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Authors Note:
The lecture slides provided here are taken from the course
Geotechnical Engineering Practice, which is part of the 4th year
Geological Engineering program at the University of British Columbia
(V
(Vancouver,
Canada).
C
d ) The
Th course covers rock
k engineering
i
i and
d
geotechnical design methodologies, building on those already taken
by the students covering Introductory Rock Mechanics and Advanced
Rock Mechanics.
Mechanics
Although the slides have been modified in part to add context, they
of course are missing the detailed narrative that accompanies any
l
lecture.
It is also
l recognized
d that
h these
h
lectures
l
summarize,
reproduce and build on the work of others for which gratitude is
extended. Where possible, efforts have been made to acknowledge
th vvarious
the
ri us ssources,
urc s with
ith a list of
f references
r f r nc s being
b in provided
pr vid d att the
th
end of each lecture.
Errors, omissions, comments, etc., can be forwarded to the
author at: erik@eos.ubc.ca
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Course Overview
This course will examine different
principles, approaches, and tools used in
geotechnical design. The examples and
case histories
hi t i reviewed
i
d will
ill f
focus
primarily on rock engineering problems,
although many of the analytical and
numerical techniques reviewed are also
used in other areas of engineering.
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Course Overview
What makes geotechnical engineering unique is the complexity and
uncertainty involved when interacting with the natural geological
environment.
Rock masses are complex systems!
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Deep Tunnels
Gotthard Base-Tunnel (CH)
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Thuro e
et al. (2004))
Hydroelectric Projects
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M.a.s.l.
Creeping
rock mass
4000
Str
es
2000
Typical major
rock slide (Fig.2)
z-m
ica
-sc
his
ts
Satluj
an
dr
ela
t
fie
ld
ed
roc
kt
yp
es
h
UPHILL
Tunnel
Deformation of
rock mass under
compression / tension
str
es
s
1000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0m
1000
fie
ld
Shear
deformation
Spalling
of rock material
and shotcrete
Buckling
of steel ribs
11,5 m
Cracks in
shotcrete lining
Fo
lia
tio
n
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(qu
art
z-m
ica
-sc
his
t)
DOWNHILL
on
(qu
art
11,5 m
3000
Fo
lia
ti
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Continuous
strength
equal in
all directions
sandstone
Heterogeneous
shale
Discontinuous
fault
sandstone
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Isotropic
Anisotropic
strength
varies with
direction
high
low
joints
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intact
rock
rock mass
ground response
fractured
rock
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With all these factors, the geological history has played its part,
g the rock and the applied
pp
forces.
altering
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damage
Normalized Stress (/cd)
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Ebe
erhardt et al
al. (1999)
cohesion
Relative C
Cohesion
Cumulative D
Damage, AE
Lockn
ner et al. (19
992)
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Hudson & Ha
H
arrison (1997
7)
high stiffness
medium stiffness
low stiffness
low stiffness
high strength
medium strength
low strength
low strength
very brittle
med. brittleness
brittle
ductile
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Zob
back et al. (1989)
In the case of an
underground excavation,
such as a mine or tunnel,
tunnel no
new loads are applied but
the pre-existing stresses
are redistributed.
Total
Stress
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In Situ + ExcavationStress
Induced Stress
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1
Unstable
St
Stress
Concentration
Wedge
Relaxation
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In-Situ
In
Situ Stress
Stress Path
3
Erik Eberhardt UBC Geological Engineering
Kaise
er et al. (200
00)
Stable
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Dzg
gn & Lacassse (2005)
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Geological
investigations
Geophysical
investigations
geological
l i l model
d l
Rockmass
processes
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Geophysical
investigations
geological
l i l model
d l
Rockmass
processes
failure
kinematics
Geotechnical
monitoring
Stability
St
bilit
analysis
Controlling
mechanism(s)
m
m( )
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Design Methodology
Successful
S
f l engineering
i
i d
design
i iinvolves
l
a design
d i process, which
hi h is
i a
sequence of events within which design develops logically. Bieniawski
(1993) summarized a 10 step methodology for rock engineering design
problems,, incorporating
p
p
g 6 design
g principles:
p
p
Step 1:
Statement of the
problem
p
Step 2:
Functional
requirements and
constraints
Bieniawski (1993
3)
performance
objectives
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Design Methodology
Step 1:
performance
objectives
Step 2:
Functional requirements
and constraints
design variables &
d i
design
iissues
Step 3:
Collection of information
Step 4:
Concept formulation
g
geological
g
characterization,,
rock mass properties, in situ
stresses, groundwater, etc.
Step 5
5:
Bi ni ski (1993)
Bieniawski
Analysis
y
of solution
components
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Design
D
i Principle
P i i l 3:
3
Simplicity of design
components
((e.g.
g geotechnical
g
model).
)
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Step 5:
Analysis of solution
components
observational,
l analytical,
l
l
empirical, numerical
methods
Step 6
6:
Synthesis
y
and specification
p
for alternative solutions
shapes & sizes of excavations,
rock reinforcement options and
associated safety factors
Step 7:
Step 8:
Evaluation
Optimization
p
performance
assessment
consideration of non-rock
engineering aspects (ventilation,
power supply, etc.)
Recommendation
Step 9:
- feasibility study
- preliminary & final designs
lessons
learned
Step 10:
Implementation
Design Principle 3:
Simplicity of design
components.
t
Design Principle 4: State of
the art practice.
Design
D
i Principle
P i i l 5:
5
Optimization of design
(through evaluation of
analysis
ana
y
rresults,
ut , m
monitoring,
n t r ng,
etc.).
Design Principle 6:
Constructability
bl
((can the
h
design be implemented
safely and efficiently).
Bi i
Bieniawski
ki (1993)
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Lecture References
Bieniawski, ZT (1993). Design methodology for Rock Engineering: Principles and Practice. In
Comprehensive Rock Engineering: Principles, Practice & Projects. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 2: 779-793.
Dzgn, HSB & Lacasse, S (2005). Vulnerability and acceptable risk in integrated risk assessment
framework. In Landslide Risk Management. A.A. Balkema: Leiden, pp. 505-515.
Eberhardt, E, Stead, D & Stimpson, B (1999). Quantifying pre-peak progressive fracture damage
in rock during uniaxial loading. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36(3):
361-380.
Flores, G & Karzulovic,
Flores
Karzulovic A (2002).
(2002) Geotechnical guidelines for a transition from open pit to
underground mining. Benchmark report. Project ICS-II, Task 4.
Hoek, E, Kaiser, PK & Bawden, WF (1995). Support of Underground Excavations in Hard Rock.
Balkema: Rotterdam.
Hudson, JA & Harrison, JP (1997). Engineering Rock Mechanics An Introduction to the Principles .
Elsevier Science: Oxford.
Kaiser, PK, Diederichs, MS, Martin, D, Sharpe, J & Steiner, W (2000). Underground works in
g and mining.
g In Proceedings,
g , GeoEng2000,
g
, Melbourne. Technomic Publishing:
g
hard rock tunnelling
Lancaster, pp. 841-926.
Lockner, DA, Byerlee, JD, Kuksenko, V, Ponomarev, A & Sidorin, A (1992). Observations of
quasistatic fault growth from acoustic emissions. In Fault mechanics and transport properties of
rocks. Academic Press: San Diego.
g
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Lecture References
Loew, S, Ziegler, H-J & Keller, F (2000). AlpTransit: Engineering geology of the worlds longest
tunnel system. In: Proceedings, GeoEng 2000, Melbourne. Technomic Publishing: Lancaster, pp. 927
937.
Martin, CD, Kaiser, PK & McCreath, DR (1999). Hoek-Brown parameters for predicting the depth
of brittle failure around tunnels. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36(1): 136-151.
Moss, A, Diachenko, S & Townsend, P (2006). Interaction between the block cave and the pit
slopes at Palabora mine. Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 106: 479484.
Thuro, K, Eberhardt, E & Gasparini, M (2004). Deep seated creep and its influence on a 1.5 GW
hydroelectric power plant in the Himalayas. Felsbau 22(2): 60-66.
Willenberg, H, Loew, S, Eberhardt, E, Evans, KF, Spillmann, T, Heincke, B, Maurer, H &
Green AG (2008).
Green,
(2008) Internal structure and deformation of an unstable crystalline rock mass above
Randa (Switzerland): Part I - Internal structure from integrated geological and geophysical
investigations. Engineering Geology 101(1-2): 1-32.
Zoback, ML, Zoback, MD, et al. (1989). Global patterns of tectonic stress. Nature 341(6240):
291 298
291-298.
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