Project Name

BURJ DUBAI TOWER

Job No

Sheet No

Client

EMAAR

Prepared By

Checked By

Section of Project

EARLY-AGE CRITICAL STEEL RATIO

Date

Date

DX00174

PO Box 52750
Dubai
United Arab Emirates

ISO 2394 STANDARDISED FORM ANALYSIS

REFERENCE

15 Apr 15

CONTENTS

OUTPUT

SAFETY MARGIN
CIRIA C660
Tbl A10.2

Basic Equation, crit = kis.ka.ks.fct3/fyk

where kis = in situ strength factor
ka = age at loading factor

ks = sustained loading factor

fct3 = mean concrete tensile strength at 3 days
fyk = characteristic strength of reinforcement

For reliability analysis, the above equation is re-arranged in the form of the safety margin,
M:
M = crit - kis.ka.ks.fct3/fyk and, at failure, M = 0
BASIC VARIABLES (EC2 & CIRIA C660)

The basic variables are assumed to be normally distributed random variables. Note that
the 3-day tensile strength of concrete is derived overleaf to allow ease of use with
different concrete grades.
Variable

Units

Mean

Std Dev

COV

0.90

0.082

/
0.091

kis
ka

Tbl A10.2

ks

fyk

MPa

1.00

0.136

0.136

0.70
530

0.040
32.1

0.057
0.061

SENSITIVITY FACTORS (-VALUES)

The following standardised -values are suggested in ISO 2394.
Variable, Xi

ISO 2394
Table E.3

Dominant resistance variable

Sensitivity Factor, i
0.80

Other resistance variables

0.32

Dominant load variable

Other load variables

-0.70
-0.28

A variable is a load variable if failure is more likely when it takes values higher than the
mean.
A variable is a resistance variable if failure is more likely when it takes values less than the
mean.
Note that -values are +ve for variables that provide safety and are -ve for variable that
are hazardous.

The procedure is described in ISO 2394 and was used for the probabilistic verification of
the Eurocodes. However, to limit the error in using table E.3, it is usually required that:
0.16 < S/R < 6.6
where S is the dominant load variable
R is the dominant resistance variable
Sheet: Main 04/15/2015 04:39:58

PC File Ref: 266706336.xls

Sheet: Main 04/15/2015 04:39:59

PC File Ref: 266706336.xls

Project Name

BURJ DUBAI TOWER

Job No

Sheet No

Client

EMAAR

Prepared By

Checked By

Section of Project

EARLY-AGE CRITICAL STEEL RATIO

Date

Date

DX00174

PO Box 52750
Dubai
United Arab Emirates

ISO 2394 STANDARDISED FORM ANALYSIS

REFERENCE

15 Apr 15

CONTENTS

OUTPUT

INPUT DATA (EC2 & CIRIA C660)

Concrete Grade

= C40/50
fck = 40 MPa
fctm = 3.55 MPa
fct3 = 2.12 MPa

Characteristic Cylinder Strength

Mean 28-Day Tensile strength
Mean 3-Day Tensile strength
Variable
fct3

E.4.3.A

3-Day Tensile
Strength
fct3 = 2.12 MPa

Units

Mean

Std Dev

COV
/

MPa

2.12

0.39

0.184

pf = 5.0%
-1
= (pf) =

Probability of failure,
ISO 2394

C40/50 Concrete

Reliability Index,

Reliability Index
1.645

ISO 2394 suggests =1.5 for irreversible serviceability limit states, which corresponds to = 1.645 for 5.0%
pf = 6.7%.
probability of failure
RELIABILITY ANALYSIS
Check fct3/fyk =

0.39/32.1= 0.012

< 0.16 Therefore Table E-3 may not apply

Notwithstanding the above, a full iterative FORM analysis has been carried out in
accordance with ISO 2394 and this gives similar results to that obtained from this
analysis. Therefore the error using the standardised procedure in this analysis is small.

Using Standardised
ISO 2394 FORM
Procedure is OK

The "design point" values, Z*i, are first calculated in standard normal space and then
transformed to basic variable space.. Note that the variables have a mean, i = 0, and a
standard deviation, i = 1, in standard normal space.
Dominant Load Variable
Dominant Load Variable is fct3 because its COV is highest and all of the load variables vary
linearly with the safety margin, M.
Z*fct3 =
fct3. =
-0.70 x 1.645

= -1.152

Other Load Variables

Z*kis =
kis. =
-0.28 x 1.645

= -0.461

Dominant Resistance Variable

Z*fy =
fy. =
0.80 x 1.645

= 1.316

= Z*ka = Z*ks

Transforming the design points from standard normal space to basic variable space gives
the following design values:
k*is =
kis - Z*kis.kis =
0.90 + 0.461 x 0.082 =
0.938
k*a =
ka - Z*ka.ka =
1.00 + 0.461 x 0.136 =
1.063
k*s =
ks - Z*ks.ks =
0.70 + 0.461 x 0.040 =
0.718
f*ct3 =
fct3 - Z*fct3.fct3 =
2.12 + 1.152 x 0.390 =
2.57 MPa
f*yk =
fyk - Z*fyk.fyk =
530 - 1.316 x 32.1 =
488 MPa
For Safety Margin, M = 0, Critical Steel Ratio, crit:
crit =
k*is.k*a.k*sf*ct3/f*yk
crit =

Sheet: Calc 04/15/2015 04:39:59

0.938x1.063x0.718x2.574/488

= 0.378%

For 5% Failures,
C40/50 Concrete &
500 MPa Steel
crit = 0.378%
PC File Ref: 266706336.xls

Sheet: Calc 04/15/2015 04:39:59

PC File Ref: 266706336.xls