Loss Reduction Reliability Improvement Hoshi

Feedback Seminar on
Energy-efficiency potential in South Africa
Loss Reduction & Reliabilityy

Improvement in Distribution
S t
System
January 2008
Tokyo
y Electric Power Company
p y
(JICA Study Team)
Koichi HOSHI
Copyright 2009, Tokyo Electric Power Co, Inc. All rights reserved
Image of Distribution Loss

Energy Sent-out from HV/MV Substations
System Loss
Metered End-user Consumption

(energy sold)
Uncollected
Bills
Collected Bills
Bill d Energy
Billed
E
Technical
Loss
Nontechnical
Loss
{(Energy Sent from S/S

Billed Energy)
Technical Losses}
Financial
Loss
(Billed Energy
Collected Bills)
Commercial Loss
Transmission & Distribution Loss

International Comparison of Line Loss
()
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9.1
8.0
6.7
5.2
4.6
3.8
TEPCO
(2002)
U.K.
U.S.A.
FRANCE
(2000)
(1999)
(1998)
GERMANY
(2000)
SOUTH AFRICA
(2008)
FY
Transmission & Distribution Loss

TEPCOs historical trend of Loss
((%))
30
Newly Installation and Capacity Upgrading of Substations

25
20
T&D Lines Upgrading (3.3kV 6.6kV, 66kV 154kV)

15
10
4.6%
20
005
20
000
19
995
19
990
19
985
19
980
19
975
19
970
19
965
19
960
19
955
19
950
FY
Types of Distribution System Loss

Technical
Loss
Conductor
Resistance Loss
Corona Loss or
Leakage (very few)
Transformer
Core Loss
Copper Loss
Mostly losses come from conductor.

conductor Countermeasures advisable.
advisable
Nontechnical
Loss
Financial
Loss
Non Technical Loss

Inaccurate
I
M
Metering
i
Defective Meter
Tampering/Pilferage
C
Commercial
i lL
Loss
Financial Loss
Uncollected Revenue
Countermeasures for Distribution Loss

(Focusing on the Technical Loss)
Leveling distribution system loads by

network re-configuration(for MV, LV system)
Power factor correction by capacitor placement
Install new feeders
Install new transformers
Build a substation
Re-conductoring
(Replace with larger cross section conductor)
Overview of Countermeasures
1. Leveling of distribution system loads
by network re-configuration
Basic Idea
Some loads in the heavyy loaded feeder shifted to
another lightly loaded feeder
Sectionalizing switchgear allocation for load shift (new
interconnection between feeders may be required)
Optimal switching allocation may be done by distribution
system
t
analysis
l i software
ft
Comments
First step for loss reduction with less investment
Image of Load Leveling

Substation B
Load 1
Load 2
Load 3
Substation A
Feeder B
Feeder A
Load 4
MV System Re-configuration
Feeder C
Load 5
Substation C
Substation B
Load 1
Load 2
Load 3
Feeder A
Note:
Substation A
After re-configuration, loss reduction

in feeder A may have much more
impact on the total system loss than
the loss increase in feeder B & C.
Feeder B
Load 4
Feeder C
Load 5
Substation C
2. Power factor correction by capacitor placement
Basic Idea
Improvement of power factor reduces power flow in a feeder
feeder.
Thus, system loss reduction achieved
Power factor improved
p
byy compensating
p
g the reactive power
p
Image of Reactive Current Compensation
Ic(Reactive
(
Current))
Ic
Load
Load
Load
Load
Load
Load
Capacitor
Reactive Current
Ic
IIc
c
Sending
End
Compensation
Without Capacitor
With Capacitor
Receiving
End 9
3 Install
3.
I
ll new feeders/transformers/substations
f d /
f
/ b
i
Basic Idea
Heavy
H
lloaded
d d area to
t be
b supplied
li d by
b new feeder
f d so that
th t
existing feeder supplies less loads (for new feeder install,
sometimes ne
new HV/MV ttransformer
ansfo me needed)
New substation to be built in the center of high load density
area so that existing feeder supplies less loads
Comments
Building
B ildi new facilities(feeders,
f iliti (f d
transformers,
t
f
substations)
b t ti
)
requires a certain level of investment. Impact of loss
reduction and investment must be carefully considered.
10
Evaluation of Loss Reduction Measures

High
Total Cost = Cost of Loss Reduction

+ (Lost) Economic Value of Energy Loss
Optimal point
Cost
Cost of Loss Reduction

(Investment)
(Lost) Economic Value
of Energy Loss *
Low
Input of loss reduction measures
When Cost of Loss Reduction > Economic Value of Reduced

Energy Loss,
the loss reduction measure is considered feasible
Determine the most effective measures and their respective input
11
TEPCO Loss Reduction Experiences

Loss Reduction & Reliability Improvement in Jamaica
Cli
Client:
Marubeni,
M b i Jamaica
J
i Public
P bli Service
S i (JPS)
Period: Aug 2007 July 2008
Power Distribution System Loss Reduction(Phase II)
Client: Electricite du Laos/World Bank
Period: Mar 2007 Dec 2008 ((Phase II))
Period: Mar 2004 Mar 2005 (Phase I)
Feasibility Study on Loss Reduction of Distribution Network
Client: National Electric Power Co. Jordan/JICA
Period: Sep 1999 Oct 2000
12
Reliability Indices
SAIDI : System Average Interruption Duration Index
(Annual Average Interruption Duration per Customer)
SAIDI=
Interruption Duration Number of Interrupted Customers

Total Number of Customers
TEPCO = 3 minutes
SAIFI : System Average Interruption Frequency Index
(Annual Average Interruption Frequency per Customer)
SAIFI=
Total Number of Interrupted Customers

Total Number of Customers
TEPCO = 0. 04 times
13
Distribution Network in TEPCO

T i l Multi-Divided
Typical
M lti Di id d and
d Multi-Connected
M lti C
t d System(Standard
S t (St d d C
Configuration)
fi
ti )
2nd. section
1st. section
3rd. section
3rd. section
Distribution Line
Feeding Point
Feeding Point
2nd. section
1st. section
Open
Open
F di Point
Feeding
P i t
Close
3rd. section
Close
1st section
2nd. section
3rd section
3rd.
: Feeding Cable from Substation

: Section Switch (Closed)
:Section Switch (Open) = Interconnection Switch
Image of Control Center with DAS
: Distribution Line
Flexible network to demand growth

Restored automatically (Distribution
Automation System(DAS))
Section switch remote operation capability
14
Distribution Network in Urban Area

22kV Main/Stand-by Switching System for Urban Area
Service Substation
22kV
22kV Distribution Line
Customer
Customer
Customer
Customer
Steps to Restore
Customer
Customer
Customer
Customer
Step 1
Step 2
O
Outage
O
Outage
Main
Customer
Customer
Customer
Standby
Main
Load
Load
Standby
Customer
Line fault !
Customer
Customer
CB on main line is opened
Customer
Customer
Step 3
Main
Load
Standby
Applied in urban area with large customers
After 4 sec, CB on standby line is closed
2 li
line service
i drops
d
Automatic switching when one line contingency
15
Equipment for Reliability Improvement

Items of Lightning Protection on Overhead Network
Line Arrester
Overhead Grounding Wire
6.6kV
LBS with Built-in Arrester
Inside of
Pole mounted Transformer
Discharge Clamp Insulator

Pole Transformer with Built-in Arrester
Built in Arrester
16
Non-interruption Work Method

MV Non-interruption Methods
- Temporary switch method
- MV by-pass method
- Temporary interconnection method
LV Non-interruption Methods
- Temporary switch method
- Temporary transformer method
Generating Vehicle (Generator) Method
17
Various Methods for reduction of outage time

IIntroduction
t d ti
off Live
Li Li
Line Di
Distribution
t ib ti
Work
W k
By using By-Pass Cables & By-Pass Switches, Planned Outage is
avoided. (Work Area is by-
passed.)
Low voltage (LV) supply is continued by connecting to a neighboring LV system or temporary transformers.
Work Area
Power Source
By-pass Switch (MV)
Line Switch
By-Pass Cable
B
By-pass
C bl (MV)
Cable
Temporary Transformer
By-Pass Switch
18
Effect of Non-interruption Work Method

Reduction of Planned Outage Duration
80
66
69
50
68
60
60
The planned outage time has

Been decreased drastically by
introducing Non
Non-interruption
interruption
work method since 1985.
56
48
48
43
44
39
40
34
30
2 2
199
92
199
93
199
94
199
95
199
96
199
97
199
98
199
99
200
00
199
91
199
90
198
89
10
198
88
20
198
87
198
86
198
85
198
84
198
83
198
81
198
82
198
80
197
79
197
78
197
77
197
76
0
197
75
M
Minutes
s
70
Year
19
TEPCOs Power Supply Reliability

SAIDI
Minutes/customer/year
140
120
Forced O utage
g
P lanned O utage
Total
122
Introduction of Live-Line Work Method

100
100
91
87
80
76
Transformer with built-in Lightning Arrester

60
40
Heavy Snow
20
2 1
8 3
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
3
2007
Year
20

Loss Reduction Reliability Improvement Hoshi

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Loss Reduction Reliability Improvement Hoshi

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Feedback Seminar on

Energy-efficiency potential in South Africa

Loss Reduction & Reliabilityy

Image of Distribution Loss

Metered End-user Consumption

{(Energy Sent from S/S

Transmission & Distribution Loss

Transmission & Distribution Loss

Newly Installation and Capacity Upgrading of Substations

T&D Lines Upgrading (3.3kV 6.6kV, 66kV 154kV)

Types of Distribution System Loss

Mostly losses come from conductor.

Non Technical Loss

Countermeasures for Distribution Loss

Leveling distribution system loads by

Image of Load Leveling

After re-configuration, loss reduction

Evaluation of Loss Reduction Measures

Total Cost = Cost of Loss Reduction

Cost of Loss Reduction

Input of loss reduction measures

When Cost of Loss Reduction > Economic Value of Reduced

TEPCO Loss Reduction Experiences

Interruption Duration Number of Interrupted Customers

Total Number of Interrupted Customers

Distribution Network in TEPCO

: Feeding Cable from Substation

Image of Control Center with DAS

Flexible network to demand growth

Distribution Network in Urban Area

22kV Distribution Line

CB on main line is opened

Equipment for Reliability Improvement

Overhead Grounding Wire

LBS with Built-in Arrester

Discharge Clamp Insulator

Non-interruption Work Method

Various Methods for reduction of outage time

avoided. (Work Area is by-

Effect of Non-interruption Work Method

The planned outage time has

TEPCOs Power Supply Reliability

Introduction of Live-Line Work Method

Transformer with built-in Lightning Arrester

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