AbsolutemonarchyApoliticalsystemunderwhichakingorqueenhascompletecontrolofa

country.
AchievedstatusAstatusthatweeitherearnorchooseandthatisnotsubjecttowhereortowhom
wewereborn.
AgentsofsocializationPeople,groups,andexperiencesthatinfluenceourbehaviorandself
image.
AggregateAcollectionofpeoplewhohappentobeatthesameplaceatthesametimebuthaveno
otherconnectiontooneanother.
AgriculturaloragrariansocietyAsocietythatraisescropsbyusinganimaldrawnplows.
AlienationThefeelingofworkersinabureaucracythattheyarebeingtreatedasobjectsrather
thanpeople.
AmericanDreamThebeliefthatallAmericans,regardlessoftheconditionsoftheirbirth,havean
equalchancetoachievesuccess.
AnomieAccordingtostraintheory,thefeelingofbeingdisconnectedfromsocietythatcanoccur
whenpeoplearentprovidedwiththeinstitutionalizedmeanstoachievetheirgoals.Thetermwas
coinedbymileDurkheim.
AnticipatorysocializationThelearningofnewnormsandvaluesinanticipationofafuturerole.
ApartheidAsocialsysteminwhichthereistotalseparationoftheraces.
AppearanceThewaywelookphysicallytootherpeople.
AscribedstatusAtraitorcharacteristicpeoplepossessasaresultofthecircumstancesofbirth.
AssimilationTheprocesswherebymembersofagroupgiveuppartsoftheirowncultureinorder
toblendintoanewculture.
AuthoritarianismApoliticalsystemthatdoesnotallowcitizenstoparticipateingovernment.
BeliefAspecificideathatpeoplefeeltobetrue.
BluecollarAnothertermfortheworkingclass.

BodylanguageThewaysinwhichweuseourbodiesconsciouslyandunconsciouslyto
communicate.
BourgeoisieKarlMarxstermfortheownersofthemeansofproductionfactories,businesses,
andequipmentneededtoproducewealth.
BureaucracyAccordingtoWeber,atypeofformalorganizationinwhicharationalapproachis
usedforthehandlingoflargetasks.
CapitalismTheeconomicsysteminwhichthemeansofproductionareownedprivatelyand
individualsarefreetokeeptheprofitstheymake.
CapitalistclassInindustrializedsocieties,therichandpowerfulandtheownersofthemeansof
production.Itisalsocalledtheelite.
CastesystemAsystemofstratificationbasedonascribedstatuses.
CategoryAcollectionofpeoplewhoshareaparticularcharacteristicbuthavenothingelsein
common.
CharismaticauthorityAuthoritythatdependsonthepersonalmagnetismofoneperson,according
toWeberspowertheory.
ChurchAreligiousgroupintegratedwithsociety.
ClasssystemAsystemofstratificationbasedonachievedstatuses.
ClergyThemiddlestratumoftheestatesystemofstratification,composedofRomanCatholic
priests.
CliqueAninternalclusterorfactionwithinagroup.
ColonialismThetendencyforapowerfulcountrytoinvadeaweakercountryinordertoexploitits
resourcesbymakingitacolony.
CommonersTheloweststratumoftheestatesystemofstratification,composedofthemassesof
peoplewhospenttheirlivesengagedinhardphysicallabor.
CommunismAneconomicsystemsimilartosocialisminwhichallthemeansofproductionwould
beownedbyeveryoneandallprofitswouldbesharedequallybyeveryone.

ConflicttheoryMarxstheorythatinanycapitalistsocietythereiseternalconflictbetweenthe
ownersofthemeansofproductionandtheworkers.
ConflictviewofdevianceTheviewthatpurportsthatequalityinacapitalistsocietyisanillusion.
Theownersofthemeansofproductionhaveavestedinterestinmaintainingthestatusquoby
keepingtheworkingclassinadisadvantagedposition.
ConformistsAccordingtoMertonstheoryofgoalsandmeans,thosewhoacceptculturalgoalsand
theinstitutionalizedmeansofachievingthem.
ConstitutionalmonarchyAmonarchyinwhichthereigningmemberoftheroyalfamilyisthe
symbolicheadofstatebutelectedofficialsactuallydothegoverning.
ControltheoryWalterRecklessstheorythatpositsthatwhenapersonistemptedtoengagein
deviance,innercontrolsandoutercontrolscanpreventhimorherfromdoingso.
CountercultureAwayoflivingthatopposesthedominantculture.
CrimeTheviolationofawrittenlaw.
CrimeagainstthepersonAnactofviolenceeitherthreatenedorperpetratedagainstaperson.
CrimeagainstpropertyThetheftofpropertyorcertainformsofdamageagainstthepropertyof
anotherperson.
CultAreligiousgroupthatisoutsidestandardculturalnorms.
CulturaldiffusionTheprocesswherebyanaspectofculturespreadsthroughoutacultureorfrom
oneculturetoanother.
CulturalrelativismTheattitudethatinordertounderstandthetraitsofanotherculture,onemust
viewthemwithinthecontextofthatculture.
CultureEverythingmade,learned,andsharedbythemembersofasociety.
CulturelagThetendencyforchangesinmaterialculturetooccuratamorerapidratethan
changesinnonmaterialculture.
CultureofpovertyThephrasethatOscarLewisusedtodescribetheideathatpoorpeopledonot
learnthenormsandvaluesthatcanhelpthemimprovetheircircumstancesandhencegettrappedin

arepeatedpatternofpoverty.
CultureshockThesurprise,disorientation,andfearpeoplecanexperienceuponencounteringa
differentculture.
DegradationceremonyGarfinkelstermfortheprocesswherebyanindividualwithaspoiled
identityisexpelledfromagroupandstrippedofhisorhergroupmembership.
DemocracyApoliticalsysteminwhichcitizensperiodicallychooseofficialstoruntheirgovernment.
DevianceTheviolationofanorm.
DeviantsubcultureAwayoflivingthatdiffersfromthedominantculture,inwhichmembersshare
aparticularformofdeviance.
DifferentialassociationEdwinSutherlandstheorythatpositsthatdevianceislearnedbehavior.
DivinerightofkingsAnideologydevelopedbythenobilityduringtheMiddleAgesthatpositedthat
theauthorityofthenobilitycamedirectlyfromGod.
DominantcultureThecultureheldbythemajorityand/orbythemostpowerfulgroupinasociety.
DramaturgyGoffmanstheorythatlifeislikeaneverendingplayinwhichpeopleareactors.
DyadAgroupcomposedoftwopeople.
EconomyTheinstitutionresponsiblefortheproductionanddistributionofgoodsandservices.
EducationTheinstitutionresponsibleforpreparingyoungpeopleforafunctionalplaceinadultlife
andfortransmittingculturefromonegenerationtothenext.
EgoAccordingtoFreud,thepartofthemindthatresolvesconflictsbetweentheidandthe
superego.
EndogamyMarriagebetweenmembersofthesamecategory,class,orgroup.
EstatesystemThethreetieredstratificationsystemusedduringtheMiddleAges.
EthnocentrismThetendencytojudgeanotherculturebythestandardsofonesownculture.
EthnomethodologyAtheoreticalperspectiveformulatedbyGarfinkelthatexamineshowpeoples

backgroundassumptionshelpthemmakesenseofeverydaysituations.
ExogamyMarriagebetweenmembersofdifferentcategories,classes,orgroups.
ExtendedfamilySeveralgenerationsorbranchesofafamily.
FamilyTheinstitutionresponsiblefortherearingofchildren.
FeminizationofpovertyThephrasethatdescribestheincreasingnumberoffemaleheaded
householdslivingatorbelowthepovertylevel.
FolkwayAnormfollowedoutofconvenienceortradition.
FormalorganizationAsecondarygroupthatisorganizedtoachievespecificgoalsandtendstobe
largeandimpersonal.
GenderroleAsetofbehaviors,attitudes,andpersonalitycharacteristicsexpectedandencouraged
ofapersonbasedonhisorhersex.
GendersocializationThetendencyforboysandgirlstobesocializeddifferently.
GeneralizedotherGeorgeHerbertMeadstermfortheinternalizationofthenormsandvaluesofa
culture.
GlobalstratificationThestratificationofnations.
GlobalizationofcapitalismTheadoptionofcapitalismbycountriesaroundtheworld.
GoaldisplacementAformalorganizationsdisplacementofonegoalwithanotherinorderto
continuetoexist.Itisalsocalledgoalreplacement.
GoalsandmeansRobertMertonstheorythatexamineshowmembersofasocietyadapttheir
goalstothemeansthatsocietyprovidesofachievingthem.
GovernmentTheinstitutionresponsibleformakingandenforcingtherulesofsocietyandfor
regulatingrelationswithothersocieties.
GroupTwoormorepeoplewhointeractovertime,haveasenseofidentityorbelonging,andhave
normsthatnonmembersdonothave.

GroupdynamicsAtermthatimpliesthatourthoughtsandbehaviorareinfluencedbythegroups
ofwhichwearemembersand,inturn,weinfluencethethoughtprocessandbehaviorofthegroupas
awhole.
GroupthinkAtermcoinedbyIrvingJanisthatreferstothetendencyofpeopleinpositionsofpower
tofollowtheopinionsofthegroup,tothepointthatthereisanarrowviewoftheissueathand.
HaloeffectTheassumptionthataphysicallyattractivepersonalsopossessesothergoodqualities.
HealthThewellbeingofpeople.
HolisticmedicineAmedicalapproachthatinvolveslearningaboutapatientsphysicalenvironment
andmentalstate.
HorticulturalsocietyAsocietyinwhichhandtoolsareusedtogrowcrops.
HuntingandgatheringsocietyAsocietyinwhichpeopleacquirefoodbyhuntinggameand
gatheringedibleplants.
IdAccordingtoFreud,thefirstpartofthemindtodevelopandthepartoftheselfresponsiblefor
thesatisfactionofphysicalstates.
IdealtypeMaxWeberstheoreticalmodelofhowaformalorganizationshouldfunction.
IdeologyAsetofvaluesthatpeopledevisetorationalizeaparticularsocialcustom.
IllegitimateopportunitystructuresClowardandOhlinstermforopportunitiesforcrimesthatare
abasicpartofoursociety.
ImpressionmanagementGoffmanstermforthetendencyofindividualstomanipulatethe
impressionsthatothershaveofthem.
IngroupAgrouptowhichonebelongsandtowhichonefeelsloyalty.
IndenturedservitudeAsystemofstratificationinwhichanindividualagreestosellhisorherbody
orlabortoanotherforaspecifiedperiodoftime.
IndustrialsocietyAsocietythatusesadvancedsourcesofenergy,ratherthanhumansand
animals,torunlargemachinery.

IndustrializingnationsCountriesthatareintheprocessofbecomingindustrializedincludesmost
ofthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.
InnercontrolsAccordingtocontroltheory,thethoughtprocessessuchasmoralityoraconscience
thatresidewithinpeopleandthatcanpreventthemfromcommittingactsofdeviance.
InnovatorsAccordingtoRobertMertonstheoryofgoalsandmeans,thosewhoacceptcultural
goalsbutrejecttheinstitutionalmeansofachievingthem.
InstitutionAsetofnormssurroundingthecarryingoutofafunctionnecessaryforthesurvivalofa
society.
InstitutionalizedmeansLegitimate,sociallyapprovedwaysthatsocietiesoffertheirmembersto
achieveculturallyapprovedgoals.
LabelingtheoryAtheoryofdevianceputforthbyHowardBeckerthatclaimsthatdevianceisthat
whichissolabeled.
LawAnormthatiswrittendownandenforcedbyanofficialagency.
LeastindustrializednationsPrimarilyagriculturalnationsthataccountforhalfofthelandon
Earth.
LookingglassselfCharlesHortonCooleystheoryofsocialization,whichpositsthatweformour
selfimagesonthebasisofwhatweperceivetobeothersviewsofus.
MacrosociologySociologicalanalysisfocusedonlargescalesocialforces.
MannerofinteractingTheattitudesthatweconveyinanattempttogetotherstoformcertain
impressionsaboutus.AccordingtoGoffman,itisoneofthesignvehiclesweusetopresentourselves
toothers,alongwiththesettingandourappearance.
MassmediaCommunicationsmediathatdirectmessagesandentertainmentatawideaudience.
MasssocietyAlargeimpersonalsocietyinwhichindividualachievementisvaluedoverkinshipties
andinwhichpeopleoftenfeelisolatedfromoneanother.
MasterstatusAstatuswepossessthatoverridesallotherstatusesandbecomestheonebywhich
weareknowntoothers.

MaterialcultureThetangible,visibleitemsofaculture.
MatrilocalityAsocialcustominwhichmarriedcouplesliveinthehomeofthewifesfamily.
MedicineTheinstitutionresponsiblefordefiningandtreatingmentalandphysicalproblemsamong
itsmembers.
MeltingpotAtermusedtorefertoapluralisticsocietyinwhichpeoplewhooriginallycomefrom
differentsocietiesblendtogethertoformanewsociety.
MeritocracyAsystemofstratificationinwhichpositionsaregivenaccordingtoindividualmerit.
MicrosociologySociologicalanalysisfocusedonsocialinteractionbetweenindividuals.
MiddleclassTheclassthatconsistsofpeoplewhoearntheirmoneybyworkingatprofessional
jobs,alsocalledwhitecollarjobs.
MonarchyApoliticalsysteminwhicharepresentativefromonefamilycontrolsthegovernmentand
powerispassedonthroughthatfamilyfromgenerationtogeneration.
MonogamyMarriagebetweenonemanandonewoman.
MonotheismBeliefinasingledeity.
MoralreasoningThereasonsthatpeoplethinkthewaytheydoaboutwhatsrightandwrong.
MoreAnormbasedonnotionsofmorality.
MostindustrializednationsHighlyindustrialized,capitalisticcountries,includingAmerica,Canada,
GreatBritain,France,Germany,andJapan.
MulticulturalismAtermoftenusedinsteadofmeltingpottodenoteapluralisticsocietyinwhich
theoriginalculturalheritagesofitscitizensarerecognizedandrespected.
MultinationalcorporationsLargecorporationsthatdobusinessinanumberofdifferentcountries.
NegativesanctionAsociallyconstructedexpressionofdisapproval.
NeocolonialismMichaelHarringtonstermforthetendencyofthemostindustrializednationsto
exploitlessdevelopedcountriespoliticallyandeconomically.

NeolocalityAsocialcustominwhichmarriedcouplesmovetoanewhomeoftheirowntogether.
NetworkAseriesofsocialtiesthatcanbeimportantsourcesofinformation,contacts,and
assistanceforitsmembers.
NewmoneyTheclassthatconsistsofpeoplewhosewealthhasbeenaroundonlyforageneration
ortwo.
NobilityThehigheststratumoftheestatesystemofstratification.Membershadsignificantinherited
wealthanddidlittleornodiscerniblework.
NonmaterialcultureTheintangible,invisiblepartsofaculture,suchasvalues.
NormAguidelineoranexpectationforbehavior.
NuclearfamilyOneorbothparentsandtheirchildren.
OligarchyTheruleofthemanybythefew.
OutgroupAgrouptowhichonedoesnotbelongandtowhichonedoesnotfeelloyalty.
OutercontrolsAccordingtocontroltheory,individualswhoencouragepeoplenottostrayinto
deviance.
PastoralsocietyAsocietythatreliesonthedomesticationandbreedingofanimalsforfood.
PatrilocalityAsocialcustominwhichmarriedcouplesliveinthehomeofthehusbandsfamily.
PeergroupAsocialgroupinwhichmembersareusuallythesameageandhaveinterestsand
socialpositionincommon.
PersonalspaceTheareaimmediatelyaroundonesbodythatonecanclaimasonesown.
PluralisticsocietyAsocietycomposedofmanydifferentkindsofpeople.
PolyandryMarriagebetweenonewomanandmorethanoneman.
PolygamyMarriagebetweenonemanandmorethanonewoman.
PolytheismBeliefinmanydeities.

PositivesanctionAsociallyconstructedexpressionofapproval.
PostindustrialsocietyAsocietythatfeaturesaneconomybasedonservicesandtechnology,not
production.
PovertylevelAnestimatesetbythefederalgovernmentoftheminimumincomethatafamilyof
fourneedstosurvive.
PowerAccordingtoWeber,theabilitytoachieveendseveninthefaceofresistance.
PowereliteAtermcoinedbyC.WrightMillsthatreferstohistheorythattheUnitedStatesis
actuallyrunbyasmallgrouprepresentingthemostwealthy,powerful,andinfluentialpeoplein
business,government,andthemilitary.
PrimarydevianceAccordingtoLemert,adeviantactthatelicitslittleornoreactionfromothers.
PrimarygroupAgroupinwhichthereisfrequentfacetofacecontact,littletaskorientation,and
emotionalintimacyamongmembers.
PrimarysocializationThelearningthatweexperiencefromthepeoplewhoraiseus.
PrimogenitureAlawstipulatingthatonlyafirstbornsoncouldinherithisfatherswealth.
ProletariatKarlMarxstermfortheworkingmasses.
PropsThethingsusedtodecorateasetting,accordingtoGoffmanstheoryofimpression
management.Propsalsoincludemannerofdress.
RationallegalauthorityAuthoritythatrestsonrulesandlaws,accordingtoWeberspowertheory.
RationalizationofsocietyWeberstheorythatbureaucracieswouldgainincreasingpowerover
modernlife,eventuallygoverningalmosteveryaspectofsociety.
RebelsAccordingtoRobertMertonstheoryofgoalsandmeans,thosewhorejectbothcultural
goalsandtheinstitutionalizedmeansofachievingthem,butwhoreplacethemwithgoalsandmeans
oftheirown.
RecidivismThetendencyofconvictedcriminalstorepeatoffenses.
ReferencegroupThegrouptowhomwecompareourselvesforpurposesofselfevaluation.

ReincarnationThebeliefthatwhilethephysicalbodydies,thesoulofapersonisimmortaland
goesontoberebornintoanotherbody.
ReligionTheinstitutionresponsibleforansweringpeopleslargerquestionsandforexplainingthe
seeminglyinexplicable.
ResocializationThelearningofnewnormsandvalues.
RetreatistsAccordingtoRobertMertonstheoryofgoalsandmeans,thosewhorejectcultural
goalsaswellastheinstitutionalizedmeansofachievingthem.
RevolutionAviolentoverthrowofthegovernmentbyitscitizens.
RitualistsAccordingtoRobertMertonstheoryofgoalsandmeans,thosewhorejectculturalgoals
butaccepttheinstitutionalizedmeansofachievingthem.
RoleAsetofnorms,values,andpersonalitycharacteristicsexpectedofapersonbasedonthe
settingheorsheisin.
RoleconflictTheconflictthatcanresultfromthecompetingdemandsoftwoormoreroles.
SanctionAsociallyconstructedexpressionofapprovalordisapproval.
SecondarydevianceAccordingtoLemert,repeateddeviantbehaviorthatisbroughtonbyother
peoplesnegativereactionstotheoriginalactofdeviance.
SecondarygroupAgroupinwhichthereisinfrequentorshorttermcontact,littletaskorientation,
andnoemotionalintimacyamongmembers.
SectAreligiousgroupthatsetsitselfapartfromsocietyasawhole.
SelfThepartofapersonspersonalityconsistingofselfawarenessandselfimage.
SettingTheplacewhereinteractiontakesplace.AccordingtoGoffman,itisoneofthesignvehicles
weusetopresentourselvestoothers,alongwithmannerofinteractingandappearance.
SignvehiclesGoffmanstermforthemechanismsweusetopresentourselvestoothers.Sign
vehiclesconsistofsetting,appearance,andmannerofinteracting.
SignificantotherAccordingtoCharlesHortonCooley,apersoninourliveswhoseopinionsmatter

tousandwhoisinapositiontoinfluenceourthinking.
SkilledworkerAworkerwhoisliterateandhasexperienceandexpertiseinspecificareasof
productionoronspecifickindsofmachines.
SlaveryAsystemofstratificationinwhichonepersonownsanother,usuallyforeconomicgain.
SocialcontrolThewaysasocietydevisestoencourageconformitytonorms.
SocialconstructionofrealityAtheorysuggestingthatthewayinwhichwepresentourselvesis
shapedbyourlifeexperiences,aswellasbyourinteractionswithothers.
SocialgroupTwoormorepeoplewhointeractandidentifywitheachother.
SocialintegrationThedegreetowhichanindividualfeelsconnectedtotheotherpeopleinhisor
hergrouporcommunity.
SocialmobilityMovementupordownthesocialhierarchy.
SocietysrewardsThethingsasocietyholdsinhighesteem,suchaswealth,power,andprestige.
SocialismAsystemunderwhichresourcesandmeansofproductionareownedbythesocietyasa
whole,rightstoprivatepropertyarelimited,thegoodofthewholesocietyisstressedmorethan
individualprofit,andthegovernmentmaintainscontroloftheeconomy.
SocializationTheprocesswherebywelearntobecomecompetentmembersofagroup.
SocietyAcollectionofpeoplewithterritory,interaction,andaculture.
Socioeconomicstatus(SES)Acalculationbasedonacomplexformulathattakesintoaccount
education,occupation,andincome.
SpoiledidentityGoffmanstermforanidentitythathasbeenpermanentlyruinedbecauseofa
severestigma.
StatecapitalismAsystemunderwhichresourcesandmeansofproductionareprivatelyownedbut
closelymonitoredandregulatedbythegovernment.
StatusThepositionthatapersonoccupiesinaparticularsetting.

StatusinconsistencyAnyinconsistencybetweenvariousstatuses.
StatussetThecollectionofallofourdifferentstatuses,fromeverysettinginwhichwearea
member.
StatussymbolAsignorsymbolthatwewearorcarrythatrepresentsaparticularstatus.
StereotypeAnassumptionwemakeaboutapersonoragroup,oftenonthebasisofincorrector
incompleteinformation.
StigmaGoffmanstermforatraitthatwepossessthatcausesustoloseprestigeintheeyesof
others.
StraintheoryRobertMertonstheorythatpositsthatpeopleexperiencestrainandfrustrationwhen
theyarepreventedfromachievingculturallyapprovedgoalsthroughinstitutionalizedmeans.
StratificationAsocietalsysteminwhichthereisanunequaldistributionofsocietysrewardsandin
whichpeoplearearrangedhierarchicallyintolayersaccordingtohowmanyofsocietysrewardsthey
possess.
StructuralfunctionalisttheoryAsociologicalviewofsocietyasacomplexunitmadeupof
interrelatedparts.Sociologistswhoapplythistheorystudysocialstructureandsocialfunction.
SubcultureAgroupthatespousesawayoflivingthatisdifferentfromthatofthedominantculture.
SuperegoAccordingtoFreud,thepartofthemindthatencouragesconformitytosocietalnorms
andvalues.Itisalsocalledtheconscience.
SymbolicinteractionistperspectiveAsociologicalframeworkthatviewssocietyasaproductof
theeverydaysocialinteractionsofindividuals.
TabooAnormsostronglyheldbyasocietythatitsviolationbringsextremedisgust.
TerrorismApoliticallymotivatedviolentattackonciviliansbyanindividualorgroup.
ThomasTheoremThetheoryespousingsociologistW.I.Thomassideathatifapersonperceives
asituationasreal,itisrealinitsconsequences.
TotalinstitutionAccordingtoErvingGoffman,ahighlystandardizedinstitutioninwhichallthe
residentsactionsaredeterminedandmonitoredbyauthorityfigures.

TotalitarianismApoliticalsystemunderwhichthegovernmentmaintainstightcontrolovernearly
allaspectsofcitizenslives.
TraditionalauthorityAuthoritythatrestsonwellestablishedculturalpatterns,accordingto
Weberspowertheory.
TriadAccordingtoGeorgSimmel,agroupcomposedofthreepeople.
UpperclassThehighestsocialgroup,consistingofpeoplewithinheritedwealthandarecognizable
familyname.
UrbanizationTheprocessbywhichthemajorityofapopulationcomestolivewithincommuting
distanceofamajorcity.
ValueAculturallyapprovedbeliefaboutwhatisrightorwrong,desirableorundesirable.
VictimlesscrimeCrimesinwhichlawsareviolatedbutthereisnoidentifiablevictim.
VoluntaryassociationAgroupwechoosetojoin,inwhichmembersareunitedbythepursuitofa
commongoal.
WarArmedconflictbetweennationsorsocieties.
WelfarecapitalismAsystemthatfeaturesamarketbasedeconomycoupledwithanextensive
socialwelfaresystemthatincludesfreehealthcareandeducationforallcitizens.
WhitecollarMiddleclassworkerssocalledbecauseofthetendencyofmiddleclassmentowear
whiteshirtstowork.
WhitecollarcrimeNonviolentcrimecommittedbythecapitalistclassduringthecourseoftheir
occupations.
WorkingclassTheclasscomposedofpeoplewhoselltheirlabortoahigherclass.Theymayhave
hadvocationalortechnicaltrainingandhavejobssuchaselectricianorfactoryworker.
WorkingpoorTheclasscomposedofpeoplewhoseworkleavesthemvulnerabletofallingbelow
thepovertylevel.
WorldsystemtheoryWallersteinstheorythatassocietiesindustrialized,capitalismbecamethe
dominanteconomicsystem,leadingtotheglobalizationofcapitalism.