IP Training - Leadership - 3.0 - Leadership - VF

IP Orientation Training For NSN India Delivery Leadership Team
Mitrabh Shukla Head RSO IP Stream
For internal use only

1
Nokia Siemens Networks
Agenda
Reference Architecture Context Setting
3G Network
LTE Network
Core PaCo Node
Peering
Module 1: IP Basics
IP Networking Fundamentals
Reference Models - TCP/IP and OSI
IP Addressing and Subnetting
Fundamentals of LAN
Module 2: Switching & Routing Introduction
LAN Switching
Spanning Tree Protocol
WAN Protocols
Gateway Redundancy Protocol
Routing Overview (OSPF & BGP)
Module 3: MPLS Introduction
MPLS
MPLS
MPLS
MPLS
MPLS
(Multi Protocol Label Switching) Overview

VPNs
QoS
Traffic Engineering
High Availability
Module 4: Advance IP Features

2
IPv6 Introduction
IP Evolution Roadmap
Reference Point 1: Reference Model (OSI &

TCP/IP)

3
Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model

Compare OSI and TCP/IP model
A framework (guideline) for network
implementation and troubleshooting
Divides complex functions into simpler
components
Importance of reference model:
Vendor interoperability standardization.
Better understanding of data transfer
Reference model types :

OSI (Open System Interconnection ).reference
model
TCP/IP (DOD Model).commercial model

4
Physical Layer Protocols & Services

5
Transport Layer
TCP
UDP

6
OSI Transport Layer

Objectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Roles of the Transport Layer

1. segmentation of data
2. error detection
3. Multiplexing of upper layer application using port numbers
The TCP protocol Communicating with reliability (TCP Header)
TCP Connection Establishment (TCP Three-Way Handshake)
Managing TCP Sessions
1. reliability (sequencing and acknowledgements)
2. In order TCP Segment Reassembly
3. error correction -(TCP Retransmission)
4. flow control ( window size)
TCP Session Termination ( 4 Way handshake)
The UDP protocol Communicating with Low overhead (UDP Header)
TCP VS. UDP

7
What is the protocol which implement transport layer ?
UDP Header
TCP Header
or
TCP Header=20 bytes

UDP Header=8 bytes
UDP is lower overhead

8
Application
Header + data
TCP Connection Establishment

When two hosts communicate using TCP, a connection
is established before data can be exchanged.
After the communication is completed, the sessions are
closed and the connection is terminated.
To establish the connection, the hosts perform a threeway handshake.
Control bits in the TCP header indicate the progress
and status of the connection.

9
TCP Connection Establishment and Termination

Within the TCP segment header, there are six 1-bit fields
that contain control information used to manage the
TCP processes. Those fields are:
1. URG - Urgent pointer field significant
2. ACK - Acknowledgement field significant
3. PSH - Push function
4. RST - Reset the connection
5. SYN - Synchronize sequence numbers
6. FIN - No more data from sender

10
TCP Three-Way Handshake

11
TCP Three-Way Handshake

Step 1:
A TCP client begins the three-way handshake by sending a segment with the
SYN (control flag set, indicating an initial value in the sequence number field in the
header.
The sequence number is the Initial Sequence Number (ISN), is randomly chosen
and is used to begin tracking the flow of data from the client to the server for this
session.
Step 2:
Server sends a segment back to the client with:
ACK flag set indicating that the Acknowledgment number is significant.
The value of the acknowledgment number field is equal to the client initial
sequence number plus 1.
SYN flag is set with its own random ISN for the Sequence number
Step 3:
TCP client responds with a segment containing an ACK that is the response to the
TCP SYN sent by the server.
The value in the acknowledgment number field contains one more than the initial
sequence number received from the server.

12
TCP Session Termination

Session termination

13
Whats meant by window

size
Flow Control and Reliability

To govern the flow of data between devices, TCP uses a peer-to-peer flow control
mechanism.
The receiving host's TCP layer reports a window size to the sending host's TCP
layer.
This window size specifies the number of bytes, starting with the acknowledgment
number, that the receiving host's TCP layer is currently prepared to receive.
Window size is included in every TCP segment sent from client or server starting
with three-way handshake.
TCP is a full duplex service, client and server specify their own window sizes.
14
Segmentation and reassembly.

Describe the role of segments in the transport layer and
the two principle ways segments can be marked for
reassembly.

15
TCP In order Reassembly

Describe how TCP sequence numbers are used to
reconstruct the data stream with segments placed in the
correct order

16
UDP out of order Datagram Reassembly

Describe in detail the process specified by the UDP
protocol to reassemble PDUs at the destination device

17
Summary TCP vs. UDP

TCP provides:
Reliable delivery
Error checking
Flow control
Congestion control
Ordered delivery
(Connection establishment)
Applications:
HTTP
FTP
Telnet
MSN messenger
UDP provides:
Unreliable delivery
No error checking
No flow control
No congestion control
No ordered delivery
(No connection establishment)
Applications
DNS (usually)
SMTP
RTP (Real-Time Protocol)
VoIP

18
Network Layer Protocols

19
Network Layer Protocols

20
Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol (IP)

21
Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol (IP)

22
Other IPv4 fields
Version - Contains the IP version number (4)

Header Length (IHL) - Specifies the size of the packet header.
Packet Length - This field gives the entire packet size, including
header and data, in bytes.
Identification - This field is primarily used for uniquely identifying
fragments of an original IP packet
Header Checksum - The checksum field is used for error checking
the packet header.
Options - There is provision for additional fields in the IPv4 header to
provide other services but these are rarely used.
23
Grouping Devices into Networks and Hierarchical

Addressing

24
Binary & Decimal Numbering System

25
Classify and Define IPv4 Addresses

26
IP address Classes

27
Subnet mask

28
Private IP Addresses
Private IP addresses are another solution to the problem of the impending
exhaustion of public IP addresses.As mentioned, public networks require hosts to
have unique IP addresses.
However, private networks that are not connected to the Internet may use any host
addresses, as long as each host within the private network is unique.

29
Subnetting

30
Subnetting

31
Subnetting

32
Subnetting

33
Data Link Layer Accessing the Media

34
Media access control addressing and framing data

35
The role of the trailer

36
Physical and Data Link Features of Ethernet

Media Access Control (MAC)

37
Layer 2 Header
The Frame Encapsulating the Packet

38
FCS

39
MAC Address

40
MAC Address Vs IP Address

41

42

43

44
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) operation

45
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).

Mapping IP to MAC Addresses

46

ARP Destinations Outside the Local Network

47
It happens when a host ask for

MAC address which isnt in
the same LAN for any
reason.
Router will act as a proxy
gateway for that host.

48
Explain the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

process.
ARP Removing Address Mappings

49
Explain the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

process.
ARP Broadcasts - Issues

50
Hierarchical Network Design

51

52

53
Uncontrolled collision & broadcast domains

54
Reference Point 2: Layer 2 Switching

Concepts

55
Three Switch Functions at Layer-2

56
Empty MAC table

57
How Switches Learn Hosts Locations

58
Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)

59

60

61
Using spanning tree protocol (STP)

62

63

64

65
The STP Root Bridge

Reference point
One root per VLAN
Maintains topology
Propagates timers

66

67
How STP select the root bridge?

Firstly : choose the root bridge
The lowest Bridge ID (BID)
The lowest bridge priority
The lowest MAC address

68
Spanning tree path cost

69
Spanning tree path cost

70
Reference Point 3: Gateway Redundancy

Protocols

71
HSRP (Hot Standby Routing Protocol)

HSRP, a Cisco proprietary
protocol, supplies a method of
providing nonstop path
redundancy for IP by sharing
protocol and MAC addresses
between redundant gateways.
The protocol consists of a:
virtual MAC address
IP address
These are shared between two
routers, and a process that
monitors both LAN and serial
interfaces via a multicast
protocol.

72
One standby router

One virtual router
The backup router in case the The virtual router is not
active router fails for the
an actual router.
subnet.
Rather, it is a concept of
In that case, the standby
the entire HSRP group
router becomes the active
acting as one virtual
router and starts
router as far as hosts on
forwarding traffic destined
the subnet are
to the virtual IP address.
concerned.
73
One active router

The active router
forwards traffic
destined to the virtual
IP address.
ARP Table
172.16.10.110 = 0000.0c07.ac01
172.16.10.169
0010.0b79.5800
My default
gateway is
172.16.10.110
172.16.10.110
0000.0c07.ac01
172.16.10.82
0010.f6b3.d000
The host connected to the switch sends the packet destined for the
virtual router, but in reality the active router does the packet
forwarding.
Note: Additional HSRP member routers Other routers are neither active
nor standby, but they are configured to participate in the same HSRP
group.
They monitor the current active and standby routers and transition into
one of those roles if the current router fails for the subnet.
74
ARP Table
My default
gateway is
172.16.10.110
172.16.10.110 = 0000.0c07.ac01
172.16.10.110
0000.0c07.ac01
172.16.10.169
0010.0b79.5800
172.16.10.82
0010.f6b3.d000
HSRP Hellos: Active
The active router assumes and maintains its active role through the transmission of
hello messages (default 3 seconds).
The hello interval time defines the interval between successive HSRP hello
messages sent by active and standby routers.
The router with the highest standby priority in the group becomes the active
router.
The default priority for an HSRP router is 100; however, this option is configurable
on a per-standby-group basis.
When the preempt option is not configured, the first router to initialize HSRP
becomes the active router
75
ARP Table
My default
gateway is
172.16.10.110
172.16.10.110 = 0000.0c07.ac01
172.16.10.110
0000.0c07.ac01
172.16.10.169
0010.0b79.5800
172.16.10.82
0010.f6b3.d000
HSRP Hellos: Standby
The second router in the HSRP group to initialize or second highest priority is
elected as the standby router.
The function of the standby router is to monitor the operational status of the
HSRP group and to quickly assume packet-forwarding responsibility if the active
router becomes inoperable.
The standby router also transmits hello messages to inform all other routers in the
group of its standby router role and status.

76
ARP Table
My default
gateway is
172.16.10.110
172.16.10.110 = 0000.0c07.ac01
I receive and
forward
packet sent
to the virtual
router.
172.16.10.110
0000.0c07.ac01
172.16.10.169
0010.0b79.5800
172.16.10.82
0010.f6b3.d000
The virtual router presents a consistent available router (default gateway) to the
hosts.
The virtual router is assigned its own IP address and virtual MAC address;
however, the active router acting as the virtual router actually forwards the
packets.
Additional HSRP member routers: These routers in listen state monitor the hello
messages but do not respond.
Do forward any packets addressed to the routers' IP addresses.
Do not forward packets destined for the virtual router because they are not the
active router.
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ARP Table
My default
gateway is
172.16.10.110
172.16.10.110 = 0000.0c07.ac01
I dont see Hellos
from Active (10
secs), so I will
receive and forward
packet sent to the
virtual router.
New Active
Router
172.16.10.110
0000.0c07.ac01
172.16.10.169
0010.0b79.5800
172.16.10.82
0010.f6b3.d000
HSRP Hellos
HSRP Hellos: Active
When the active router fails, the other HSRP routers stop receiving hello
messages and the standby router assumes the role of the active router.
This occurs when the holdtime expires (default 10 seconds).
Because the new active router assumes both the IP address and virtual MAC
address of the virtual router, the end stations see no disruption in service.
The end-user stations continue to send packets to the virtual router's virtual MAC
address and IP address where the new active router delivers the packets to the
destination.
78
ARP Table
172.16.10.110 = 0000.0c07.ac01
172.16.10.169
0010.0b79.5800
My default
gateway is
172.16.10.110
172.16.10.110
0000.0c07.ac01
172.16.10.82
0010.f6b3.d000
If both the active and standby routers fail:

all routers in the HSRP group contend for the active and standby router
roles.
When the active router only fails:
the standby takes over.
If there are other routers participating in the group, those routers then
contend to be the new standby router.
The following sections discuss HSRP mechanics in more detail.
79
HSRP States
Initial state All routers begin in the initial state. This state is entered via a
configuration change or when an interface is initiated.
Learn state The router has not determined the virtual IP address, and has
not yet seen a hello message from the active router. In this state, the router
is still waiting to hear from the active router.
Listen state The router knows the virtual IP address, but is neither the
active router nor the standby router. All other routers participating in the
HSRP group besides the active or standby routers reside in this state.
Speak state HSRP routers in the speak state send periodic hello messages
and actively participate in the election of the active or standby router. The
router remains in the speak state unless it becomes an active or standby
router.
Standby state In the standby state, the HSRP router is a candidate to become
the next active router and sends periodic hello messages. There must be at
least one standby router in the HSRP group.
Active state In the active state, the router is currently forwarding packets that
are sent to the virtual MAC and IP address of the HSRP group. The active
router also sends periodic hello messages.
Not all HSRP routers transition through all states. For example, a router that is not
the standby or active router does not enter the standby or active states.
80
VRRP
Like HSRP, VRRP is a default gateway redundancy method.
VRRP enables a group of routers to form a single virtual
router.
The VRRP standard (RFC 2338) solves the static default
gateway configuration problem.
VRRP is similar in functionality to HSRP, and hence the LAN
hosts can be configured with the virtual router as their default
gateway.
The virtual router, representing a group of routers, is known as
a VRRP group.
Cisco switches and routers support VRRP on Ethernet, Fast
Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet interfaces, and on MPLS
VPNs and VLANs.
81
VRRP
The virtual router
can use a physical
IP address or a
virtual IP address.
Routers A, B, and C, are VRRP-enabled routers.

Routers A, B, and C form a virtual router, with 10.0.0.1 as the virtual IP address.
IP address of the virtual router is the same as that configured for the Ethernet interface of
Router A (10.0.0.1).
Because the virtual router uses the IP address of the physical Ethernet interface of router
A, router A assumes the role of the master virtual router and is known as the IP address
owner.
As the master virtual router, router A controls the IP address of the virtual router and is
responsible for forwarding packets sent to this IP address.
Hosts 1 through 3 are configured with the default gateway IP address of 10.0.0.1.
Routers B and C function as backup virtual routers.
If the master virtual router fails, the router configured with the higher priority will become
the master virtual router and provide uninterrupted service for the LAN hosts.
82
When
Router A recovers, it becomes the master virtual router again.
Reference Point 4: Layer 3: Routing

Concepts

83
What is Routing?
Routing Means : Selecting the Best Path
How could you select the Best Path ?
Statically
Dynamically

84
Routing Table Structure

Routing Table is stored in ram and contains information
about:
Directly connected networks - this occurs when a
device is connected to another router interface

Remotely connected networks - this is a network that
is not directly connected to a particular router
Detailed information about the networks include source
of information, network address & subnet mask, and Ip
address of next-hop router
Show ip route command is used to view a routing table

85

Adding a connected network to the routing table
-Router interfaces
Each router interface is a member of a different network
Activated using the no shutdown command
In order for static and dynamic routes to exist in routing table you
must have directly connected networks

86

Connected and Static routes

87

Maintaining routing tables
-Dynamic routing protocols are used to share routing information with other
router & to maintain and up date their own routing table.
IP routing protocols. Example of routing protocols include:

-RIP
-IGRP
-EIGRP
-OSPF
-IS-IS
-BGP

88

Routing Table Principles
-3 principles regarding routing tables:
Every router makes its decisions alone, based on the information
it has in its routing table.

Different routing table may contain different information
A routing table can tell how to get to a destination but not how to
get back

89

Effects of the 3 Routing Table Principles
-Packets are forwarded through the network from one router to
another, on a hop by hop basis.
-Packets can take path X to a destination but return via path Y
(Asymmetric routing).

90
Router Paths and Packet Switching

A Metric is a numerical value used by routing protocols help determine
the best path to a destination
The smaller the metric value the better the path
2 types of metrics used by routing protocols are:
-Hop count - this is the number of routers a packet must

travel through to get to its destination
-Bandwidth - this is the speed of a link also known as the
data capacity of a link

91

Equal cost metric is a condition where a router has multiple paths to
the same destination that all have the same metric
To solve this dilemma, a router will use Equal Cost Load Balancing.
This means the router sends packets over the multiple exit
interfaces listed in the routing table.

92

Path determination is a process used by a router to pick the best
path to a destination
One of 3 path determinations results from searching for the best path
Directly connected network

Remote network
No route determined

93

Switching Function of Router is the process used by a
router to switch a packet from an incoming interface to an
outgoing interface on the same router.
-A packet received by a router will do the following:
Strips off layer 2 headers.
Examines destination IP address located in Layer 3 header

to find best route to destination.
Re-encapsulates layer 3 packet into layer 2 frame.
Forwards frame out exit interface.

94

As a packet travels from one networking device to another
- The Source and Destination IP addresses NEVER
change
- The Source & Destination MAC addresses CHANGE
as packet is forwarded from one router to the next.
- TTL field decrement by one until a value of zero is
reached at which point router discards packet (prevents
packets from endlessly traversing the network)

95

Path determination and switching function details. PC1
Wants to send something to PC 2 here is part of what
happens
Step 1 - PC1 encapsulates packet into a frame. Frame
contains R1s destination MAC address

96

Step 2 - R1 receives Ethernet frame.

R1 sees that destination MAC address matches its own MAC.

R1 then strips off Ethernet frame.
R1 Examines destination IP.
R1 consults routing table looking for destination IP.
After finding destination IP in routing table, R1 now looks up next
hop IP address.
R1 re-encapsulates IP packet with a new Ethernet frame.
R1 forwards Ethernet packet out Fa0/1 interface.

97

98

Path determination and switching function details. PC1 Wants to send
something to PC 2 here is part of what happens
Step 3 - Packet arrives at R2

R2 receives Ethernet frame

R2 sees that destination MAC address matches its own MAC
R2 then strips off Ethernet frame
R2 Examines destination IP
R2 consults routing table looking for destination IP
After finding destination IP in routing table, R2 now looks up next
hop IP address
R2 re-encapsulates IP packet with a new data link frame
R2 forwards Ethernet packet out S0/0 interface

99

Path determination and switching function details. PC1 Wants to send
something to PC 2 here is part of what happens
Step 4 - Packet arrives at R3

R3 receives PPP frame

R3 then strips off PPP frame
R3 Examines destination IP
R3 consults routing table looking for destination IP
After finding destination IP in routing table, R3 is directly
connected to destination via its fast Ethernet interface
R3 re-encapsulates IP packet with a new Ethernet frame
R3 forwards Ethernet packet out Fa0/0 interface
Step 5 - IP packet arrives at PC2. Frame is

decapsulated & processed by upper layer protocols.

100
Dynamic Routing Protocols

Function(s) of Dynamic Routing Protocols:
-Dynamically share information between routers.
-Automatically update routing table when topology changes.
-Determine best path to a destination.

101

The purpose of a dynamic routing protocol is to:
-Discover remote networks
-Maintaining up-to-date routing information
-Choosing the best path to destination networks
-Ability to find a new best path if the current path is no
longer available

102

103

Components of a routing protocol
Algorithm
In the case of a routing protocol algorithms are used for facilitating
routing information and best path determination
Routing protocol messages

These are messages for discovering neighbors and exchange of
routing information

104

Advantages of static routing
-It can backup multiple interfaces/networks on a router
-Easy to configure
-No extra resources are needed
-More secure
Disadvantages of static routing
-Network changes require manual reconfiguration
-Does not scale well in large topologies

105
Classifying Routing Protocols

Dynamic routing protocols are grouped according to
characteristics. Examples include:
Autonomous System is a group of routers under the control of a

single authority.

106
Classifying Routing Protocols

Types of routing protocols:
- Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP)
- Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP)

107
Why Is It Called a Link State Protocol?

specific link characteristics and state information

108
Link State Protocol Operation

Zs Link State
Qs Link State
Z
X
Xs Link State
A
B
C
Q
Z
X
2
13
13
Topology Information Is
Kept in a Database
Separate from the Routing
Table
Uses costs to calculate path

Typically displays faster convergence than distance vector routing protocols
Typically more scalable due to hierarchical nature
109
OSPF Functions and Definitions

The high-level function of OSPF is
Discover neighbors and form adjacencies
Flood Link State Database (LSDB) information
Compute the shortest path
Install routes in route forwarding table
This section expands on these functions
Some definitions are needed first
(See text on the page with this slide)

110
Discovering Adjacent Neighbors

Discover neighbors with Hello packets
Form Adjacencies with appropriate neighbors
Exchange Link State Database (LSDB) information
using Link State Advertisements (LSA)
RID A
RID B
Hello, Im B
Hello, Im A
Lets exchange information
OK
I know about these links
I know about these links

111
Adjacency States
Sample Log showing adjacency process
P1R1(config-router)#log-adjacency-changes detail
6d04h: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 100, Nbr 10.131.63.251 on
FastEthernet0/0 from DOWN to INIT, Received Hello
FastEthernet0/0 from INIT to 2WAY, 2-Way Received
FastEthernet0/0 from 2WAY to EXSTART, AdjOK?
FastEthernet0/0 from EXSTART to EXCHANGE, Negotiation Done
FastEthernet0/0 from EXCHANGE to LOADING, Exchange Done
FastEthernet0/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done

112
Flooding Link State Advertisements
Propagate changes to maintain Link State Database

synchronization
Flooding can impact

performance in large nets
Keep LSDB small!

113
Animated
Computing the Shortest Path Tree
The optimal path is determined by the

sum of the interface costs: Cost = 108/BW
Actual Network
10
Shortest Path Tree
128.213.0.0
0
10
10
128.213.0.0
10
192.213.11.0
10
5
222.211.10.0
114
192.213.11.0
10
5
222.211.10.0
When a Link Changes State

Router 2, Area 1
Router 1, Area 1
LSA
Link State Database
ACK
Every router in an
area hears a
specific link LSA
Each router computes
shortest path
routing table

115
Dijkstra Algorithm
Routing Table
Updated
Routing Table
OSPF Areas
Area is a group of contiguous
hosts and networks
Each area has a
topology database
Area 13
Area 10
Area 12
Invisible outside the area

Reduction in routing traffic
Area 0
Backbone area must be

contiguous
All other areas must
RIP/RIPv2 World
connect to the backbone
Virtual Links
116
Area 11
Router Types and Location
Area 13
Area 10
Area 12
Area Border Routers

Between areas
Area 0
Backbone Router (BR)

Inside the core
RIP/RIPv2
Network
Area 11
Internal Router (IR)

Inside an area
117
Autonomous System Boundary Routers

(ASBR) bordering a non-OSPF area
Common Types of Link State Advertisements

(LSAs)
Router link (LSA type 1)
Network link (LSA type 2)
Network summary (LSA type 3)
ASBR Summary (LSA type 4)
External (LSA type 5)
NSSA external (LSA type 7)

118
Simplified Example of Different LSAs
External
External (type 7)
ASBR IR
(only in NSSA)
ABR Summary (type 3)

IR ABR IR
ASBR
Area 10
ABR
Router link (type 1)

IR IR
Area 0
Network link (type 2)

DR IR
External (type 5)
ASBR IR
ABR
ASBR
DR
Area 11
ASBR
RIP Network

119
RIP Network
ASBR Summary (type 4)

ABR IR (about ASBR)
Note: only one example of each LSA type

exchange is demonstrated in this graphic
Animated
What is Border Gateway Protocol?

Used to exchange routing information between
networks
BGP used internally (iBGP)
AS6337
and externally (eBGP)
iBGP used to carry
AS7018
AS11268
some/all Internet prefixes

across backbone
customer prefixes
eBGP used to
AS500
AS6461
exchange prefixes with other AS's

implement routing policy
120
AS600
BGP Features and Characteristics

Path Vector Protocol
Incremental Updates
Many options for policy enforcement
Supports Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)
Widely used for Internet backbone

121
What is eBGP?
Default Free Zone

Backbone ISP
Access ISP
Backbone ISP
Local NAP or IXP
Access ISP
Enterprise Networks
BGP is the routing glue that holds the entire Internet

together
122
Interior vs. Exterior Routing Protocols

Interior
Automatic discovery
Generally trust your IGP routers
Routes go to all IGP routers
Exterior
Specifically configured peers
Connecting with outside networks
Set administrative boundaries

123
What is an Autonomous System (AS)?
AS 100
Network(s) sharing the same routing policy

Possibly multiple IGPs
Usually under single ownership, trust and administrative control
Contiguous internal connectivity

Globally uniqueAS Number (1 to 65,535)
124
BGP Peering
BGP speakers are called peers
External
Peering
AS
100
D
E
Internal
Peering
125
AS 102
AS
101
Internal BGP Peering (iBGP)
AS 100
A
E
iBGP peering is between BGP speakers in the same AS
Topology independent
Not required to be directly connected but must have IGP reachability
Each iBGP speaker must peer with every other iBGP speaker in the AS
(fully meshed)
They originate connected networks
They do not pass on prefixes learned from other iBGP speakers
126
Stable iBGP Peering
AS 100
To implement stable iBGP peering:
Peer with loop-back address

iBGP session is not dependent on state of a single interface
iBGP session is not dependent on physical topology
Loop-back interface does not go down

127
External BGP Peering (eBGP)
AS 334
AS 99
Autonomous
System Border
Routers (ASBR)
Between BGP speakers in different AS

Should be directly connected
(peer with physical address)
DO NOT run an IGP between eBGP peers
128
Why Do We Need BGP?

Scalability
Scale a large networkDivide and Conquer
Implement hierarchy
Implement complex policies
Control reachability to prefixes
Stability
Isolate network instability
Isolate periodic IGP flooding
Simplicity
Merge separate organizations
Connect multiple IGPs

129
How Does BGP Work?

Learns multiple paths via internal and external BGP speakers
and stores them
Picks THE best path, installs it in the IP forwarding table
Forwards all best paths to eBGP neighbors
Forwards external and locally originated best paths to iBGP
neighbors
Path selection is influenced by applying policies

130
Constructing the Forwarding Table
everything
in
All
BGP
peers
out

131
discarded
BGP
IN
process
accepted
Other
protocols
Best Path
selection
algorithm
BGP
OUT
process
BGP
table
forwarding
table
best paths
Animated
How Does BGP Advertise Routes?
AS101
AS100
A
Both peers attempt to connectthere is an algorithm to

resolve connection collisions
Exchange messages to open and confirm the connection
parameters
Initially peers exchange entire table
Only incremental updates after initial exchange
Keep alive messages exchanged when there no updates
BGP messages exchanged using TCP (port 179)
132
What are the Basic BGP Messages?

KEEPALIVE:
keeps connection alive in absence of UPDATES; also ACKs OPEN
request
NOTIFICATION:
reports errors in previous msg; also used to close connection
Example: peer in wrong AS
OPEN:
opens TCP connection to peer and authenticates sender
Exchange AS, router ID, holdtime
Capability negotiation
UPDATES (incremental):
advertises new path (or withdraws old)

133
BGP States
3 Active
2 Connect
-1 PFXCD
OPEN
4 OpenSent
1 Idle
KEEPALIVE
5 OpenConfirm
6 Established
134
KEEPALIVE
UPDATE
0 Shutdown
Reference Point 5: MPLS (Multi Protocol

Label Switching)

135
The Barriers
Frame Relay and ATM services are

available:
Carriers customers want IP services:
They provide connection-
IP services
They need more flexible IP
quality of service
guarantees
They need more privacy
than the Internet provides
oriented service
They have inflexible pointto-point bandwidth
guarantees
But they have good privacy
136
They need connectionless
The Solution - MPLS

MULTI-PROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING
A mechanism that delivers the best of both worlds:
PRIVACY and QOS of ATM, Frame Relay
FLEXIBILITY and SCALABILITY of IP
Foundation for IP business services
Flexible grouping of users and value-added services
Low cost managed IP services
scales to large and small private networks

137
What Is MPLS?
Multi Protocol Label Switching
MPLS is an efficient encapsulation mechanism
Uses labels appended to packets (IP packets, AAL5 frames) for
transport of data
MPLS packets can run on other Layer 2 technologies such as ATM,
FR, PPP, POS, Ethernet
Other Layer 2 technologies can be run over an
MPLS network
Labels can be used as designators
For exampleIP prefixes, ATM VC, or a bandwidth
guaranteed path
MPLS is a technology for delivery of IP services

138
MPLS as a Foundation for

Value-Added Services
Provider
Provisioned
VPNs
Traffic
Engineering
IP+ATM
IP+Optical
GMPLS
MPLS
Network Infrastructure

139
Any
Transport
over MPLS
MPLS concepts
Packet forwarding is done based on labels

Labels assigned when the packet enters the network
Labels inserted between layer 2 and layer 3 headers
MPLS nodes forward packets based on the label
Separates ROUTING from FORWARDING
Routing uses IP addresses
Forwarding uses Labels
Labels can be stacked

140
MPLS Concepts
In Core:
Forward using labels
(as opposed to IP addr)
Label indicates service class
and destination
Label swapping or switching
At Edge:
Classify packets
Label them
Label imposition
At Edge:
Remove labels and forward
packets
Label disposition
Edge Label Switch

Router
(ATM Switch or
Router)
Label Distribution Protocol
Label Switch Router (LSR)

Router
ATM switch + label
switch controller
Create new services via flexible classification

Provide the ability to setup bandwidth guaranteed paths
Enable ATM switches to act as routers
141
MPLS Operation
1a. Existing Routing Protocols (e.g. OSPF, IS-IS)
Establish Reachability to Destination Networks
1b. Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)
Establishes Label to Destination
Network Mappings
2. Ingress Edge LSR Receives Packet,

Performs Layer 3 Value-Added Services,
and Labels Packets
142
4. Edge LSR at
Egress Removes
Label and Delivers
Packet
3. LSR Switches Packets

Using Label Swapping
Label Encapsulation
Packet over SONET/SDH

Ethernet
Frame Relay PVC
ATM PVCs
Subsequent cells
PPP
Label
IP header
Data
Ethernet
Label
IP Header
Data
Frame Relay
Label
IP Header
Data
ATM Header
Label
IP Header
Data
ATM Header
Data
F
R
A
M
E
Label
ATM label switching
GFC VPI
VCI
PTI
CLP HEC IP Header
Subsequent cells
GFC VPI
VCI
PTI
CLP HEC Data
Label
143
Data
C
E
L
L
Label Header (Shim)
Bit
8
1
Label
EXP
S3
4
TTL
Label
EXP
S
TTL
Byte
Label Value (20 bits)

Class of Service (3 bits)
Bottom of Stack (1 bit)
Time to Live
Can be used over Ethernet, 802.3, or PPP links

Ethertype 0x8847
One for unicast, one for multicast
Four octets per label in stack
144
Relevant MPLS Capabilities
The ability to FORWARD on and STACK LABELS allows

MPLS to provide some useful features including:
IP+ATM Integration
Provides Layer 3 intelligence in ATM switches
Virtual Private Networks
Layer 3 Provider has knowledge of customer routing
Layer 2 Provider has no knowledge of customer
routing
Traffic Engineering
Force traffic along predetermined paths

145
MPLS VPN Layer 3

Private, connectionless IP VPNs
Outstanding scalability
Customer IP addressing freedom
Multiple QoS classes
Secure support for intranets and
extranets
Easy to provide Intranet/Extranet/3rd
Party ASP
Support over any access or backbone
technology
Connection-Oriented
VPN Topology
VPN B
VPN A
VPN C
VPN B
VPN C
VPN A
VPN A
VPN B
VPN C
Connectionless
VPN Topology
VPN C
VPN B
VPN A
VPN B
VPN A
VPN C
VPN C
VPN B
VPN A
Determines VPN on
PE Router
IP Packet
146
VPN
Label
Determines PE
Router
IGP
Label
VPN A
VPN B
VPN C
VPN C
VPN A
VPN B
MPLS VPN Layer 2

Additional Capabilities:
Virtual leased line service
Offer PVC-like Layer 2-based
service
L2 Pseudowire/Emulated VC
Reduced costconsolidate
multiple core technologies
into a single packet-based
network infrastructure
L2 Frames
Attachment
Circuit
Attachment
Circuit
Simpler provisioning of L2
services
Attractive to Enterprise that
wish keep routing private
Determines VC inside
the tunnel
L2 Frame
147
VC
Label
Determines PE
Router end point
Tunnel
Label
Why Providers like MPLS VPN

Separately engineered
private IP networks
vs
Single network
supporting multiple VPNs
MPLS VPN
Network
Build once,
Sell once

148
Build once,
Sell many
Traffic Engineering
Why traffic engineer?
Optimise link utilisation
Specific paths by customer or class
Balance traffic load
Traffic follows pre-specified path
Path differs from normally routed path
Controls packet flows across a L2 or L3
network
Determines LSP next

hop contrary to IGP
IP Packet
149
VPN
Label
IGP
Label
TE
Label
Route chosen by
IP routing protocol
Route specified by
traffic engineering
MPLS Components
Edge Label Switching Routers (ELSR or PE)
Label previously unlabeled packets - at the beginning of a
Label Switched Path (LSP)
Strip labels from labeled packets - at the end of an LSP
Label Switching Routers (LSR or P)
Forward labeled packets based on the information carried by
labels

150
MPLS Forwarding Operations

Label Imposition: add label stack to unlabeled packet (e.g. IP
packet) at edge (push)
Label Forwarding: use label on packet to select next hop and
label stack operation (replace, replace & push)
Label Disposition: Remove (last) label from packet (pop)

151
Summary
MPLS allows flexible packet classification and network
resources optimisation
Labels are distributed by different protocols
LDP, RSVP, BGP
Different distribution protocols may co-exist in the same LSR
Labels have local (LSR) significance
No need for global (domain) wide label allocation/numbering

152
Benefits of MPLS
De-couples IP packet forwarding from the information carried in
the IP header of the packet
Provides multiple routing paradigms (e.g., destination-based,
explicit routing, VPN, multicast, CoS, etc) over a common
forwarding algorithm (label swapping)
Facilitates integration of ATM and IP - from control plane point
of view an MPLS-capable ATM switch looks like a router

153
RFC 2547: MPLS VPNs
CE
CE
iBGPVPNv4
Label Exchange
VRF
LDP
LDP
VRF
LDP
PE
PE
iBGPVPNv4
iBGPVPNv4
PE
CE
CE
154
Overlapping Addresses Are

Made Unique by Appending RD
and Creating VPNv4 Addresses
VRF
CE
What is an MPLS-VPN?
An IP network infrastructure delivering private network services
over a public infrastructure
Use a layer 3 backbone
Scalability, easy provisioning
Global as well as non-unique private address space
QoS
Controlled access
Easy configuration for customers

155
VPN Models
There are two basic types of design models that deliver VPN
functionality
Overlay Model
Peer Model

156
MPLS-VPN = True Peer model
MPLS-VPN is similar in operation to peer model

Provider Edge routers receive and hold routing information
only about VPNs directly connected
Reduces the amount of routing information a PE router will
store
Routing information is proportional to the number of VPNs
a router is attached to
MPLS is used within the backbone to switch packets (no
need of full routing)

157
MPLS VPN Connection Model
A VPN is a collection of sites sharing a common routing

information (routing table)
A site can be part of different VPNs
A VPN has to be seen as a community of interest (or
Closed User Group)
Multiple Routing/Forwarding instances (VRF) on PE

158
Site-4
Site-1
VPN-C
VPN-A
Site-3
Site-2
VPN-B
A site belonging to different VPNs may or MAY NOT be

used as a transit point between VPNs
If two or more VPNs have a common site, address space
must be unique among these VPNs
159
The VPN backbone is composed by MPLS LSRs

PE routers (edge LSRs)
P routers (core LSRs)
The customer router connecting to the VPN backbone is
called the Customer Edge (CE)
PE routers are faced to CE routers and distribute VPN
information through MP-BGP to other PE routers
VPN-IPv4 addresses, Extended Community, Label
P routers do not run MP-BGP and do not have any VPN

knowledge

160
PE-CE Routing
CE1
PE
CE2
PE-CE routing
PE and CE routers exchange routing information through eBGP,

Static, OSPF, ISIS, RIP, EIGRP
The CE router runs standard routing software, not aware it is
connected to a VPN network

161
Routing Protocol Contexts
BGP
Routing
processes
RIP
Static
Routing processes run within
specific routing contexts
Routing
contexts
BGP
1
BGP
2
BGP
3
RIP
1
Populate specific VPN routing

table and FIBs (VRF)
RIP
2
Interfaces are assigned to VRFs

VRF Routing
tables
VRF Forwarding
tables

162
VRF
Site A
VRF
Site B
VRF
Site C
Routing Tables
CE1
VRF
PE
CE2
PE-CE routing
VPN Backbone IGP (OSPF, ISIS)
Global Routing Table
PE routers maintain separate routing tables

Global Routing Table
All the PE and P routes populated by the VPN backbone IGP (ISIS or
OSPF)
VPN Routing and Forwarding Tables (VRF)

Routing and Forwarding table associated with one or more directly
connected sites (CEs)
VRF are associated to (sub/virtual/tunnel) interfaces
Interfaces may share the same VRF if the connected sites may share the
same routing information
163
Route-Target and Route-Distinguisher

update X
CE1
update X
P1
PE1
P2
CE3
PE2
CE2
CE4
x
MP-iBGP session
update X
update X
VPN-IPv4 update:
RD1:X, Next-hop=PE1
RT=RED, Label=10
VPN-IPv4 update:
RD2:X, Next-hop=PE1
RT=ORANGE, Label=12
VPN-IPv4 updates are

translated into IPv4
address and inserted into
the VRF corresponding to
the RT value
MP-BGP prepends an Route Distinguisher (RD) to each

VPN route in order to make it unique
MP-BGP assign a Route-Target (RT) to each VPN route to
identify VPN it belongs to (or CUG)
Route-Target is the colour of the route
164
Route Propagation through MP-BGP

update X
CE1
update X
P1
PE1
P2
CE3
PE2
CE2
CE4
x
MP-iBGP session
update X
update X
VPN-IPv4 update:
RD1:X, Next-hop=PE1
RT=RED, Label=10
VPN-IPv4 update:
RD2:X, Next-hop=PE1
RT=ORANGE, Label=12
VPN-IPv4 updates are

translated into IPv4
address and inserted into
the VRF corresponding to
the RT value
When a PE router receives an MP-BGP VPN route:

It checks the route-target value to VRF route-targets
If match then route is inserted into appropriate VRF
The label associated with the VPN route is stored and
used to send packets towards the destination
165
Multi-Protocol BGP
Propagates VPN routing information
Customer routes held in VPN Routing and Forwarding tables
(VRFs)
Only runs on Provider Edge
P routers are not aware of VPNs only labels
PEs are fully meshed
Using Route Reflectors or direct peerings between PE routers

166
MPLS VPN Protocols
OSPF/IS-IS
Used as IGP provides reachability between all Label
Switch Routers (PE <-> P <-> PE)
TDP/LDP
Distributes label information for IP destinations in core
MP-BGP4
Used to distribute VPN routing information between PEs
RIPv2/BGP/OSPF/eiGRP/ISIS/Static
Can be used to route between PE and CE

167
VPN Components
VRF Tables
Hold customer routes at PE
Route-Distinguisher
Allows MP-BGP to distinguish between identical
customer routes that are in different VPNs
Route-Targets
Used to import and export routes between different VRF
tables (creates Intranets and Extranets)
Route-maps
Allows finer granularity and control of importing
exporting routes between VRFs instead of just using
route-target
168
MPLS VPN Operation

CE
= RT?
RD +
RD +
VPN labels, RTs
PE
P
RR
Si
RD +
PE
PE
RD +
RD +
VPN labels, RTs
Import routes into VRF if route-targets match (export = import)

Customer routes placed into separate VRF tables at each PE
IGP (OSPF,ISIS) used to establish reachability to destination networks.
Label Distribution Protocol establishes mappings to IGP addresses
CE-PE dynamic routing (or static) populate the VRF routing tables
MP-BGP between PE router to distribute routes between VPNs

169
CE
Si
RR
PE
CE
= RT?
CE
MPLS VPN Label Stack

There are at least two labels when using MPLS-VPN
The first label is distributed by TDP/LDP
Derived from an IGP route
Corresponds to a PE address (VPN egress point)
PE addresses are MP-BGP next-hops of VPN routes
The second label is distributed MP-BGP
Corresponds to the actual VPN route
Identifies the PE outgoing interface or routing table
L2 Header Label 1
170
Label 2
L3 Header Data
Frame, e.g. HDLC, PPP, Ethernet
MPLS VPN Forwarding

Example
CE
CE
PE
PE
P
CE
Si
P
CE
Si
PE
PE
Swap IGP Label

(From LFIB)
POP IGP Label

(Pentultimate Hop)
Push VPN Label

(Red Route)

171
Push IGP Label

(Green PE Router)
Pop VPN Label

(Red Route)
Motivation for Traffic Engineering

Increase efficiency of bandwidth resources
Prevent over-utilised (congested) links whilst other links are
under-utilised
Ensures the most desirable/appropriate path for certain traffic
types based on certain policies
Override the shortest path selected by the IGP
The ultimate goal is COST SAVING

172
The Fish Problem (Shortest Path)
R3
R8
R4
R5
R2
R1
R6
IP uses shortest path destination-based routing

Shortest path may not be the only path
Alternate paths may be under-utilized
Whilst the shortest path Is over-utilized
173
R7
Shortest Path and congestion

20Mbps
traffic to R5
60Mbps
aggregate
R3
26Mbps
drops!
R8
R4
OC3
(155Mbps)
R2
R1

174
R5
GigE
(1Gbps)
GigE
(1Gbps)
R6
40Mbps
traffic to R5
E3
(34Mbps)
OC3
(155Mbps)
GigE
(1Gbps)
R7
The TE solution
20Mbps
traffic to R5
R3
R8
20Mbps traffic
to R5 from R8
R4
R5
R2
40Mbps traffic
to R1 from R8
R1
R6
40Mbps
traffic to R5
MPLS Labels can be used to engineer explicit paths
Tunnels are UNI-DIRECTIONAL
Normal path: R8 R2 R3 R4 R5
Tunnel path: R1 R2 R6 R7 R4

175
R7
Terminology
Constrained-Based Shortest Path First (CSPF)
MPLS-TE uses CSPF to create a shortest path
based on a series of constraints:
Bandwidth
Affinity/Link Attributes
Priority
Tunnels are UNI-DIRECTIONAL!

HEADEND
Upstream

176
MIDPOINT
Tunnel Direction
TAILEND
Downstream
Traffic Engineering Components

Information distribution
Path selection/calculation
Path setup
Trunk admission control
Path maintenance
Forwarding traffic on to tunnel

177
What is Quality of Service?

From a technical perspective
QoS represents the set of techniques necessary to
manage network bandwidth, delay, jitter, and packet loss.
From a business perspective - MANAGED FAIRNESS
.
Critical applications are guaranteed
network resources
required, despite varying network traffic load The ability
to enable predictive response to application traffic

178
Motivation
Offer Differentiated Services

Premium-Class Service (VoIP, Stock Quotes)
Business-Class Service (SAP, Oracle, Citrix)
Best-Effort Service (Backups, Email)
Support for Multi-Service Networks
Supporting Triple Play Services
Voice, Video, Data over IP

179
QoS and MPLS

MPLS does NOT define a new QoS architecture
MPLS QoS uses Differentiated Services (DiffServ) architecture
defined for IP QoS
DiffServ Architecture defined in RFC2475
MPLS support for DiffServ defined in RFC3270
Class of Service Classification carried in
COS Field of Ethernet VLAN 802.1p
TOS Byte of IP Header
DSCP Field of IP Header
EXP Field of MPLS Header

180
Type of Service Field in IP Header

TOS is 8 bit field (1 byte) in the IP header
Same byte is re-defined as the DSCP
0
0
Version
Prec
00
Header
Length
1
0
Type-of-Service
Identification
Time-to-live
Total Length
Flags
Protocol
Offset
Header Checksum
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
Options and Padding
181
2
0
3
0
EXP Field in MPLS Header
EXP is 3 bit field MPLS Label Header (also known as SHIM)
LABEL
0
0

182
1
0
EXP
2
0
TTL
3
0
IETF DiffServ Model

Re-define TOS byte in IP header to Differentiated Services
Code Point (DSCP) or DS Byte
Uses 6 bits to categorise traffic into Behavior Aggregates or
Classes
Defines a number of Per Hop Behaviors applied to links
Two-Ingredient Recipe:
Condition the Traffic at the Edges

Invoke the PHBs in the Core

183
Differentiated Services Architecture (RFC 2745)

DiffServ Domain
DiffServ Domain
Ingress
Node
TCA
PHB
DiffServ Domain
Interior
Node
Egress
Node
PHB
TCA
PHB
Traffic Conditioning Agreement (TCA)
Per-Hop Behavior (PHB)
Classification/Marking/Policing/Shaping
Queuing/Dropping

184
DiffServ Terminology
PHB
Per Hop Behavior
The DiffServ treatment (scheduling/dropping) applied by a Router to all the
packets which are to experience the same DiffServ service
DSCP Differentiated Services Code Point

The value in the IP Header indicating which PHB is to be applied to the
packet
BA
Behaviour Aggregate
The set of all the packets which have the same DSCP (and thus that will
receive the same PHB)
OA
Ordered Aggregate
The set of BAs which have an ordering constraint (must go into the same
queue)
PSC
PHB Scheduling Class
The set of PHBs applied to an OA (the set of PHBs using the same
queue)

185
DiffServ Terminology - How they fit together

OA
Packets with AF
markings
PSC
BA AF11
PHB
BA AF12
PHB
BA AF13
PHB
OA
Packets with AF
markings
Queue for AF1x

(Bronze Class)
PSC
BA AF21
PHB
BA AF22
PHB
BA AF23
PHB

186
Drop Probabilities
within the queue
Link
Queue for AF2x

(Sliver Class)
Per-Hop Behaviors (PHB)

Expedited Forwarding (EF)
Building block for low delay/jitter/loss
Served at a certain rate with short/empty queues
Assured Forwarding (AF)
High probability of delivery if profile is not exceeded
Four classes and three levels of drop precedence
Specific resources (BW, buffer space) allocated to each class
at each node
Best Effort (BE)

187
DiffServ Classes (DSCP Values)
Priority Classes
High
Low
EF
AF4
AF3
AF2
AF1
BE
Low
Drop Probability
Priority 101110 (46)

Low Drop
AFx1
AF41
100010 (34)
AF31
011010 (26)
AF21
010010 (18)
AF11
001010 (10)
Med Drop
AFx2
AF42
100100 (36)
AF32
011100 (28)
AF22
010100 (20)
AF12
001100 (12)
High Drop
AFx3
AF43
100110 (38)
AF33
011110 (30)
AF23
010110 (22)
AF13
001110 (14)
Best
Effort
High

188
000000
Reference Point 6: IP Evolution IPv6 &

Strategy

189
An IPv4 packet walks into a bar and says Give me a CIDR,

Im exhausted
An IPv6 packet walks into a bar and complains I cant get a
drink because not many people understand me

190
The Day The Earth Stood Still
Hey Buddy,
Can you spare
an IPv4 address?
3rd February 2011

The last five remaining /8 pools were allocated amongst the
five Regional Internet Registries
Announcement by ICCAN
Available Pool of Unallocated IPv4 Internet Addresses Now
Completely Emptied
Source:
http://www.icann.org/en/news/releases/release-03feb11-en.pdf
191
Nokia
Siemens Networks
Where Did All the IPv4 Go?

000
IANA
001
APNIC
014
PDN
015
HP
016
DEC
019
Ford
020
CsC
021
US DoD
234
Multicast
235
Multicast
236
Multicast
239
Multicast
240
Class E
241
Class E
254
Class E
255
Class E
003
GE
002
RIPE
013
Xerox
012
AT&T
017
Apple
018
MIT
023
Next
022
US DoD
233
Multicast
232
Multicast
237
Multicast
238
Multicast
243
Class E
242
Class E
253
Class E
252
Class E
004
L3
007
ARIN
008
L3
011
US DoD
030
US DoD
029
US DoD
024
Cable
025
230
UK Defense Multicast
231
Multicast
226
Multicast
225
Multicast
244
Class E
247
Class E
248
Class E
251
Class E
005
RIPE
006
US DoD
009
IBM
010
RFC1918
031
RIPE
028
US DoD
027
APnic
026
US DoD
229
Multicast
228
Multicast
227
Multicast
224
Multicast
245
Class E
246
Class E
249
Class E
250
Class E
058
APnic
057
SITA
054
Merck
053
Cap Debis
032
AT&T
035
MERIT
036
APnic
037
RIPE
218
APnic
219
APnic
220
APnic
223
APnic
202
APnic
201
LACnic
198
Legacy
197
AFRINic
059
APnic
056
US Postal
055
US DoD
052
033
El duPONT US DoD
034
Haliburton
039
APnic
038
PSI
217
RIPE
216
ARIN
221
APnic
222
APnic
203
APnic
200
LACnic
199
ARIN
196
AFRInic
060
APnic
061
APnic
050
ARIN
051
UK DSS
046
RIPE
045
ARIN
040
Eli Lily
041
AFRInic
214
US DoD
215
US DoD
210
APnic
209
ARIN
204
ARIN
205
ARIN
194
RIPE
195
RIPE
063
ARIN
062
RIPE
049
APnic
048
Prudential
047
Bell North
044
Radio
043
Inet
042
APnic
213
RIPE
212
RIPE
211
APnic
208
ARIN
207
ARIN
206
ARIN
192
RIPE
192
Legacy
064
ARIN
067
ARIN
068
ARIN
069
ARIN
122
APnic
123
APnic
124
APnic
127
Loopback
128
Legacy
131
Legacy
132
Legacy
133
Legacy
186
LACnic
187
LACnic
188
Legacy
191
Legacy
065
ARIN
066
ARIN
071
ARIN
070
ARIN
121
APnic
120
APnic
125
APnic
126
APnic
129
Legacy
130
Legacy
135
Legacy
134
Legacy
185
RIPE
184
ARIN
189
LACnic
190
LACnic
078
RIPE
077
RIPE
072
ARIN
073
ARIN
118
APnic
119
APnic
114
APnic
113
APnic
142
Legacy
141
Legacy
136
Legacy
137
Legacy
182
APnic
183
APnic
178
RIPE
177
LACnic
079
RIPE
076
ARIN
075
ARIN
074
ARIN
117
APnic
116
APnic
115
APnic
112
APnic
143
Legacy
140
Legacy
139
Legacy
138
Legacy
181
LACnic
180
APnic
179
LACnic
176
RIPE
080
RIPE
081
RIPE
094
RIPE
095
RIPE
096
ARIN
097
ARIN
110
APnic
111
APnic
144
Legacy
145
Legacy
158
Legacy
159
Legacy
160
Legacy
161
Legacy
174
ARIN
175
APNIC
083
RIPE
082
RIPE
093
RIPE
092
RIPE
099
ARIN
098
ARIN
109
RIPE
108
ARIN
147
Legacy
146
Legacy
157
Legacy
156
Legacy
163
Legacy
162
Legacy
173
ARIN
172
Legacy
084
RIPE
087
RIPE
088
RIPE
091
RIPE
100
ARIN
103
APnic
104
ARIN
107
ARIN
148
Legacy
151
Legacy
152
Legacy
155
Legacy
164
Legacy
167
Legacy
168
Legacy
171
Legacy
090
RIPE
101
APnic
102
AFRInic
105
AFRInic
106
APnic
149
Legacy
150
Legacy
153
Legacy
154
Legacy
165
Legacy
166
Legacy
169
Legacy
170
Legacy
085use only086
For internal
089
RIPE
RIPE
RIPE
192
Nokia Siemens
Networks
It Is Not Just About IPv4 Exhaustion

There are arguably two intertwined problems
Exhaustion of Global and Private IPv4 address space
Addressed by IPv6 and stop gap measures such as NAT, CIDR
Available AS number pool also shrinking (hence 32 bit AS numbers)
Private RFC1918 space is not big enough for many SPs
Growing size of the Internet routing table
July 2010
Feb 2011
IPv4 BGP Entries
328,598
350,103
IPv6 BGP Entries
3114
4752
As IPv6 grows aggregation is desirable (PI vs PA)

http://bgp.potaroo.net
193
Source:
Nokia Siemens
Networks
APNIC R&D 25 Feb 2011
What Are The Drivers To Move To IPv6?

IPv6 is an enabler
It is NOT a new service
It allows anything to connect to
everything

194
IPv4 address pool exhausted

NGN Capabilities to Defence
Government Mandates
Cable market address scaling
Population densities in APAC
4G deployments
Smart Grids/Sensor Networks
Connected Communities
IPv4 connects computers
IPv6 connects people and things
Technical Benefits of IPv6

Huge address space
Simplified header format
Efficient packet handling fields moved out of header or
eliminated
Checksum removed, Fragmentation moved to end hosts
Hierarchical network architecture
Routing efficiency high level of aggregation possible
Auto configuration and plug-and-play support
Some reduction in the need for network address translation
Optimized for Internet mobile applications
New types of peer to peer applications
Increased number of multicast addresses
Flow labels for QoS

195
IPv4 and IPv6 Header Comparison

IPv4 Header
Version IHL
Type of
Service
Identification
Time to Live
Total Length
Version
Flags
Protocol
IPv6 Header
Fragment
Offset
Header Checksum
Traffic
Class
Flow Label
Payload Length
Source Address
Destination Address
Legend
Options
Padding
Source Address
Fields Name Kept from IPv4 to IPv6

Fields Not Kept in IPv6
Name and Position Changed in IPv6
New Field in IPv6

196
Destination Address
Next
Header
Hop Limit
IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long
Segmented into 8 groups of four HEX characters
Separated by a colon (:)
50% for network ID, 50% for interface ID
Network portion is allocated by Internet registries 2^64 (1.8 x 1019)
Still leaves us with ~ 3 billion network prefixes for each person on earth
Global Unicast Identifier Example
Network Portion
Interface ID
gggg:gggg:gggg:s
ssssxxxx:xxxx:xxxx:
sss:
:xxxx
Global Routing Subnet ID
64 n bits
Prefix
n <= 48 bits
Host
2001:0000:0000:0
00A10000:0000:0000:
0A1:
:1E2A

197
2001:0: A1:
:1E2A
0:
Full Format
Abbreviated Format
Integration or Migration?
Application
Migration
IPv6 + IPv4
Integration
PE
IPv
6
Application
Migration
PE
CE
CE
IPv4+IPv6
Core
IPv
6
Some applications at the edge will MIGRATE to IPv6

Network infrastructures will INTEGRATE IPv6
IPv4 will be around for a very long time
Networks will support both protocols
Many hardware components will be dual-stack capable (IPv4+IPv6)
IPv6 is a gradual and controlled process of INTEGRATION
198
IPv6 Planning Steps

Business Case Identified/Justified
Evaluate effect
on business
model
Establish IPv6
project
management
team
IPv6 Training
strategy
Decide IPv6
architectural
solution
Test
application
software and
services
Develop
procurement
plan
199
Assess
network
hardware and
software
Obtain IPv6
prefix(es)
Develop IPv6
exception
strategy
Develop
security
policy
10
IPv6 Deployment Options

IPv6 Only
IPv6 is the only protocol operating in the network

IPv6
IPv6
IPv6
Dual Stack (in devices/hosts and networks)

IPv4 and IPv6 operate in tandem over shared or dedicated links
Applications Dual
Stack Aware
IPv4
IPv6
IPv4
IPv6
IPv6
IPv4
IPv4
Tunnelling over IPv4 or MPLS
Shared
Links
IPv6
Dedicated Links
IPv6 confined to the edge of the IPv4 / MPLS core

IPv6
IPv4/MPLS
IPv4/MPLS
Tunnel
Protocol Translation (Moving to Experimental in IETF)

Allow IPv6-only devices to communicate with IPv4-only devices
200
Thank You!

201

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