Heat engine

Heat engine is mechanical device which converts heat energy into mechanical energy. Heat engine
classified into external combustion engine and internal combustion engine.
Classification of heat engine
Mode of combustion
1) External combustion engine
A) steam engine
B) steam power plant
2) Internal combustion engine
A) rotary engine
A) wankel engine
B) striling engine
B) reciprocating engine
A) Four stroke engine
B) Two stroke engine.
Classification of internal combustion engine
1) based on the types of fuels used
Petrol engine diesel engine
2) based on the ignition of fuels
Compression ignition and spark ignition
3) based on the cooling system employed
Air cooled engine and water cooled engine
4) based on the number of cylinder
Single cylinder and multi cylinder
5) Based on thermodynamics cycle
Otto cycle diesel cycle and dual cycle
6) Based on method of charging
Naturally aspirated engine and supercharged engine
7) Based on types of ignition
Battery ignition system and magneto ignition system
8) according to the speed of the engine
Slow speed of engine medium speed engine high speed engine
Four stroke petrol engine
suction stroke
During the suction stroke piston moves from the TDC to BDC, so that pressure inside the cylinder
decreased than atmospheric pressure and inlet valve opens and exhaust valve in closed condition
allows fresh air fuel mixture enters the cylinder.
Compression stroke
During this stroke, both inlet and exhaust valve in closed condition, piston moves from the BDC
to TDC and compress the air fuel mixture to high pressure and temperature. Nearly at the end of
the compression stroke spark was produced using spark plug and ignite the fuel and combustion
take place

Expansion stroke
As result of combustion, high pressure and high temperature gas was produced and push the
piston from TDC towards BDC. In this stroke both inlet and exhaust valve remains closed. Thus
power from combustion are transmitted to crank shaft through expansion stoke
Exhaust stroke
During exhaust stroke, inlet valve in closed condition an exhaust value in open condition. The
pressure inside the cylinder is greater than atmosphere. The piston moves from the BDC to TDC
and combustion product leaves the cylinder through the exhaust value to atmosphere.
And the cycle was repeated again and again.
Four stroke diesel engine
suction stroke
During the suction stroke piston moves from the TDC to BDC, so that pressure inside the cylinder
decreased than atmospheric pressure and inlet valve opens and exhaust valve in closed condition
allows fresh air mixture enters the cylinder.
Compression stroke
During this stroke, both inlet and exhaust valve in closed condition, piston moves from the BDC
to TDC and compress the air fuel mixture to high pressure and temperature. Nearly at the end of
the compression stroke the fuel was injected in high temperature air, temperature of the air enough
to auto ignite the fuel (temperature of air should be greater than auto ignition temperature of fuel).
Expansion stroke
As result of combustion, high pressure and high temperature gas was produced and push the
piston from TDC towards BDC. In this stroke both inlet and exhaust valve remains closed. Thus
power from combustion are transmitted to crank shaft through expansion stoke
Exhaust stroke
During exhaust stroke, inlet valve in closed condition an exhaust value in open condition. The
pressure inside the cylinder is greater than atmosphere. The piston moves from the BDC to TDC
and combustion product leaves the cylinder through the exhaust value to atmosphere.
And the cycle was repeated again and again.
Two stroke petrol engine
Two stroke diesel engine
The purpose of performance test
i) to determine the information of engine
ii) to confirm the data used in design