Materials and

Analysis
Parameters
Manual

for generation 6 of
cubus programs
Copyright Cubus AG, Zurich

1.1 Material Management

1. Materials

Materials and Analysis Parameters

In the different CUBUS programs all members have allocated construction materials,
whose properties are needed for static analysis and in reinforcement design procedures.
The handling and management of theses materials and their properties are defined uniformly in the programs CEDRUS-6, STATIK-6, FAGUS-6 and PYRUS-6 and described below.

1. Materials
At the outset of a new project all construction materials and their relevant properties
should be defined or reviewed. This can be done through the material management dialogues.

1.1 Material Management

1.1.1 Overview dialogue
The overview dialogue for the material management is accessed through the menu 'Options' >'Materials'. All the available construction materials are shown as follows:

The columns in the overview have the following meaning:

ID
This is the name allocated to each individual material in the components. It is composed
of three parts:
a:
b:
c:

character identifying the material type (see below), i.e. 'C' for concrete
character identifying the component type (see below) i.e. 'C' for column
a freely selectable designation of nil to two capital letters or numbers

The reason for prefering the ID over the class name is that construction materials have
additional properties also listed in the overview. In addition there are advantages in the allocation to the components, as the following example shows. A bridge contains superstructures of concrete CB and columns of concrete CC. If you are forced to change the
concrete class of the superstructure, the class of the material CB can be adjusted accordingly, otherwise a new class would have to be allocated to all cross sections of the superstructure.
Type
The type of construction material defines amongst other things the one dimensional material relationship and can only be chosen with the initial input of the construction material.

Materials / Analysis Parameters

1.1 Material Management

1. Materials

Certain structural elements allow only certain construction material types. A reinforcement
bar cannot be type 'concrete'. The following construction material types and their identification in the Material ID are available:
C

Concrete

Reinforcment

Posttensioning

Steel

Timber (Wood)

Aluminium

FRP

Masonry

Special

Member
Here a member (component) type, to which the construction material has initially been assigned, has to be chosen. The following component types and their identification in the Material ID are available:
General

'_' if there are no subsequent characters in the ID, '_' is omitted.

Beam

Column

Slab

Wall

Foundation

E,G
The modulus of elasticity and the shear modulus are used for the evaluation of deflections
and forces in th FE-model (stiffnesses in CEDRUS and STATIK). The default values are initialised with from selected material class but can be overwritten.
,,
:
:
:

Density (e.g used for dead-load)

Coefficient for thermal effects
Poisson's ratio ;There is no relation between G and ;
in STATIK G is used; in CEDRUS used

Color / Hue
The colour for the display on screen and for the printed output can be chosen from the list
of the colours for construction materials. These can be changed in the menu 'Representation' > 'Colours/Line types'.
Different hues may be chosen varing in intensity and brightness.
Classes
Subject to the code chosen, several predefined construction material classes cannot be
changed by the user. However, user defined classes may be introduced.
The properties of the class are code specific with regards to terms and extent. They are used
in cross section analysis and are irrelevant for the linear elastic structual analysis with
CEDRUS and STATIK. Further information can be found under 1.1.1.2 and 1.2.

Materials / Analysis Parameters

1.1 Material Management

1. Materials

1.1.2 Introducing, changing and deleting materials

The material overview dialogue offers three buttons for introduction, modification and deletion of construction material.
Only construction material not used in the current calculation may be deleted.
The following dialog appears when introducing a new construction material:

Type and member shown above are the first two characters of the construction material ID.
Nil to two characters (numbers or capital letters) may be used as designation. Please use
wisely as this input cannot be changed later on.
After pressing [OK], the same construction material dialog is shown, as used when editing
an existing construction material:

Button for the material class

dialogue (. 1.1.3)

Here all properties of construction material may be adjusted, as specified above.

Please note that the above-mentionned values for E,G are predefined according to the class
chosen. However, they may be changed later and will stand in wanted discrepancy to the
class properties. The two values are used for the determination of the stiffnesses in linear
elastic structural analysis in STATIK (E,G) and CEDRUS (E, ).

1.1.3 Management of material classes

This button next to the class box in the construction material dialog opens the summary of
construction material classes:

This dialog contains the assigned construction material classes of the construction material
currently in use. The columns are dependent on the code used and the construction mate-

Materials / Analysis Parameters

1.2 One Dimensional Stress-Strain-Diagrams

1. Materials

rial type. The dimmed values shown are defined by the code and cannot be changed by the
user.

1.1.4 Attributes of material classes

In general in the national codes the default values are given as characteristic values X k:
A certain design value X d is then calculated with
x
Xd = k

x k = characteristic material strength

M = partial factor

Depending on the type of material X k is

f ck, fyk, f pk

Charact. values for concrete, reinforcing steel, prestressing steel

an for M
c, s, p, a

Partial factors for concrete, reinforcement, prestressing steel

The partial factors are defined in a separate tabsheet ('Analysis Parameters'). For concrete
there is an additional value taking into account long term effects on the tensile strength
and unfavourable effects, resulting from the way the load is applied.
f
f cd = c ck
For SIA262 the input value is directly given as fc f ck and is set to 1.00.

f cd =

fc fck
c

1.2 One Dimensional Stress-Strain-Diagrams

The form of the -diagram usually depends on both the code and the analysis type
and therefore has to be input with the analysis parameters.

1.2.1 Concrete Compressive Stresses

For bending with axial force the uniaxial stress-strain relationship in each point of the cross
section is described by one of the diagrams shown below.

fc

fc

fc

0.4 f c
Ec
cu

E co

2.0 ooo cu

Type 1: bilinear

Type 2: quadratic parabola

Fig. 1

Ec

E cm

c1d

c1 c1u

Type 4: SIA262

Type 3: according to EC2

Stress--strain diagrams for compressive stresses in concrete

For the determination of the cross section resistance and for design tasks most codes specify a diagram of Type 2, whereby for the first part of the curve a quadratic parabola is used,
which is defined by the two parameters 2.0 = 2.00 oooand f c . Thus the tangential Emodulus at the start of loading is E co = 1000fc . For analyses in which the deformation of
the concrete plays an important part, this value is too small, which is why for stress analyses

Materials / Analysis Parameters

1.3 Concrete Tensile Stresses

1. Materials

and stiffness considerations as a rule the diagram of Type 1 is used. E c and f c can be defined
as parameters in the input of the material.
As an alternative, Type 3 in FAGUS together with the stress-strain curves defined in EC2 under Point 4.2.1.3.3 are available, which are in fact closest to the actual behaviour, but are not
suitable for hand calculations. It is described by the following equation:

c = fc

k 2
1 + (k 2)

where:

c1

= c /c1 (both are specified as negative)

= 1.1 . Ec,nom . c1 /fc ( f c negative)

= - 0.0022 (crushing on reaching the max. value of the concrete compressive

stress f c)

Ec,nom = either mean value Ecm (Table 3.2 EC2) or corresponding design value Ecd of
the elastic modulus
Note on sign convention:
Analogous to the axial forces in a member, the tensile stresses in FAGUS are also positive.
The above representation of the stress-strain diagram for concrete and that adopted in the
program conform to the usual conventions.

1.3 Concrete Tensile Stresses

In the standard case concrete is assumed to be cracked in tension (State II), i.e. it cannot
resist tensile stresses. However, for special investigations, e.g. if the stiffness of the cross
section is an important factor, a diagram of Types 1 to 3 can be chosen:

f ct

f ct
0

ct = f (r , f ct)

1
Fig. 1- 1

f ct

f ct
3

Tensile behaviour of concrete

Tensile behaviour of concrete of zero strength is described by Type 0. Whereas for concrete
of Type 1 after reaching fct no stresses can be resisted, while for Type 3 they remain
constant at the level = fct. fct can be input as a parameter in the material input or modified.
The shape of the curves always corresponds to that for the compressive stresses of the corresponding type (mirror-imaging with respect to the zero point). A somewhat more realistic material behaviour is given by Type 2, in which the magnitude of the concrete stress
is made to depend on the current maximum (edge) strain.
For Type 2 the following assumption was made:
r 2
))
0.2%

0 c = fct (1 (
where:

ct
fct
r

: concrete tensile strength

: input concrete tensile strength
: current maximum strain on the tensile side of the cross section

0.2 % strain at elastic limit of conventional reinforcing steel (S500)

With this model the concrete tensile strength at the start of loading is = fct and decreases
quadratically with increasing curvature. After reaching the yield stress at the edge on the
tensile side (or at r = 0.2 %) no further concrete tensile strength is available.

Materials / Analysis Parameters

1.3 Concrete Tensile Stresses

1. Materials

1.3.1 Tension stiffening effects

Normally a cracked cross section ( section A) is considered in cross section analyses.

A

Procedure for a FRP analysis according to Swisscode

Certain correction possibilities were shown in the previous chapter. Another approach taking into consideration the participation of the concrete between the cracks is described
in code SIA E 166 'Fibre reinforcement polymers':
For the determination of the strains mean tensions are considered but the cracked section
is used to check equilibrium (more details can be found in the manual of CEDRUS). The relationship between mean and maximum values are described by a bond factor.
=

: mean value

": where the peak value occurs

Is the corresponding check box activated (tabsheet 'Miscellaneous'), the cross section
analysis is executed under consideration of the factor .

Generally is dependent on:

- conditions in basic material cracked / uncracked
- type of reinforcement (internal steel bar or external glued fibre reinforcement)
In the current version of the program the following values, that cannot be changed, are
used:
Bond ratio for reinforcing steel
: s = 0.7
Bond ratio for the fibre reinforcement (lamelle): l = 0.9

Materials / Analysis Parameters

1.3 Concrete Tensile Stresses

1. Materials

1.3.2 Reinforcing Steel, Structural Steel and Prestressing Steel

For reinforcing and structural steel a bilinear and for prestressing steel a trilinear stressstrain diagram is used:

f pk (ftk)

fy

0.9f pk (fy)

Es

Es

bilinear (reinforcing andstructural steel)

Fig. 2

ET

uk

trilinear (prestressing steel)

In brackets notation of SIA 162

Stress--strain diagram for steel

For most cases the same value is assumed for tensile and compressive strength. For special
investigations (e.g. British Standard BS5400), however, different values can be chosen.
If at the same time fy < ftk was chosen, ET is the same for tension and compression with:
f tk f y
ET =
y
uk
In the material tables of FAGUS for prestressing steel also, for all codes, some suggestions
are made. In the choice of a prestressing steel, however, it is very important to check that
the predefined values in the program agree with the manufacturer's information, i.e.
usually they have to be adjusted.
The initial prestressing force is given by means of the input of an initial strain. Further explanations on this are to be found in section B 1.8.4 Tendons > Initial strain.

Materials / Analysis Parameters

1.3 Concrete Tensile Stresses

2. Analysis parameters

2. Analysis parameters
All parameters that influence the analysis behaviour and are not already contained in the
cross section geometry or the material parameters, are designated as analysis parameters.
.

Example: An M-N interaction diagram can be created either for the Serviceability Limit
State or for the Ultimate Limit State" by selecting the corresponding analysis parameter
name.
Usually for the different analyses the following assignment is used:
Type of analysis
!SLS

Service limit state

Reinforcement-Design for Serviceabilty, Crack-with etc.

!ULS

Ultimate limit state

!NLS

Nonlinear (second order) analysis in PYRUS

These three default analysis set are available in every project. The user may change paramaters or add new sets.

2.1 Dialogue 'Analysis parameters'

This dialogue is needed for the management of several analysis parameter sets. In most
programs the dialogue can be opened with the menu > 'Options' > 'Analysis Parameters'.
In the dialogue there are several tabsheets
Management of Analysis Parameters Sets
(common tools)

2.1.1 Tabsheet 'Strain- / Stress- Limits'

The limiting resistance of a cross section, i.e. the cross section resistance, is assumed to be
reached if the strain in the extreme fibre of the cross section on the compression side or in
the extreme reinforcement position on the tension side has reached a certain value. The
limit strains are different for axial compression and for bending, as shown in the figure
below:
For the parameters cu.c, cu.b, su there are no standard notations. Thus a definition was
chosen which should be more or less acceptable for all supported codes. Here the first in-

Materials / Analysis Parameters

1.3 Concrete Tensile Stresses

2. Analysis parameters

cu.c cu.b

4
5

su
Fig. 3

sy Tension

Compression

sy = strain in steel at elastic limit

Limit strain planes

dex c stands for concrete" and s for steel", u for ultimate state" and the letter after the
point for c=centric (axial) or b=bending.
The five strain regions are characterised by the following terms:
Region 1:
axial tension and tensile force with small eccentricity
Region 2:
bending (with axial force), full exploitation of reinforcement
Region 3:
bending (with axial force), full exploitation of reinforcement and of
concrete
Region 4:
bending (with axial force), full exploitation of concrete
Region 5:
axial force within middle region of cross section, compression through
centroid
In the limit state the strains at the edges of the cross section are also shown on the following
closed figure:
2 = strains at top edge

Bending Tension

1 = cu.b

1 = strains at bottom edge

Comp.

5
1 = 2 = cu.c

Fig. 4

Bending

3,4
2 = cu.b

1 =

d su.c

1 =

h
( cu.b) + cu.b
d su.c

Strain at the top and bottom edges of the cross section at the limit state

A verification for permissible steel stresses is also possible (these are converted into a limiting strain internally by the program using the E-modulus for steel).
Therefore the cross section resistance is never determined purely statically from the
characteristic values of the material strengths, but a strain state is always sought, for which
the strains just reach the admissible limit value at least in one position on the cross section.
For an exact determination of the plastic moment (with complete plastification of the cross
section) it must be possible to prescribe an infinitely large edge strain, which is not possible
in FAGUS for computational reasons.
In an analysis with biaxial-bending these conditions are checked with respect to the current
position of the neutral axis.

Materials / Analysis Parameters

1.3 Concrete Tensile Stresses

2. Analysis parameters

cu.b

su

tension critical:
limit strain reached at the
extreme reinforcement
position
Fig. 5

compression critical:
limit strain reached at
edge of cross section

Cross section resistance defined by means of limit strains

Special cross sections

Above all, FAGUS is a program for reinforced concrete cross sections. Nevertheless, composite beams or purely steel sections can be analysed.
If there is no untensioned reinforcement on the tension side, the input maximum value su
(or the input maximum steel stress) applies at the edge of the cross section.

2.1.2 Tabsheet 'Partial factor'

The characteristic material strength is defined through the assignment of a certain material
class. For each analysis a different partial safety factors ( c , s , .. ) can be selected.

2.1.3 Tabsheet 'Stress-strain-relation for concrete'

In this tabheet the desired stress-strain-relation for compression and tension can be selected. A more detailed description is given in Chap. 1.2.

2.1.4 Tabsheet 'Prestressing'

For the possible diagram types see Fig. 2.
In FAGUS and STATIK there is an additional check box for the control of long term losses.

2.1.5 Tabsheet 'Reinforcement'

In this tabsheet various factors for minimum and maximum reinforcement areas can be defined:
S Minimum amount of longitudinal reinforcement for columns
S Maximum amount (for all member types)
Acts as an iteration stop during reinforcement design
S Minimum area for shear reinforcement

2.1.6 Tabsheet 'Miscellaneous'

In this tabsheet all residual parameters can be found

10

Materials / Analysis Parameters

1.3 Concrete Tensile Stresses

2. Analysis parameters

- Creep coefficient
- Angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis
- Maximum steel stress in stirrups
(for an SLS analysis a stress below the yield stress can be defined here)
- Checkbox for tensions stiffening effects described in Chap 1.3.1

2.1.7 Tabsheet 'Additional Parameters

The parameters in this tabsheet are shown as a simple list and may vary upon the selected
national code. At the moment some values for crack calculations can be found here.

Materials / Analysis Parameters

11

Materials and Analysis Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1 Material Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.1 Overview dialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2 Introducing, changing and deleting materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.3 Management of material classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.4 Attributes of material classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 One Dimensional Stress-Strain-Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1 Concrete Compressive Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Concrete Tensile Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1 Tension stiffening effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.2 Reinforcing Steel, Structural Steel and Prestressing Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1
1
3
3
4
4
4
5
6
7

2. Analysis parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1 Dialogue 'Analysis parameters' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1.1 Tabsheet 'Strain- / Stress- Limits' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.2 Tabsheet 'Partial factor' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.3 Tabsheet 'Stress-strain-relation for concrete' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.4 Tabsheet 'Prestressing' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.5 Tabsheet 'Reinforcement' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.6 Tabsheet 'Miscellaneous' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.7 Tabsheet 'Additional Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8
8
10
10
10
10
10
11

Materials / Analysis Parameters

Materials / Analysis Parameters