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ByAlbertKenyaniInima
16April2015
QUESTIONONE[24marks]
a. Afactoryispoweredusingadieselpowergenerator.Thegeneratorisplacedat
thebottomofacornerofaroommeasuring12m[long],6m[wide]and5m
[high].Thenoiseabsorptioncoefficientsfortheroomare0.9fortheceiling,0.2
forthefloorand0.5forthewalls.Thenoiseabsorptionofthedoorandwindow
isnegligible.TheNoisePowerLevel[SWL]ofthegeneratoris100decibels
[Ascale].
Listofformulae:
2
L
=L
+10log(Q/(4r
)+4/R
)
p
w
c
R
=S
/(1
)
c
T
m
(i)ExplainthemeaningofthenoisedirectivityfactorQ[2marks]
====Modelanswer===
Q=Areaofasphere/ActualAreaofNoiseRadiation
(ii)WhatisthevalueoftheQfactorforthegenerator,assumingitcanberegardedto
beapointnoisesource[2marks]
====Modelanswer====
Q=8becausetheareaofnoiseradiationis1/8ofasphereattheroomcorner.
(iii)CalculatethetotalroomsurfaceareaS
[1mark]
T
====Modelanswer====
Calculationoftotalsurfacearea,
S
:
T
=6x12[floor]+6x12[ceiling]+2x[5x12+6x5][walls]
=72[floor]+72[ceiling]+180[walls]
2
=324m
(iv)Calculatetheaverageroomnoiseabsorptioncoefficient
[4marks].
m
====Modelanswer====
S
x=72x0.2+72x0.9+180X0.5
T
324x=14.4+64.8+90
=169.2/324=0.52
v)CalculatetheroomconstantR
[4marks]
c
====Modelanswer====
R
=S
/(1
)
c
T
m
m
=[324x0.52]/[10.52]
2
=351Sabines[m
]
(Vi)Calculatethenoiselevelexperiencedatthefloorofthefarcorner[oppositecorner]
fromthegenerator[4marks]
=
==Modelanswer===
2
2
Distancetofarcorner=r=SQRT[6
+12
]
=SQRT[180]
=13.4m
2
L
=L
+10log(Q/(4r
)+4/R
)
p
w
c
2
L
=100+10log(8/(4X13.4
)+4/351)
p
2
=100+10log(8/(4X13.4
)+4/351)
=100+10log{0.00354+0.01140}
=1001.83
=98.17dB
b.Twopowergeneratormachineshaveanoisepowerrating[SWL]of90dB(A)and
100dB(A).Whatwouldbethetotalnoiselevelifbothmachinesareplaced
sidebyside?[3marks]
12
2
Notethethresholdnoisepowerlevelis1.0x10
W/M
andSWL=10log[W/W
]
0
=
==Modelanswer===
SWL=10log[W/W
]
0
SWL/10
W=W
10
SWL1/10
SWL2/10
Totalpower=W1+W2=W
10
+W
10
0
0
12
9
10
=10
[10
+10
]
=0.011Watts
Convertbacktodecibels,
12
SWL
=10log[0.011/10
]
T
=100.4dB
c.Thenoisepressurelevelexperienced20mawayfromafactoryalarmsirenis90
dBA.Calculatethenoisepressurelevelexperienced50mawayfromthesireninthe
samedirection.
Youmayusethefollowingformulaesheet:
L
=L
10logA
P
W
Areaofsphere=
4r
Q=Areaofsphere/Actualareaofnoisepropagation[A]
[4marks]
===Modelanswer==
Actualareaofnoisepropagation=halfasphere=A=
2r
L
=L
10logA
P
W
L
=L
10log
2r
P
W
2
2
90=L
10log[2(20)
]Eqn1
W
2
L
=L
10log[2(50)
]Eqn2
P
W
Eqn1Eqn2,
90
L
=10log[2(50)
]10log[2(20)
]
P
2
2
=10log(2.5)
=7.9dB
L
=82.1dB
P
QUESTIONTWO[23marks]
a. Alaboratorytesthasestablishedthatawastewatersamplehasthefollowing
parameters:
TotalDissolvedSolids[TDS]=100mg/l
TotalVolatileSolids[TVS]=170mg/l
TotalSolids[TS]=350mg/l
VolatileSuspendedSolids[VSS]=120mg/l
Calculatethefollowingparameters:
TotalFixedSolids[TFS]
TotalSuspendedSolids[TSS]
FixedSuspendedSolids[FSS]
VolatileDissolvedSolids[VDS]
FixedDissolvedSolids[FDS]
[5marks]
===MODELANSWER===
DissolvedSolids
SuspendedSolids
TotalSolids
VolatileSolids
VDS=50mg/l
VSS=120mg/l
TVS=170mg/l
FixedSolids
FDS=50mg/l
FSS=130mg/l
TFS=180mg/l
TotalSolids
TDS=100mg/l
TSS=250mg/l
TS=350mg/l
b)Compareandcontrastslowsandfilters[SSF]withrapidsandfilters[RSF][6marks]
===MODELANSWER[7marksfor4points]====
Parameter
SSF
RSF
Spacerequirements
Occupieslargearea
Occupieslittlespace
Effectiveparticlesize
0.20.3mm
0.40.7mm
Requiredpretreatment
Plainsedimentationtank
Chemicalcoagulationand
flocculation
Filtrationrate
Slow
Morethan100fasterthan
RSF
Maintenance
Scrapoffcakelayers
Backwashing
Headlossbefore
maintenance
HalfofRSF
High
Removalofturbidity
Good
Good
Removalofpathogens
Good[Upto98%]
Excellent[Upto99.99%]
Operation
Doesnotrequireskilled
labour
Requiresskilledlabour
Initialcosts
High
Low
Runningcosts
Low
High
c)Describethepurposeofeachofthefollowingwatertreatmentunitoperations:
Prechlorination
Rechlorination
Postchlorination
[6marks]
==Modelanswer===
Prechlorinationistheadditionofchlorinetorawwater
Thepurposeofprechlorinationis:
Disinfectionagainstmicrobesthatcancausediseasetothoseworkingatthe
watertreatmentplant
Preventionofalgalbloomwithinthewatertreatmentplant
Odourcontrol
Helpsindecolourizationofrawwater
Postchlorinationistheadditionofchlorinetowaterthathasalreadyundergonethe
primaryunitoperationsofsoftening,coagulation,flocculation,sedimentationand
filtration.
Themainpurposeofpostchlorinationis:
Todisinfectthewaterfromdiseasecausingmicrobes[pathogens]
Tocreatearesidualeffectsothatthisdisinfectionprocesswillcontinueto
occurinthechlorinatedfor2448hours.
Rechlorinationistheposttreatmentadditionofchlorinetowater.Themainpurposeof
rechlorinationis:
Todisinfectthewaterthathasoveragedinthewaterdistributionnetwork[eg
stagnatedwaterindeadendnetworks]
Toboostthechlorinationresidualeffect
Tooffersomedisinfectiontothewateragainstpointofusepollution
d)ExplainusingasketchdiagramthephenomenoncalledBreakpointChlorination[6
marks]
====MODELANSWER===
Explanation[4marks]
Addingsufficientfreeavailablechlorinetocompletelyoxidizeallorganicmatterandammonia
[nitrogencompoundsinrawwater].Allchlorineaddedafterthatpointisfreeavailable
chlorine.Breakpointchlorinationistheminimumchlorinationconcentrationthatwillcause
lastingresidualeffectinthetreatedwater.
Diagram[3marks]
QUESTIONTHREE[23marks]
UsingasketchdiagramoftheNgethuWaterTreatmentplantanswerthefollowingquestions[
5marks]:
a. Whatisthepurposeofthewatersofteningunitoperation?[3marks]
b. Whatisthepurposeofthecoagulationflocculationunitoperation?[3marks]
c. Whatisthepurposeofthesedimentationunitoperation?[3marks]
d. Whatisthepurposeofthefiltrationunitoperation?[3marks]
e. Whatisthepurposeofdisinfectionunitoperation?[3marks]
f. Whatisthepurposeofwaterneutralization[pHcorrection]unitoperation?[3marks]
===Modelanswer===
[5marks]
a. Purposeofsofteningduringwatertreatment[3marks]
Thepurposeofwatersofteningistoremovecompoundsofcalciumandmagnesium
fromwater[egsulphates,bicarbonatesandchlorides]
Thesecompoundspreventtheactionofsoap[lathering]andalsoprecipitateinwater
pipesleadingtopipeclogging
b.
Purposeofcoagulationduringwatertreatment[1.5marks]
Coagulationmainlytargetsorganicandsoilparticleslessthan0.002mmdiameter
whichremaininsolutionduetosurfacenegativecharge
Thepurposeofcoagulationistointroduceparticleswithstrongpositivesurfacecharge
toneutralizethenegativeparticlessoastomakethemcoalesce
Purposeofflocculationduringwatertreatment[1.5marks]
Thepurposeofflocculationistocontinuetheworkbeganbycoagulationofcoalescing
smallparticlesintobiggerparticlessoastoremovewaterturbidityandcolour.
Flocculationcreatesfavourableconditionsforsmallparticlestocoalesceintobigger
particles,calledflocs.
c.Purposeofsedimentationduringwatertreatment[3marks]
Thepurposeofsedimentationistocreatethesettlementoflargeflocs[macroflocs]
bygravityontothebottomofthetankwheretheyformsludgethatiscontinuously
removedanddisposed.
d.Purposeoffiltrationduringwatertreatment[3marks]
Thepurposeoffiltrationistomechanicallyandbiologicallyremovemicroflocsthatdo
notsettleinthesedimentationtank.Biochemicalreactionsinthefiltermediaalsohelp
removesomemicrobes.
e.Purposeofdisinfectionduringwatertreatment[3marks]
Thepurposeofdisinfectionistokilloffdiseasecausingmicrobesthatmaystillbe
presentinthewater.
f.ThepurposeofpHCorrectioninwatertreatment[3marks]
ThepurposeofpHcorrectionistoensurethewatertransportedtowaterdistribution
networksisnotcorrosivetothepipes.
pHmustalsobestrictlycontrolledinordertopreventtheproductionofDisinfectionBy
Products[DPBs],somewhichcancausecancer.DBPsformationincreasesaspHis
lowered,andespeciallyataroundpH=3
.
QUESTIONFOUR[23marks]
a)UsingagraphicalsketchdifferentiatebetweenthetermsBOD(remaining)andBOD
exerted(consumed)[3marks]
==Modelanswer====
b)Usingasketchdiagram,brieflygivetheexplanationsforthefollowingphenomenaas
observedduringtheoxygensagcurve:
Increasingoxygendeficitphase
Thecriticalpointphase
Thestreamrecoveryphase
[6marks]
===Modelanswer====
InitiallytheoxygendeficitincreasesbecausetheoxygendemandbyBODconsuming
microbesexceedsthenaturalstreamaerationability,givinganetnegativeoxygen
concentrationchangeinthestreamwater.
Atthecriticalpointthestreamnaturalaerationabilitybecomesequaltotherateof
oxygendemandbymicrobesconsumingBOD.Thenetoxygenconcentrationinthe
streambecomeszero.TheDOconcentrationinthestreamislowestduringthisphase
Afterthecriticalpoint,theoxygenconcentrationofthestreamwatercontinually
increasestowardssaturationbecausetherateofoxygenremovalbymicrobes
becomeslessthantherateofoxygenadditionbynaturalstreamaerationprocess.
c)TheBOD(remaining)at3dayswasfoundtobe350mg/l.TheBOD(remaining)at5days
wasfoundtobe100mg/l.Calculatethefollowingparameters:
UBOD
BODdecayconstant
BOD(remaining)at8days.
BOD(consumedat8days)
[8marks]
===Modelanswer==
Kt
BOD
=UBODe
3K
350=UBODe
....Equation1
5K
100=UBODe.....Equation2
Eqn1dividedbyEqn2,
2K
3.5=e
Ln3.5=2K=
1.25
k=0.625
UsingEqn1,
3K
350=UBODe
....Equation1
[3xo.625]
1.875
350=UBODe
=UBODe
=UBOD/6.5
UBOD=350x6.5=2282mg/l
Thefirstorderkineticsmodel,
0.625t
BOD
=2282e
t=8
0.625x8
BOD
=2282e
=15.4mg/l
8
BOD
[Consumed]=UBODBOD
[Remaining]=228215.4=2266.6
8
8
mg/l
d)TheGaussianPlumeModel[givenbelow]iswidelyusedtoestimateairpollutiondueto
industrialfluegasemissions:
Windpowerlaw,
Explainhowyouwouldobtainthefollowingparameters:
Thestandarddeviationparameters
Thewindspeed
Effectivestackheight
Groundlevelpollutantgasconcentrations
[6marks]
==Modelanswer===
(i)Standarddeviationparametersareobtainedfromlocallydevelopedgraphs[orequations]
forvariousatmosphericstabilityclassesandvariousgases,eg
(ii)Windspeediscalculatedfromwindpowerlaw,
(iii)TheeffectiveheightcanbefoundusingPlumeriseformulaegBriggssorHollands,
[iv)Groundlevelcenterlinepollutantgasconcentrationsoccurwhen,
Z=0
Y=0
Substitutingthisintheformulaweobtain,