disabilities. Multimedia
on the personal computer (and the Internet) allows for the creation of a more
instructional, communicative and productive environment

Yokoyama, K., Ushida, J., Sugiura, Y., Mizuno, M., Mizuno, Y., & Takata, K. (2002). Heart rate
indication using musical data. Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on, 49(7), 729733.
Heart rate data reflects various physiological states such as biological workload, stress at
work and concentration on tasks, drowsiness and the active state of the autonomic
nervous system. This paper proposes a system to indicate heart rate using musical data.
Music changes physiological states for the better by relaxing people, or contributing to
patient treatment through music therapy. Information in the form of music is
advantageous because it does not hinder work as does verbal information and it contains
more information than warning noises. We introduce and evaluate a prototype heart rate
indication system and describe evaluation results of biofeedback effects on the worker

during mental workload. The prototype system sequentially inputs the instantaneous
heart rate into the computer, converts the data into a musical instrument digital interface,
the digital music format, and outputs it from the sound source. The system uses an ECG
which can be measured easily.

Yu, J. Y., Huang, D. F., Li, Y., & Zhang, Y. T. (2009). Implementation of MP3 player for music
therapy on hypertension. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2009. EMBC 2009.
Annual International Conference of the IEEE, 6444-6447.
Hypertension is a common clinical disease and a major risk to human health. Many
clinical findings indicate that certain types of music can reduce blood pressure (BP), and
music therapy is considered as an important part of anti-hypertension treatment. We
integrate our former related research achievement into the new MP3 player, which can
also detect the current BP value with a cuffless measurement method. According to the
current BP value, the MP3 player selects certain types of music for playing in order to
alleviate the hypertension of patients.

Zhou, P., Sui, F., Zhang, A., Wang, F., & Li, G. (2010). Music therapy on heart rate variability.
Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI), 2010 3rd International Conference on, ,
3 965-968.
Music has good effects on easing pressure and treating depression. However, at present,
the evaluation of the effect of music therapy mainly depends on a number of subjective
criteria, yet there is no appropriate objective evaluation standard. Some studies have
suggested that: Heart rate variability can be used to assess the activity of sympathetic
nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. Since music can affect the activity
of autonomic nervous system, some parameters of heart rate variability thus can be used
as indicators to measure the effect of music therapy. Our study focused on the influence
of music therapy on heart rate variability. Experiments were performed upon 16
undergraduates and 4 middle-aged women. As the music treatment goes on, subjectives
show significant relaxation. Heart rate variability in very low frequency component (VLF),
low frequency component (LF), high frequency component (HF) increase significantly

after music treatment, while the LF / HF ratio has no significant change. Approximate
entropy after music therapy is also lower than before. These studies suggest that relaxing
music can increase the activity of parasympathetic nervous system.