Experimental design subjects participants confederate working for experimenter, acts as another participant treatment IV Independent variable dependent

variable DV outcome confounding variable factors that are not part of the hypothesis but that have
an effect on the variable of interest pre-test measure of DV before treatment post-test measure of DV after treatment experimental group participants who receive the treatment control group participants who do not receive the treatment experimental
design planning & arranging of the parts of an experiment r&om assignment participants divided into groups at the beginning of experimental research using a r&om process so the experimenter can treat the groups as equivalent Non-r&om assignment oneshot case study(1group, treatment, post test) one-group pretest-posttest; static group comparison(2 groups, treatment, post) interrupted time series (1 group, many pre, treatment, many post) equivalent time series(1 group, many pre,many same treatments, many
post) r&om assignment classical experiment control&experimental group, pre&post for each group two-group posttest only 2 groups, treatment, post latin square several IVs solomon four group 4 groups, pre, treatment, post factorial design two or more IVs
in combo, main effects, interaction effects, 2 or more groups Internal validity(what is responsible for change in DV) selection bias; history effect (event unrelated to study affects DV); testing effect(pre affects experiment); maturation effect(growth,
boredom); instrumentation (measurement changes during experiment); experimental mortality(participants don't take part in the whole experiment) statistical regression effect; diffusion of treatment (participants of different groups communicate);
compensatory behaviour(participants in control group modify behavior to make up for not getting treatment) experimenter expectancy; dem& characteristics (participants pick up clues>modify behavior); placebo effect external validity (can I generalize
findings across population, setting, time) population generalization; naturalistic generalization (from artificial to real life); theoretical generalization (from abstract theory to activities in specific experiment)Content analysis nonreactive, written, coding >
research Q: including large volume of text, afar or past topics, revealing themes not seen with casual observation coding dependent on unit of analysis coding measurement frequency, direction, intensity, space validity developed categories meaningful? face,
content, jury validity strenghts affordable, original data can be checked for validity over&over, safe weakness limited to recorded info, risk of incorrect reference nonreactive research people are unaware of being studied unobtrusive measures nonreactive
measures erosion measures nonreactive measures of the wear or deterioration on surfaces due to activity of people accretion measure nonreactive measure of the residue of activity oof people or what they leave behind coding system set of instructions/rules
in content analysis to explain how researcger systematically converted symbolic content from text to quantitative data structured observation method of watching what is happening in a social setting that is highly organized & follows systematic rules for
observation & documentation manifest coding type of con.ana. coding, researcher develops list of word, phrases, symbols, then locates them in a communication medium latent coding researcher identifies subjective meaning (themes, motifs), then locates
them in a communication medium intercoder reliability equivalence reliability in con.ana. with multiple content coders that requires a high degree of consistency across coders Field research used when we want to learn about, underst&, describe a group of
interacting people steps preparing for field; choose a field/site>gain access; enter field/establish social relations/apply strategies; maintain relations; gather/record data; exit field rapport builds on charm&trust, underst&ing, avoiding freeze out reliability
internal&external consistency validity ecological validity (does presence disturb?); natural history (detailed description); member validation (members judge outcome); competent insider performance (by researcher) ethical dilemmas covert vs overt;
confidentiality; involvement w/ deviants; power ethnography fiel research that emphasozes providing detailed description of different culture from viewpoint of insider in culture to facilitate underst&ing thick description qualitative data, researcher attempts
to capture all details of social setting in extremly detailed description& convey intimate feeling for setting & inner lives of people in it ethnomethodology combines philiosophy, social theory, method to study commonsense knowledge; investigates ordinary
social interaction in small scale settings to reveal rules people use to construct & maintain their everyday social reality breaching experiment research technique by which field researcher intentionally breaks social rules/patterns of behavior to reveal aspects
about social meanings/relationships naturalism principle that researchers should examine events as they occur in natural, everyday, ongoing social settings defocussing researcher removes past assumptions, to become more open to events in field. before
actual research gatekeepers official or unofficial role, controlling access to setting attitude of strangeness field research technique, researchers mentally adjust to see events in field as if for first time as outsider freeze-out people studied in field research who
refuse to cooperate w/ researcher or be involved in study life-history interview open-ended, with 1 person who describes his entire life Analysis of quantitative data coding, entering, cleaning data> univariate/bivariate/multivariate. consider level of
measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio; statistical significance; Type I (+) & Type II (-)error measures of central tendencies summary about 1 variable into single number mode indicates most frequent score, used with all levels(s.a.) median half cases
above, half cases below mean sum of scores divided by total number of scores. interval&ratio level normal distribution bell shaped frequency skewed distribution not bell shaped, tendency towards 1 extreme measures of variation how spread are scores
from central tendency range largest&smallest score. used w/ ordinal/interval/ratio level percentile shows the score at a specific place within the distribution; used wutg ordinal/interval/ratio level st&ard deviation (SD) average distance btw scores&mean.
used w/ interval&ratio level univariate statistics statistical measures that deal with 1 variable only bivariate statistics stat measures that involve 2 variables only multivariate statistics stat measures that involve 3 or more variables (correlation) covariation
knowing the values on 1 variable provides info about values found on another statistical independence no association btw 2 or more variables(zero correlation) scattergram gives info on form or relation, direction of relation& precision of relation
contingency table shows bivariate associations as % across rows or down columns for the categories of 1 variable marginal in con.table, row/column of totals measure of association single number, expresses strength of relationship btw 2 variables control
variables helps eliminate alternative explanations elaboration paradigm system for describing patterns evident among tabes when bivariate con.table is compared w/ partials after control variable has been added multiple regression tells us overall predictive
power of the set of IVs & control variables in the DV suppressor variable patterns occurs when the bivariate tables suggest indeoendence but a relationship appears in on eor both partials inferential statistics build on probability theory; to test hypotheses
formally; permit inferences from sample to population, test whetger descriptive results are by chance or real interviews types st&ardized, semi-st&ardized, non-st&ardized development of interview guide identification of overall research question>
identification of subtopics> drawing up questions for each topic> sequencing topics&questions types of questions descriptive, structural, contrast (asked in this order) Focus group focused discussion, guided by focused questions, 6-12 people, common
characteristic concerning the topic no focus group nominal groups seeking to build consensus, community forum, legal hearing, public testimony, panel discussion, study group historical-comparative research steps conceptualization (familarizing with
setting, orientation reading)>locating evidence> evaluating quality of evidence(relevance, accuracy)> organizing> synthesizing> writing types of evidence primary sources, secondary sources, running records, recollections primary source survival is not
r&om, external criticism (authenticity), internal criticism (evaluation of content) secondary source may be historically inaccurate, no hypothesis testing possible, post facto, implicity of theories, selective evidence, narrative writing, bias from schools of
historiography errors/fallacies baconian fallacy (misconception that researcger can operate w/out bias) anachronism (placing an event, expression, object, person in the wrong historical context) bowdlerization (deliberate distortion of past to protect a
particular -usually favorable- image) summary intro to the methodological principles for inquiry to historical& comparative materials & its general approach to research issues>HC appropriate for "big questions", macro level changes, understand social
processes , across time or across societies> HC can be carried out in several ways, most similar to field research> most important feat: how to approach question/probe data/move towards explanations cross-cultural/culture-sensitive research culture iceberg
>objective/subjective culture emic investigates 1 cult. at 1 point in time, cult.specific, researcher discovers structure, phenomena are understood&investigated in local language etic more than 1 cult. is investigated, comparison of cult.s, assumption of
universality, researcher determines structure, outsider perspective, cult. as IV, quantitative testing hypotheses imposed etics assumption that concepts/methods that were developed in 1 culture are the same in another cult. derived etics efforts to gain local
perspectives from many cult.s (emics), in order to draw conclusions about communalities btw cult.s combined emic-etic approach delineating both, universal&culturally specific aspects of constructs>recommended approach 5 issues of CC(survey) research
cultural sensitivity; communication styles; situational sensittiviy, courtesy bias, access Q of comparibility btw cult.s: 'apples&oranges' reference group effect ppl from different cultural groups use different refernts in their self-reported values appropriatness
of research material cult.al appropropriatness of research material affects results of CC research; does instrument/research material in cult. of interest capture construct of interest>adequate>representative> comprehensive?; 3 approaches fro applying research
material: application (same instrument)>adaption(slightly changed instr.)>assembly(new instrument) translation quality is crucial, more than literate translation, cult.al&linguistic differences are influential types of translation translation-on-the-fly (hired
interviewer translates during interview); translation-back-translation; parallel translation; simultaneous development; commitee approach equivalence whether&which level can we compare data from different cult.s bias lack of comparability& identification
of source of distortion free of bias=equivalence Analysis of Qualitative Data Open coding first coding, aim is to condense data into prelimenary analytic categories/codes axial coding second stage of coding, organization of codes, linking them, discover
core analytic categories selective coding last stage in coding, examining previous codes in order to identify & select data that will support developed conceptual coding categories outcropping recognition of some events/features as representative of deeper
(unseen) structural relations ideal types originates from max weber; mental abstraction of social relations/processes; st&ards to be cmpared against the 'reality'; artificial; no reality ever fits an ideal type successive approximation repeatedly moving back&
forth btw empricial data & abstract consepts/theories/models - adjusting theory&refining data collection each time illustrative method preexisting theories can provide conceptual empty boxes that are filled with empirical evidence; evidence in boxes
confirms/modfies/rejects theory empty boxes conceptual categories ina n explanation used as part of the illustrative method case clarification theoretical focus on specific case or single situation in order to make that case/situation more underst&able using
theory parallel demonstration juxtapositioning of multiple cases demonstrating that the same theory holds across multiple cases pattern matching matches observation from one case w/pattern or concepts derived from theory or other studies; narrows the
range of possible explanations domain analysis originates from cognitive anthropology(study btw human cult.&thought); describes& reveals structure of cultural domain cultural domain cultural setting/site in which ppl regularly interact & develop a set of
shared understandings that can be analyzed folk domains cultural area based on argot&categories used by ppl being studied in field site mixed domains cultural area combining argot&categories of members under study w/ categories developed by researcher
analytic domains cultural area developed by researcher using categories/terms that s/he developed to underst& a social setting analytic comparison qualitative data analysis technique using the method of agreement &the method of difference to discover
causal factors affecting an outcome among set of cases negative case method focus on a case that does not conform to theoretical expectations & make use of details that case to refine theory network analysis rests on the idea of social networks; mapping the
connections among a set of ppl time allocation analysis examinating the duration or amount of time devoted to various activities flowchart&time sequences analysis of the order of events or decisions multiple sorting procedure similar to domain analysis,
purpose: discover how ppl categorize their experiences or classify items into similar/different diagrams help to organize ideas abd assist in systematically investigating data, communicate results to readers method of agreement focus attention on what is
common across cases sharing a common outcome & attempting to locate a common cause method of difference can be used alone or in combination with the method of agreement; stronger than method of agreement narrative analysis a method for analyzing
data&providing explanation, both type of historical writing letting a story&type of data analysis presenting chronologically linked chain of events in which individual&collective social actors have an important role path dependency unique beginning can
trigger sequence of events&create deterministic path periodization dividing flow of time in social reality into segments/periods; field researcher might discover parts/periods in ongoing process historical contingency refers to unique combination of particular
factors/specific circumstances that may not be repeated; combination is idiosyncratic, unexpected from the flow or prior conditions