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Music Technology

iPod 5th generation

At Apple's September 9, 2009 event, a fifth generation

iPod Nano was unveiled with reduced prices on the larger
model (at the time of release, the 8GB is priced at $149
and the 16GB at $179), a new glossy case, larger, 2.2"
diagonal screen (up from 2." in third and fourth generation
iPod Nanos), it also features a integrated video camera
with special effects, microphone, FM Radio with iTunes
tagging (via RDS) and Live Pause, Nike+iPod Support
and speaker (features more anticipated with the iPod
Touch).

It is also available in grey, charcoal, purple, blue, green,

orange and pink. The exclusive range features a yellow
and a red.

iPod

The iPod was launched on the October 23, 2001.

the iPod has recently boomed up to date selling
millions world wide. At the September 9, 2009 key-
note presentation at the Apple Event, Phil Schiller
announced total cumulative sales of iPods had ex-
ceeded 220 million. A popular iPod has been the
iPod Nano.

The iPod Nano is a portable media player with a

video camera designed and marketed by Apple.
The first generation of the iPod Nano was intro-
duced in 2005. It uses flash memory, like the iPod
Shuffle, but with a 2.2 inch (diagonal) QVGA dis-
play and the "click wheel" found on the iPod Clas-
sic. The iPod Nano has gone through five models,
or generations, since its introduction. The fifth gen-
eration (current) supports FM radio, video re-
cording, a microphone for voice memos, a pedome-
ter, and a slightly larger screen than that of the pre-
vious generation

AO6 – Jacob Dickinson

Mp3 History Timeline

1987 - The Fraunhofer Institute in Germany began

research code-named EUREKA project EU147,
Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB).

January 1988 - Moving Picture Experts Group or

MPEG was established as a subcommittee of the
International Standards Organization/International
Electrotechnical Commission or ISO/IEC.

April 1989 - Fraunhofer received a German patent

for MP3.

1992 - Fraunhofer and Dieter Seitzer‟s audio cod-

ing algorithm was integrated into MPEG-1.

1993 - MPEG-1 standard published.

1994 - MPEG-2 developed and published a year

later

November 26, 1996 - United States patent issued

for MP3

September 1998 - Fraunhofer started to enforce

their patent rights. All developers of MP3 encoders
or rippers and decoders/players now have to pay a
licensing fee to Fraunhofer.

Mp3’s
Mp3‟s are the industry standard‟s in music file formatting.
Mp3‟s are a patented digital audio encoding format using
a form of lossy data compression. Mp3‟s stand for Mov-
ing Picture Experts Group as part of its MPEG-1 stan-
dard. It was approved as an ISO/IEC standard in 1991.

Mp4’s

Mp4 players are the next step up from Mp3 players. The
name MP4 player is a marketing term for portable media
players that comply with certain standards and formats.
The main difference is that mp4 can support video for-
mats rather than just music.

AO6 – Jacob Dickinson

CGI Technology

Introduction

First used 1971, CGI is now used almost all

films. Used in the experimental film Metadata,
it was used to create a short animated 2D film, this
was the first film to ever use CGI.

In 1981, CGI was used to create the first human

character and use 3D CGI as we think of it today.

In 1991 CGI was change forever with the creation of

Terminator 2: Judgment Day. This was the first film
to use realistic human movement on a CGI charac-
ter. It was also the first film to use a computer to cre-
ate all the major 3D effects.

In 2004, polar express was released, this was the

very first movie to use motion capture for all its ac-
tors.

Past

Computer Generated Imagery (CGI) is the use of

computers to generate 3D graphics for films, adverts
and simulators. Video games however do not use
CGI apart from cut in clips. CGI is used in movies as
computer visual effects are more easily controllable
than filming the set live. It is also used in films for
scenes such as space ships, where it is not possible
to film on location. The first film to ever use CGI was
Metadata, this movie features a short 2D animated
clip. The first big investment into CGI technology
was Tron in 1982, the film however failed causing
almost all directors to give up on CGI all together
saying that it created images that were suppose to
look like they were created on a computer. It was not
until 1993 that CGI really revolutionized the movie
business. In Jurassic Park dinosaurs created using
CGI were seamlessly integrated into to the action
packed film. This started the revolution that is CGI.

Present

First used by weather forecasters, Croma key-

ing consists of merging two video segments
together by removing a colour and adding the addi-
tional video clip in its place. Now adapted by all films
green screens allow actors to be transported into
places that are not physically possible. The process

AO6 – Jacob Dickinson

involves filming an actor in front of a blue or green
screen and acting out what needs to be put into the
film. This is then transferred onto a computer and
the new background is added.

Blue screen shooting

from the film; The Spi-
der wick Chronicles.

Future

Now the technology is here, all that is needed is the

imagination for what needs to be shot. In August
2008 the worlds largest sound and green screening
set outside of Los Angeles was unveiled in Toronto,
Canada. The sound system for the venue alone cov-
ers a massive 45,900 sq feet. Plans are already
been made to extend the venue.

With green screening software readily available any-

one can now be a film maker.

AO6 – Jacob Dickinson

Television Technology

Introduction

A television is a term used to describe a

telecommunication system, which is used for
transmitting and receiving moving images, either
black and white, or colour.

The term „Television‟ can also refer to a television

program, transmission or a Television set.

The word comes from the Latin and Greek meaning

of far sight. The Greek word „tele‟ (τῆλε) meaning
far and Latin word „visio‟ meaning sight.

In recent years, businesses have formed and intro-

duced channels. There are now many different
types of channels, in sorts such as Cable, Digital
and Analogue TV.

The television has, over time, become one of the

most common communication systems used.
Mainly as a source of News and Entertainment.

Past

The Television was first invented by Scottish

Engineer John Logie Baird in Hastings in 1923.
He was also responsible for the first electronic
colour television broadcast. In a laboratory in 1924,
Baird demonstrated that a semi-mechanical
analogue television system is possible by
transmitting moving silhouette images.

In 1927, Philo Farnsworth made the first ever

working television system with electronic scanning
of pickup and display devices which he
demonstrated in September of 1928.

In 1936, Kalman Tihanyi thought up the principle of

a Plasma Television, a flat-screen panel system.

The Plasma TV was first in-

vented by Donald Bitzer of
Illinois University in 1964.
The first 21 inch full colour
TV was created by Fujitsi in
1992, who at the time were
one of the leading Television
producers and went on to

AO6 – Jacob Dickinson

produce more

Present

Currently, more and more businesses

are releasing new types of TV‟s, as they
aim to make the best one on the market.
Recently, companies like Samsung, Sony and
Panasonic, who are three of the biggest electronic
companies on the market, have brought out new
TV technology‟s, such as the HD TV and the LCD
TV.

Almost every television being made currently is

made as a Plasma TV, rather than the older
standard box TV.

The most recent type of Television, is the Samsung

LED TV, which is the best Television available on
the market. The competition are trying to release
such TV‟s as well, and if not, create a better one.

Future

Mitsubishi have very recently released the 3D

ready TV. This type of television could be the next
sort released onto the market after the LED TV‟s.

Mitsubishi were the only company to make this, but

even more recently Samsung have released their
own 3D ready TV.

Into the future, more and more of these are ex-

pected to be released from the competition.

Also, the government have announced that be-

tween the years of 2008—2012, there will be the
analogue TV signal Switch off.

This means that the whole of Britain will have to be

100% digital, as they plan to get rid of the older
technology and step into the future.

AO6 – Jacob Dickinson