An Introduction to EarthquakeResistant Design

Stephen Mahin

Nishkian Professor of Structural Engineering

University of California at Berkeley
777 Davis Hall
642-4021; mahin@ce.berkeley.edu
CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering
U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

1-1

The Earthquake Challenge

Earthquakes provide one of the most challenging
problems facing the structural engineering profession

Important social and economic problem

Field is rapidly changing
 Changing demands by society
 New tools for design and analysis
 New technologies

Basic concepts and tools relevant to design to resist
other forms of natural and human-induced hazards

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

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Today

Course Organization

Sources of Earthquake Damage

Trends in Earthquake Engineering

Evolution of building codes

Genesis of performance-based approaches to
earthquake engineering

Scope of Course

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

1-3

Course Organization
Contact Information

Instructor:

Stephen Mahin

777 Davis Hall, 642-4021, mahin@ce.berkeley.edu

Office Hours:
Tentatively TuTh 1-2
or by appointment

Teaching Assistant:
Janise Rodgers

504 Davis Hall

janise_r@uclink4.berkeley.edu
Office Hours: TBD

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

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Course Organization
Lectures

TuTh 11-12:30
534 Davis Hall

Review and Discussion Session ?

Weekly session with Graduate Student Instructor or

Professor.

Clarify important points in class or carry out examples.

Help with homework assignments.

Time slot to make up missed classes.

Time to be determined

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

1-5

Course Organization
Prerequisites

Advanced course in structural analysis (CEE 220/121)

Course in structural dynamics through modal analysis

and use of linear response spectrum techniques for

multiple degree of freedom systems (CEE 225/125).
Some design background.
Some familiarity with plastic analysis.

Questions on student background:

Capacity design concepts (CE 244) and simple plastic

analysis (CEE 248)?

Computer tools? SAP? ETABS? OpenSees? CEE 221?
CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering
U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

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On-Line Course Notes

Annotated interactive course
outline available at:
http://peer.berkeley.edu/course_mod
ules/eqrd/

Still under construction

Includes class notes,

handouts, homework
problems, most solutions,
review questions, as well
as:

Various analytical tools

Links

Other useful information

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

1-7

FEMA References
FEMA publications available for free by downloading from the web
or calling 1-800-480-2520

The 2000 NEHRP Recommended Provisions For New Buildings And

Other Structures (FEMA 368) FEMA, Washington DC, 2000,

http://www.bssconline.org/NEHRP2000/comments/provisions/
Seismic Evaluation and Upgrade Criteria for Existing Welded Steel
Moment-Frame Buildings(FEMA 351), Specifications and Quality
Assurance Guidelines for Steel Moment-Frame Construction for
Seismic Applications (FEMA 353), Seismic Design Criteria for New
Steel Moment-Frame Buildings (FEMA 350), FEMA, Washington DC,
July 2000. http://www.fema.gov/library/
prepandprev.shtm#earthquakes
NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings (FEMA
356), FEMA/ASCE, Washington DC, 1997.
http://www.degenkolb.com/0_0_ Misc/0_1_FEMADocuments/
fema356/ps-fema356.html.

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

1-8

Useful References

Various Technical Papers

On Reserve in Engineering Library

From course website or other provided URLs.

Frequent reference to:

Structural Dynamics and Earthquake

Engineering, A. Chopra, Prentice Hall, 2000.

Reference Texts:

Earthquake Engineering Handbook,

Scawthorn, CRC Press, 2002.

W-F. Chen; C.

Seismic Design Handbook, F. Naiem, 2nd ed., Kluwer

Press, 2001.
Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, S.Kramer,
Prentice Hall, 1995.
CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering
U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

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Important Sources of Information

National Information
Service for Earthquake
Engineering
http://nisee.berkeley.edu

Library, located at Pacific

Earthquake Engineering
Research Center, Richmond
Computer applicationsProvides non-proprietary
computer software and
ground motions library

Earthquake Engineering
Research Institute,
Oakland, CA http://www.eeri.org

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

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Nonlinear Analysis of Structural Systems

Download: http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~hachem/bispec/index.html

Bispec

Single-DOF systems

subjected to one or two

components of one or
more earthquake
records
Response spectra
Animation
Online and
downloadable help
manuals

Other programs
(NONLIN, CAPP, ETABS,
SAP) will be made
available later

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

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Course Organization
Assignments

Reading
Homework Assignments

Sequence of problems related

to design and evaluation of a

single building
Quantitative as well as
discussion type questions

Grading

Homework, 25%

Quizzes, 40%

Project, 35%

Midterm Quizzes

Equivalent of two 80 minute

midterm exams ( 4-40 minute

or 5-35 minute quizzes)

Term Project

Design or research type

project of your choice

One of many possible projects

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

1-12

Course Organization

Questions?
nisee

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

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UC Regents

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Review Sources of Damage

Damage caused by:

Ground shaking

 Fault rupturing
 Liquefaction and soil
movement
 Slope instability and
landslides
 Tsunami and seiche
 Fire
 Flooding
 Interaction with adjacent
structures (pounding)

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

Review Sources of Damage

Damage caused by:

 Ground shaking

Fault rupturing
 Liquefaction and soil
movement
 Slope instability and
landslides
 Tsunami and seiche
 Fire
 Flooding
 Interaction with adjacent
structures (pounding)

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

1-15

Review Sources of Damage

Damage caused by:

 Ground shaking
 Fault rupturing

Liquefaction and soil







movement
Slope instability and
landslides
Tsunami and seiche
Fire
Flooding
Interaction with adjacent
structures (pounding)

nisee

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

1-16

Review Sources of Damage

Damage caused by:

 Ground shaking
 Fault rupturing
 Liquefaction and soil

movement

Slope instability and
landslides
Tsunami and seiche
Fire
Flooding
Interaction with adjacent
structures (pounding)

nisee






CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

1-17

UC Regents

1-18

Review Sources of Damage

Damage caused by:

 Ground shaking
 Fault rupturing
 Liquefaction and soil
movement
 Slope instability and

landslides

Tsunami and seiche
Fire
Flooding
Interaction with adjacent
structures (pounding)





CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

Review Sources of Damage

Damage caused by:

 Ground shaking
 Fault rupturing
 Liquefaction and soil
movement
 Slope instability and
landslides
 Tsunami and seiche

Fire
 Flooding
 Interaction with adjacent
structures (pounding)

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

1-19

UC Regents

1-20

Review Sources of Damage

Damage caused by:

 Ground shaking
 Fault rupturing
 Liquefaction and soil
movement
 Slope instability and
landslides
 Tsunami and seiche
 Fire

Flooding
 Interaction with adjacent
structures

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

10

Review Sources of Damage

Damage caused by:

 Ground shaking
 Fault rupturing
 Liquefaction and soil
movement
 Slope instability and
landslides
 Tsunami and seiche
 Fire
 Flooding
 Interaction with adjacent
structures

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

1-21

Trends in Earthquake Engineering

Rapid evolution of model building codes and ad

hoc guidelines for design of special structures
and evaluation and rehabilitation of existing
structures

Fundamental approaches being developed for
performance-based engineering design and
evaluation

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

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11

Rapid evolution of building codes

Focus is on prevention of major catastrophes associated
with structural collapse

Changes in code provisions usually
tied to observed damage in major
earthquakes

Damage to buildings on soft soil
soil factors

Damage to tops of tall structures
concentrated forces applied
at top of structures

Damage in R/C columns
ductile details

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

1-23

Basic Design Guidelines from Past Earthquakes

Avoid unnecessary mass.
Achieve a uniform distribution
of mass.
2. Preserve symmetry. Avoid
significant torsional motions.
3. Us as simple a structural
system as possible. Make
sure there is a complete load
path.
4. Use a redundant structural
system. Use a backup
structural system where ever
possible.

1.

Structure should be compact

and regular in both plan and
elevation. Avoid structures with
elongated or irregular plans;
having substantial setbacks in
elevation; or that are unusually
slender.
6. Use a uniform and continuous
distribution of stiffness and
strength. Avoid nonstructural
components that unintentionally
effect this distribution. Avoid
sudden changes in member
sizes or details.

5.

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

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Basic Guidelines (Continued)

7. Permit inelastic action

(damage) only in inherently

non-critical ductile elements
(i.e., in beams rather than
columns).
8. Detail the members to avoid
premature, brittle failure
modes. Utilize capacity design
principles to avoid undesired
shear, axial or joint failures
and to foster ductile flexural
failure modes.
9. Avoid hammering (pounding)
of adjacent structures.

10. Tie all structural components

together. Anchor
nonstructural components to
structure to avoid falling
hazards.
11. Avoid systems with low
amounts of viscous damping.
Absence of nonstructural
components tied to structure
may be indication of low
damping in steel structures.

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

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Building codes are useful design tools

Define standard of care ... important legal
and professional concept.
But ... focus is on minimum standards
needed for the protection of life safety
provide minimum standards to safeguard life or
limb, health, property and public welfare by regulating

g
Buildin
Code

and controlling the design, construction, quality of

materials, use and occupancy, location and maintenance
of buildings.

A detailed, prescriptive deemed-to-comply

format used.

Contains a mix of empiricism, simplified
theory and expert judgment.

Current codes provide little guidance on how
various stipulations relate to performance.

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

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13

Codes improving, but not perfect ...

Uneven performance of model code-compliant buildings noted

in recent earthquakes. Some perform very well, while others
are inadequate.

Nearly 70% of new steel buildings

shaken by the Northridge earthquake

suffered brittle fractures in their welded
beam to column connections. More than
10% of new steel welded moment frame
buildings in Kobe collapsed.

Several new reinforced concrete
structures collapsed or were severely
damaged during the Northridge and
Loma Prieta earthquakes.

Important buildings designed by well
respected engineers, under stringent
quality control conditions are frequently
damaged.

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

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Problems becoming more complex

Expected ground motions more severe and

complex than previously assumed.

Concern for near-source, soft soil,

long duration motions ... the big one.

Publics tolerance for damage has

diminished due to apparent increase in
the frequency of damaging earthquakes

Recent earthquakes
 Near Los Angeles and San Francisco
 Turkey, Taiwan and Japan

Highly publicized probabilistic predictions

No longer considered a rare act of god.

Insurance companies and building owners
concerned with maximum probable economic losses
Minimizing disruption of services important
CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering
U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

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14

Situation is in flux!

Addition of new technologies for seismic

resistance (isolation, supplemental damping,

buckling restrained bracing, composite
members, etc.)

Quantitative, not qualitative, answers wanted

Addition of new analysis and design tools
(nonlinear static and dynamic analysis,
probabalistic hazard maps, etc.)

Economic and social impacts more important

Developments do not all have same objectives

Life safety. How safe?

Stated performance goals may differ

What is meant by performance state (e.g.,
continued occupancy)

Targeted confidence levels vary

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

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Some considerations
Traditional Analysis problem

Need tool box

analysis of demands on
structure

analysis of capacity of

Given structure and

loading, check that
Demands < Capacity

Design problem

structure

Identify attributes of a
structure that for given
earthquake environment
will economically and
reliably satisfy stated
performance
expectations.

Need to manage risk and

uncertainty

Rational load and resistance

factors

Utilize system characteristics

inherently insensitive to
uncertainties in seismic hazard

Focus more on displacement
and stability than force

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

1-30

15

Towards Performance-based Engineering

No need to wait for next earthquake to improve seismic
design and evaluation methods

Probabilistic framework
Probabalistic seismic hazard
assessment
Integrate research on system
and element behavior
Computational tools for predicting seismic demands on
systems and elements
Computational tools to predict capacity of systems and
elements to resist expected demands
Relate engineering parameters to parameters owners and
decision makers can understand (cost, disruption, etc.)

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

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From research to practice

 No longer need to wait


until the next

earthquake
Testing has had a big
impact on structural
engineering knowledge and practice

QuickTime and a YUV420 codec decompressor are needed to see this picture.

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

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16

From research to practice

 No longer need to wait



until the next

earthquake
Testing has had a big
impact on structural
engineering knowledge and practice
Greatly improved
details

QuickTime and a YUV420 codec decompressor are needed to see this picture.

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

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UC Regents

1-34

From research to practice

 No longer need to wait




until the next

earthquake
Testing has had a big
impact on structural
engineering knowledge and practice
Greatly improved
details
Validated computer
models

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

17

Structural Engineering Practice

More and better education

Regularly use computer
simulation models in design
Rigorous inspection of
construction
Codes include advanced
analysis methods
Introduction of new technologies
and devices
Seismic isolation, supplemental
energy dissipation devices
Performance-based engineering
frameworks

QuickTime and a YUV420 codec decompressor are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime and a YUV420 codec decompressor are needed to see this picture.

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

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Severity of Damage

Joes

Joes

Joes
Beer!
Food!

Operational

0%

Beer!
Food!

Immediate
Occupancy

Beer!
Food!

Life
Safety

Damage

Collapse
Prevention
99%

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

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18

Damage related to demand parameters

Joes

Joes

Beer!
Food!

Lateral REsistance

Beer!
Food!

Joes
Beer!
Food!

Structural Displacement

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

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Relate Probabilities of Exceedence to

Damage States
Occasional

Very Rare

Joes

Joes
Beer!
Food!

Beer!
Food!

10

Joes

0.1

Beer!
Food!

0.01

0.001

0.1

0.01

0.0001

Pea k Ground Acceleration - g

Rare

Frequent
(25 years)

Annual Probability of Exceedance

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

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19

Quantification of Earthquake Hazard

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

Structural Engineering

Tools Improve
Greater demands for quantitative
design and evaluation methods
that realistically and explicitly
account for performance

Improving analysis tools
Analysis
Engine

Improving characterization of
performance

UC Regents

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Improved proportioning strategies

Capacity
Design
Improved earthquake characterization
Probability

Hazard
Model

Sd
Improving control of uncertainties

Demand
Capacity

Damage
Models

Probability

Reliability
Model

Fails

Improved assessment of losses

Loss
Models

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

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20

Performance-Based Design Approaches

Capacity
Design

Damage
Models
Analysis
Engine

Loss
Models

Probability

Demand
Capacity

Reliability
Model

Fails?

Probability

Hazard
Model

Sd

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

1-41

Much activity to improve codes

Improved national codes

National Earthquake
Hazard Reduction
Program (NEHRP)
Tentative Provisions for
Seismic Design of
Buildings (Building
Seismic Safety Council)

International Building
Code (merging of three
main model codes used
in the US and
incorporating NEHRP
provisions.

New approaches

Improved performance and

reliability

Performance -based design
(EERC/FEMA)

Vision 2000 (SEAOC)

SAC Steel Project (FEMA 350 FEMA 353)

Next generation codes (NSF,
FEMA)

Existing Buildings

Guidelines for the Rehabilitation

of Existing Buildings (FEMA 356)

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

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21

Earthquake-Resistant Design

Whats covered

Course outline

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

1-43

Rational framework needed

Need balanced perspective to
integrate information from:

structural analysis

structural behavior

seismology

geotechnical engineering

economics and public policy

risk and reliability analysis

Focus on objectives, not

procedures or prescriptions
Rely on first principles
CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering
U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

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22

Some basic issues treated in course

 Identify key response parameters
 How to get a structure that behaves as expected?
 How do different ground motion characteristics effect
structures?
 How do different structural materials & systems behave?
 How do you change system to improve performance?
 Effect of designer decisions about proportions on
response.
 How to characterize reliability of a system?
 What simplified tools should be used in design?
 What analysis tools can be used to assess performance?
CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering
U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

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Course Overview

Introduction

Engineering Characterization of Ground Motions

Sensitivity of Seismic Response of Simple Systems to
Ground Motion and Structural Characteristics

Development of Design Earthquakes (Linear &
Nonlinear)

Analytical Tools for Preliminary/Conceptual Design

Design Issues and Approaches

Code-related Issues - Interpretation and future trends

Performance-based Design

Capacity Design / Damage Tolerant Design

Applications

Moment Resisting and Braced Frames (mainly steel)

New construction and retrofit

Special topics
CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering
U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

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23

Scope of Course

Questions?
nisee

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2003

UC Regents

1-47

24