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INTRODUCTION
1.1 PASSIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION SYSTEM
Passive energy dissipation systems encompass a range of materials and devices for
enhancing damping, stiffness and strength, and can be used both for seismic hazard
mitigation and for rehabilitation of aging or deficient structures. In general, such systems are
characterized by their capability to enhance energy dissipation in the structural systems in
which they are installed.
1.1.1 Principles of Operation
These devices generally operate on principles such as frictional sliding, yielding of
metals, phase transformation in metals, deformation of viscoelastic (VE) solids or fluids,
fluid orificing and sloshing.
1.1.2 Basic Function
The basic function of passive energy dissipation devices when incorporated into the
superstructure of a building is to absorb or consume a portion of the input energy, thereby
reducing energy dissipation demand on primary structural members and minimizing possible
structural damage.
Excitation
Structure
Response
PED
Excitation
Structure
Response
Energy dissipation systems which cannot be classified by one of the above basic
systems depicted are classified as other systems. These systems work on the various principle
of operation and can be further classified as follows.
1. Re-centering System
2. Dynamic Vibration Absorbers
1.2.3 Re-centering System
This system utilizes either a preload generated by fluid pressurization or internal
springs, or a phase transformation to produce a modified force-displacement response that
includes a natural re-centering component.
Examples: Pressurized fluid dampers, Preloaded spring-friction dampers, and Phase
transformation dampers.
1.2.4 Dynamic Vibration Absorbers
In these systems, supplemental oscillators involving mass, stiffness and damping are
introduced in order to significantly enhance performance, the dynamic characteristics of the
supplemental oscillators must be tuned to those of the primary structure. The objective of
incorporating a dynamic vibration absorber into a structure is basically to reduce energy
dissipation demand on the primary structural members under the action of external forces.
The reduction, in this case, is accomplished by transferring some of the structural\vibrational
energy to the absorber
Examples: Tuned mass dampers and Tuned liquid dampers
Explanations on these various dampers are given in the following chapters.
CHAPTER 2
METALLIC DAMPERS AND FRICTION DAMPERS
2.1 METALLIC DAMPERS
Metallic dampers are hysteretic systems that dissipate energy with no significant rate
dependence and utilize the yielding of metals as the dissipative mechanism. The mechanism
involved in energy dissipation in metallic dampers can be categorized as one form of internal
friction. One of the effective mechanisms available for the dissipation of energy input to a
structure from an earthquake is through inelastic deformation of metals.
Many of these devices use mild steel plates with triangular or X shapes so that
yielding is spread almost uniformly throughout the material. Single round hole metallic
damper and double X shaped metallic damper are commonly used.
Long-term reliability
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Inexpensive
Disadvantages
The EDR utilizes steel compression wedges and bronze friction wedges to transform the axial
spring force into normal pressure acting outward on the cylinder wall. Thus, the frictional
surface is formed by the interface between the bronze wedges and the steel cylinder. Internal
stops are provided within the cylinder in order to create the tension and compression gaps.
Consequently, unlike the Sumitomo device, the length of the internal spring can be
altered during operation, providing a variable frictional slip force.
The advantages and disadvantages of friction dampers are as follows.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Strong nonlinear behaviour, may excite higher modes and require nonlinear
analysis
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CHAPTER 3
VISCOELATIC FLUID DAMPERS VICOELASTIC SOLID DAMPERS
3.1 VISCOELASTIC FLUID DAMPERS
Viscoelastic Fluid dampers are viscoelastic systems that dissipate energy with
significant rate dependence and utilize the fluid orificing and deformation of viscoelastic
fluids as the dissipative mechanism.
A Viscoelastic Fluid damper generally consists of a piston within a damper housing
filled with a compound of silicone or similar type of oil, and the piston may contain a number
of small orifices through which the fluid may pass from one side of the piston to the other.
Thus, it dissipates energy through the movement of a piston in a highly viscoelastic fluid
based on the concept of fluid orificing. Viscoelastic fluid dampers are commonly installed
either within chevron bracing or diagonal bracing.
As the damper piston rod and piston head are stroked, fluid is forced to flow through
orifices either around or through the piston head. The resulting differential in pressure across
the piston head (very high pressure on the upstream side and very low pressure on the
downstream side) can produce very large forces that resist the relative motion of the damper.
The fluid flows at high velocities, resulting in the development of friction between
fluid particles and the piston head. The friction forces give rise to energy dissipation in the
form of heat.
3.1.1 Orifice Fluid Damper
It contains compressible silicone oil which is forced to flow via the action of a
stainless steel piston rod with a bronze head. The head includes a fluidic control orifice
design. In addition, an accumulator is provided to compensate for the change in volume due
to rod positioning. Alternatively, the device may be designed with a run-through piston rod
to prevent volume changes. High strength seals are required to maintain closure over the
design life of the damper. These uniaxial devices, which were originally developed for
military and harsh industrial environments, have recently found application in seismic base
isolation systems as well as for supplemental damping during seismic and wind-induced
vibration.
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Disadvantages
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thermoplastic rubber sheets sandwiched between steel plates. The steel plates are attached to
the structure within chevron or diagonal bracing
As one end of the damper displaces with respect to the other, the viscoelastic material
is sheared. The shearing action results in the development of heat which is dissipated to the
environment. By their very nature, viscoelastic solids exhibit both elasticity and viscosity i.e.,
they are displacement and velocity dependent.
3.2.1 General Characteristics
Some characteristics of viscoelastic solid dampers are:
They have no threshold or activation force level, thus they dissipate energy for
all levels of earthquake excitation and wind even while the structure remains
elastic or at the early stages of cracking
When mounted in a structure, shear deformation and hence energy dissipation takes
place when the structural vibration induces relative motion between the outer steel flanges
and the centre plate.
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Economically feasible
Simple modelling
Disadvantages
practical cases (as it has been shown that it is generally not possible to add
enough damping to eliminate all inelastic response)
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CHAPTER 4
TUNED MASS DAMPERS
4.1 GENERAL
Tuned mass dampers are dynamic vibration absorbers which consist of an auxiliary
mass-spring-dashpot system anchored or attached to the main structure. The mass moves
relative to the structure and is attached to it by spring and viscous damper in parallel.
The objective of incorporating a tuned mass damper into a structure is basically the
same as that with other energy dissipation devices discussed above, to reduce the energy
dissipation demand on the primary structural members under the action of external forces.
This reduction is a accomplished by transferring some of the structural vibration
energy to the tuned mass damper (TMD) which, in its simplest form, consists of an auxiliary
mass-spring dashpot system anchored or attached to the main structure.
When the structure vibrates, it excites the TMD and the kinetic energy is transferred
from the structure to the structure to the TMD and is absorbed by the damping component of
the device.
A number of practical considerations must be observed in the engineering design of a
TMD system. First and foremost is the amount of added mass that can be practically placed
in the building. The TMD travel relative to the building is an important design parameter. A
large movement often needs to be accommodated for a reasonable reduction of response of
the building.
Another major technique associated with a sliding mass arrangement is to provide a
low-friction bearing surface so that the mass can respond to the building movement at low
levels of excitation.
This becomes more critical when TMD functions are used as an additional damper to
improve occupant comfort. Finally, cost is an issue which must be addressed in the evaluation
of a TMD for a specified application
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For small angular oscillations they will behave similarly to a translational TMD and can be
modelled identically with an equivalent stiffness and equivalent damping ratio. Pendulum
tuned mass damper can significantly reduce the excessive floor vibrations during
earthquakes.
The bearing support structure used in the translational TMD assembly is expensive
and susceptible to wear over the lifespan of the system. As a result PTMD designs can be less
expensive to manufacture and last longer
The advantages and disadvantages of viscoelastic fluid dampers are as follows
Advantages
Disadvantages
Large mass and space are needed for their effectiveness and installation
respectively
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CHAPTER 5
TUNED LIQUID DAMPERS
5.1 GENERAL
Tuned Liquid dampers are dynamic vibration absorbers which involves the dissipation
of energy either through the sloshing of liquids in a container or via the passage of liquids
through orifices.
The basic principles involved in applying a tuned liquid damper (TLD) to reduce the
dynamic response of structures is quite similar to that of tuned mass damper. In particular, a
secondary mass of liquid (usually water) is introduced into the structural system and tuned to
act as a dynamic vibration absorber.
In the case of TLDs, the damper response is highly nonlinear due either to liquid
sloshing or the presence of orifices. Tuned liquid damper absorbs structural energy by means
of viscous actions of the fluid and wave breaking.
Different shapes of container, such as rectangular or circular can be used as TLD
implementations. TLD is more effective when it is placed at the top storey of the structure.
To increase the energy dissipation of the sloshing liquid, the flow-damping devices such as
screens or posts in the container are required.
5.1.1 Tuned Sloshing Damper
Tuned Sloshing Dampers are generally rectangular type or circular type and are
installed at the highest floor according to building type. The structure of a TLD is quite
simple; it is a liquid tank partially filled with liquid (or water) A TSD can be classified as
shallow water type or deep water type depending on height of water in the tank.
If the height of water h against the length of the water tank in the direction of
excitation L (or diameter D in case of circular tank) is less than 0.15 it can be classified as
shallow water type else as deep water type if is more than 0.15.
The depth of the liquid in a container could be deep or shallow, depending on the
natural frequencies of the structure under control. Shallow water type has a large damping
effect for a small scale of externally excited vibration, but it is very difficult to analyse the
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system for a large scale of externally excited vibration as sloshing of water in a tank exhibits
nonlinear behaviour.
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Tuned Liquid Column Dampers (TLCDs) dissipates structural vibration by combined action
involving the motion of the liquid mass in the tube, where the restoring force is due to the
gravity acting upon the liquid and the damping effect as a result of loss of hydraulic pressure
due to the orifices installed inside the container.
In simple, the fluid flow and oscillation inside the U-shape vessel due to resonance
can provide a force opposite to the direction of the vibration and can reduce the vibration of
the structure effectively
The damping capacity of TLCD can be controlled through controlling orifice opening.
This allows us to actively control the damping in TLCD system, and frequency of a TLCD
can be tuned by adjusting the liquid column in the tube.
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tuning and wide range of natural frequency, as the natural frequency of the LCVA is
determined not only by the length of the liquid column but also the geometric configuration.
5.1.2.1.2 Double Tuned Liquid Column Damper
One of the major disadvantages of TLCD and LCVA system is their unidirectional
nature of action, and hence they can be applied effectively to the structure, which oscillates in
only one predominant plane, but not to the structure that oscillates in bidirectional plane. To
overcome this difficulty, a system has been proposed, named Double Tuned Liquid Column
Damper (DTLCD), which consists of two TLCD in orthogonal directions.
This hybrid system is passive in generation of control force to attenuate the displacement
amplitudes, whereas active in searching the right direction.
5.1.2.1.4 Pressurized tuned liquid Column Damper
By implementing a static pressure inside two sealed air chambers at two ends of a
TLCD, a new kind of TLCD is formed, whose frequency can be adjusted by both the length
of its liquid column and the pressure inside its two air chambers. This is called Pressurized
tuned liquid Column Damper
Disadvantages
All the water mass does not participate in counteracting the structural motion
Due to the low density of water, a relatively large space is required in order to
achieve the desired mass for the secondary system.
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CONCLUSION
The objective of this report is to present a brief overview of different passive energy
dissipation systems which have been proposed and used for structural applications. The main
points of the report are summarized below.
1. Significant reductions in response can be achieved using supplemental
damping devices.
2. Passive energy dissipation devices enhance energy dissipation in structures
and reduce the energy dissipation demand on structural components. This
category of dampers include: metallic, friction, viscoelastic fluid and solid
dampers. Most of these devices show stable behaviour and are effective in
reducing the seismic response.
3. The performance of tuned systems in reducing the seismic response are also
effective
4. The acceptance of innovative systems in structural engineering is based on a
combination of performance enhancement versus construction costs and longterm effects. Continuing efforts are needed in order to facilitate wider and
speedier implementation.
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