Chapter Objectives

Navigate between rectilinear co-ordinate systems for

stress components
Determine principal stresses and maximum in-plane
shear stress
Determine the absolute maximum shear stress in 2D
and 3D cases

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In-class Activities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Reading Quiz
Applications
General equations of plane-stress transformation
Principal stresses and maximum in-plane shear stress
Mohrs circle for plane stress
Absolute maximum shear stress
Concept Quiz

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READING QUIZ
1) Which of the following statement is incorrect?
a)

The principal stresses represent the maximum and minimum

normal stress at the point

b)

When the state of stress is represented by the principal

stresses, no shear stress will act on the element

c)

When the state of stress is represented in terms of the maximum

in-plane shear stress, no normal stress will act on the element

d)

For the state of stress at a point, the maximum in-plane shear

stress usually associated with the average normal stress.

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APPLICATIONS

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GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRESS

TRANSFORMATION

The state of plane stress at a point is uniquely represented by three

components acting on an element that has a specific orientation at
the point.
Sign Convention:
Positive normal stress acts outward
from all faces
Positive shear stress acts upwards
on the right-hand face of the element

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GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRESS

TRANSFORMATION (cont)

Sign convention (continued)

Both the x-y and x-y system follow the right-hand rule

The orientation of an inclined plane (on which the normal and shear
stress components are to be determined) will be defined using the
angle . The angle is measured from the positive x to the positive
x-axis. It is positive if it follows the curl of the right-hand fingers.

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GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRESS

TRANSFORMATION (cont)

Normal and shear stress components:

Consider the free-body diagram of the segment

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GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRESS

TRANSFORMATION (cont)
+Fx = 0;

x A (xy A sin ) cos (y A sin ) sin

( xy A cos ) sin (x A cos ) cos = 0
x = x cos2 + y sin2 + xy (2 sin cos )

+Fy = 0;

xy A + (xy A sin ) sin (y A sin ) cos

( xy A cos ) cos + (x A cos ) sin = 0
xy = (y x) sin cos + xy (cos2 sin2 )

x =

x + y
x y
+
cos 2 + xy sin 2
2
2

xy =
y =

x + y
sin 2 + xy cos 2
2

x + y
x y
cos 2 xy sin 2

2
2
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VARIABLE SOLUTIONS

Please click the appropriate icon for your computer to access the
variable solutions

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EXAMPLE 1
The state of plane stress at a point on the surface of the
airplane fuselage is represented on the element oriented as
shown in Fig. 94a. Represent the state of stress at the point
on an element that is oriented 30 clockwise from the
position shown.

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
The element is sectioned by the line a-a.

The free-body diagram of the segment is as shown.

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
Applying the equations of force equilibrium in the x and y direction,
Fx ' 0;

x ' A 50A cos 30 cos 30 25A cos 30sin 30

Fy ' 0;

x'y' A 50A cos 30sin 30 25A cos 30 cos 30

80A sin 30sin 30 25A sin 30 cos 30 0

x ' 4.15 MPa (Ans)

80A sin 30 cos 30 25A cos 30sin 30 0

x'y' 68.8 MPa (Ans)

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
Repeat the procedure to obtain the stress on the perpendicular plane
bb.
Fx ' 0;

x ' A 25A cos 30sin 30 80A cos 30 cos 30

Fy ' 0;

- x'y' A 25A cos 30 cos 30 80A cos 30sin 30

25A cos 30 cos 30 50A sin 30sin 30 0

x ' 25.8 MPa (Ans)

25A sin 30sin 30 50A sin 30 cos 30 0

x'y' 68.8 MPa (Ans)

The state of stress at the point can be

represented by choosing an element
oriented.

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EXAMPLE 2
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the
element shown in Fig. 97a. Determine the state of stress at
the point on another element oriented 30 clockwise from
the position shown.

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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
From the sign convention we have,

x 80 MPa y 50 MPa xy 25 MPa 30

To obtain the stress components on plane CD,
x'

x y

x' y'

x y
2

x y
2

cos 2 xy sin 2 25.8 M Pa (Ans)

sin 2 xy cos 2 68.8 M Pa (Ans)

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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
To obtain the stress components on plane BC,
x 80 MPa y 50 MPa xy 25 MPa 60
x'

x y

x' y'

x y
2

x y
2

cos 2 xy sin 2 4.15 M Pa (Ans)

sin 2 xy cos 2 68.8 M Pa (Ans)

The results are shown on the element as shown.

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IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS

The principal stresses represent the maximum and

minimum normal stress at the point.
When the state of stress is represented by the principal
stresses, no shear stress will act on the element.

x y
d x '
2 sin 2 2 xy cos 2

d
2
Solving this equation leads to = p

xy
tan 2 p
x y / 2
1, 2

x y
2

x y
xy2

2
2

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IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS (cont)

x y
d x '
2 sin 2 2 xy cos 2

d
2

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IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS (cont)

xy
Solving this equation leads to = p; i.e tan 2 p
x y / 2

1, 2

x y
2

x y
xy2

2
2

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MAXIMUM IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS

The state of stress can also be represented in terms of

the maximum in-plane shear stress. In this case, an
average stress will also act on the element.
d x ' y '
x y
2 cos xy 2 sin 2 0

d
2

Solving this equation leads to = s; i.e tan 2 s

x y
xy2
max in -plane
2
2

And there is a normal stress on the

plane of maximum in-plane shear stress
x y
avg
2
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y / 2

xy

EXAMPLE 3
When the torsional loading T is applied to the bar in Fig. 9
13a, it produces a state of pure shear stress in the material.
Determine (a) the maximum in-plane shear stress and the
associated average normal stress, and (b) the principal
stress.

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EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
From the sign convention we have, x 0

a)

Maximum in-plane shear stress is

y
xy 2
max in -plane x
2
2

b)

avg

x y
2

0 (Ans)

For principal stress,

tan 2 p

1, 2

y 0 xy

xy
p 2 45, p1 135
x y / 2

x y
2

x y
xy 2

2
2

(Ans)

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EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
If we use p 45
2

x'

x y

x y

cos 2 xy sin 2

2
2
0 0 sin 90

Thus, 2 acts at p 45as shown in Fig. 913b, and 1 acts on the

other face p 45
2

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EXAMPLE 4
When the axial loading P is applied to the bar in Fig. 914a,
it produces a tensile stress in the material. Determine (a) the
principal stress and (b) the maximum in-plane shear stress
and associated average normal stress.

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EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
From the established sign convention,

x 0

y 0 xy 0

Principal Stress
Since no shear stress acts on this element,

2 0

(Ans)

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EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress
tan 2 s

x y / 2

xy

0 / 2
; s1 45, s2 45
0

x y

0
2
xy2 x
max in plane
0 (Ans)
2
2
2
x y 0
avg

(Ans)
2
2
2
2

To determine the proper orientation

of the element,
x' y '

x y
2

sin 2 xy cos 2

0
2

sin 90 0

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MOHRS CIRCLE OF PLANE STRESS

A geometrical representation of equations 9.1 and 9.2;

i.e.
x y x y

cos 2 xy sin 2
2 2

x '

x y
sin 2 xy sin 2
2

x ' y '

Sign Convention:
is positive to the right, and is positive downward.

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EXAMPLE 5
Due to the applied loading, the element at point A on the
solid shaft in Fig. 918a is subjected to the state of stress
shown. Determine the principal stresses acting at this point.

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EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solutions
Construction of the Circle
From Fig. 918a,

x 12 MPa, y 0,

xy 6 MPa

The center of the circle is at

avg

12 0
6 MPa
2

The reference point A(-12,-6) and the center C(-6, 0) are plotted in Fig. 9
18b.The circle is constructed having a radius of
R

12 62 62

8.49 MPa

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EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solutions
Principal Stress
The principal stresses are indicated by
the coordinates of points B and D.

We have 1 2 ,

1 8.49 6 2.49 MPa (Ans)

2 6 8.49 14.5 MPa (Ans)
The orientation of the element can be
determined by calculating the angle

6
2 p2 tan
45.0
12 6
p2 22.5
1

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EXAMPLE 6
The state of plane stress at a point is shown on the element
in Fig. 919a. Determine the maximum in-plane shear stress
at this point.

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EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
Solutions
Construction of the Circle

We first construct of the circle,

x 20, y 90 and xy 60
The center of the circle C is on the axis at

avg

20 90

35 MPa
2

From point C and the A(-20, 60) are plotted, we have

R 602 552 81.4 MPa

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EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
Solutions
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress.

Max in-plane shear stress and average normal stress are

max in-plane 81.4 MPa , avg 35 MPa (Ans)

The counter-clockwise angle is

20 35
2 s1 tan 1
21.3 (Ans)
60

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EXAMPLE 7
The state of plane stress at a point is shown on the element
in Fig. 920a. Represent this state of stress on an element
oriented 30counterclockwise from the position shown.

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EXAMPLE 7 (cont)
Solutions
Construction of the Circle

We first construct of the circle,

x 8, y 12 and xy 6
The center of the circle C is on the axis at

avg

8 12

2 MPa
2

From point C and the A(-8, -6) are plotted, we have

R 102 62 11.66
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EXAMPLE 7 (cont)
Solutions
Stresses on 30 Element

From the geometry of the circle,

6
tan
30.96 60 30.96 29.04
10
x ' 2 11.66 cos 29.04 8.20 M Pa (Ans)
1

x ' y ' 11.66 cos 29.04 5.66 M Pa (Ans)

The stress components acting on the adjacent face DE of the element,
which is 60 clockwise from the positive x axis, Fig. 920c, are represented
by the coordinates of point Q on the circle.

x ' 2 11.66 cos 29.04 12.22 MPa

x'y' 11.66 sin 29.04 5.66 MPa (check)
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(Ans)
(Ans)

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS

State of stress in 3-dimensional space:

abs max
avg

max min
2

max min
2

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ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS (cont)

State of stress in 3-dimensional space:

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ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS (cont)

State of stress in 3-dimensional space:

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EXAMPLE 8
The point on the surface of the cylindrical pressure vessel in
Fig. 924a is subjected to the state of plane stress.
Determine the absolute maximum shear stress at this point.

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EXAMPLE 8 (cont)
Solutions
An orientation of an element 45 within this plane yields the state of absolute
maximum shear stress and the associated average normal stress, namely,

abs max 16 MPa , avg 16 MPa

(Ans)

Same result for can be obtained from direct application of

32
abs max 16 M Pa
2
2
32 0
avg
16 M Pa (Ans)
2

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EXAMPLE 8 (cont)
Solutions
By comparison, the maximum in-plane shear stress can be determined from
the Mohrs circle,

32 16
abs max
8 M Pa
2
32 16
avg
24 M Pa (Ans)
2

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CONCEPT QUIZ
1) Which of the following statement is untrue?
a)

b)

c)

d)

In 2-D state of stress, the orientation of the element representing

the maximum in-plane shear stress can be obtained by rotating
the element 45 from the element representing the principle
stresses.
In 3-D state of stress, the orientation of the element representing
the absolute maximum shear stress can be obtained by rotating
the element 45 about the axis defining the direction of int.
If the in-plane principal stresses are of opposite sign, then the
absolute maximum shear stress equals the maximum in-plane
stress, that is, abs max = (max min)/2
Same as (c) but the principal stresses are of the same sign.

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