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BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

CHAPTER 11
#
1)

2)

Electronic Communications System By Malvino

AMPLITUDE MODULATION RECEPTION


DEFINITIONS

Means that the transistor operates in the


active region at all times.

3)

In Class A amplifier the collector current flows


in what angle of the ac
What amplifier operate differenly from the Class
A operation because the collector current flows
for only half the cycle (180)

4)

What amplifier means that the collector current


flows for less than
180 of the ac cycle?

TERMS
AM Demodulation

360

Class B operation

Class C operation

1. capacitive coupling

5)

What are the different types of coupling?

2. transformer
coupling
3. direct coupling

6)

7)

8)

What transmits the amplified ac voltage to the next


stage?
What are the types of coupling where both are
examples of

Collector of the first transistor and the base


of the second transistor?
What type of coupling where there is a direct
connection betweent the
collector of the first transistor and the base of the
second transistor?

What is the other name for direct- coupled amplifier?

9)

10)

What amplifier operates in the range of 20 Hz to 20


KHz?

11)

What amplifier amplifies frequencies above 20 KHz, or


usually much higher?

transformer coupling

capacitive coupling and


transformer coupling

direct coupling

dc amplifier

Audio amplifier

RF amplifier

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Electronic Communications System By Malvino

Amplifiers can also be classified as what?

12)

13)

What amplifiers works over a small frequency range


like 450 to
460 KHz?

14)

What amplifier operates at large frequency range like


0 to 1 MHz?

15)

Narrowband are usually what kind of amplifiers?

16)

What amplifier means that their ac load is a high- Q


resonant tank
tuned to a radio station or television channel?

17)

What signal level in which the peak-to-peak swing in


collector current is less than 10 percent of the
quiescent collector current?

What signal level in which the peak-to-peak signal


uses all or most of the load line.

18)

narrow band and wide


band

narrowband

wideband

tuned RF amplifiers

tuned RF amplifiers

small-signal operation

large-signal operation

19)

What amplier produces a large output suitable for


driving tone and volume controls?

20)

What amplifier produces output power ranging from a


fee hundred milliwatts up to hundred of watts?

power amplifier

21)

What determines the peak-to-peak sinusoidal current


and voltage?

ac load line

22)

What is equal to the ac output divided by the ac input


power?

preamp

power gain
2

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23)

24)

Electronic Communications System By Malvino

What is equal to the dc voltage times the current?

When a signal is present, what happens to the power


dissipation of a transistor when the transistor converts
some of the quiscent power to signal power?

25)

What should be the power rating of a transistor in a


Class A amplifier or otherwise, the transistor will be
destroyed?

26)

What is equal to the ac output divided by the dc input


power?

27)

What is the range of the efficiency of the amplifier?

28)

What is the efficieny of the Class A amplifier?

29)

What amplifier is the common way to run a transistor


in linear circuits because it leads to the simplest and
most stable biasing circuits?

30)

What means that one transistor conducts for half cycle


while the
other is off, and vice versa?

31)

What is the main disadvantage of a Class B amplifier?

32)

What is the efficieny of the Class B amplifier?

33)

What is the main application of Class C amplifier?

34)

What is the maximum efficiency of a tuned Class C


Amplifier?

quiescent power
dissipation

decreases

It must be grater than


PDQ

efficiency
between 0 and 100
percent
25%

Class A

Push-pull

the use of transformer

78.50%

RF amplifier

100%

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

35)

Electronic Communications System By Malvino

What do you call of the multiples of input frequency?

What does a Class C amplifier tuned circuit have?

36)

37)

What kind of amplifier is a Class C amplifier a


narrowband or
wideband?

38)

In a Class C amplifier what is the relationship of the


bandwidth to the Q point?

39)

What shoul we do to prevet the collector from shorting


to the chassis ground?

harmonics

negatively clamped
input
signal

narrowband

inversely prportional

A thin unsulating washer


and
a thermal conductive
paste are
used between the
transistor case and
chassis.

Class A
Class B
Class C
Class AB

40)

What are the classes of amplifier?

41)

Where should be the location of the Q point to get the


maximum peak to peak output?

at the center

42)

What amplifier is used for push-pull connection of two


transistors?

Class B amplifier

43)

What happens to the power rating of a transistor as


the temperature Increases?

decreases

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

CHAPTER 12
#

Electronic Communications System By Malvino

AMPLITUDE MODULATION RECEPTION


DEFINITIONS

TERMS

1)

A kind of amplifier is used when it's necessary to couple a signal


voltage to a low impedance.

Emitter follower

2)

It is happens to the Common Emitter stage when the load


resistance is small compared to the collector resistance and the
voltage gain.

becomes small
because the stage is
overloaded

3)

Emitter Follower is widely use in:

a Class B push-pull amplifier


and voltage regulator

4)

Other name for emitter follower.

common-collector amplifier
(CC)

5)

The input signal coupled in Emitter follower at:

6)

The output signal is taken from_______ terminal.

7)

It is the reason why the circuit is called emitter follower?

8)

The Swamped amplifier, the emitter follower uses what kind of


feedback

9)

An emitter follower called an amplifier if its voltage gain is only 1;

Because it has a current


gain
of .

10)

The emitter can produce the large output current that is needed
by what kind of load?

low-impedance loads

11)

Emitter follower though it is not a voltage amplifier it is what kind


of amplifier.

current amplifier or
power amplifier

12)

The major advantage of Emitter follower amplifier.

the base

the emitter

Because the output voltage


follows the input voltage

negative feedback

The step-up in impedance


5

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At the center of the ac load


line
to get the maximum peak-to
peak output

13)

Where does the designer should the Q point be located when


the emitter follower is used as a power amplifier at the end of a
system?

14)

The ac emitter resistance is less or more than the dc emitter


Resistance.

15)

The device acts like a single transistor with a very high current
gains.

Darlington connections

16)

The another way of connecting Darlington transistor which it is


connected to the npn and pnp transistor.

Complementary Darlington

17)

It means that the collector current flows for only 180 of the ac
cycle.

Class B operation

18)

The advantage of a Class B amplifier.

19)

Another call of a clipping that occurs between the time one


transistor cuts off and the other one comes on.

20)

To eliminate crossover distortion we need to apply:

21)

An amplifier is define as the angle of conduction angle


between180 and 360 ?

less than

It has lower current gain


and higher stage efficiency

crossover distortion

a slight forward bias to each


emitter diode.

Class AB

22)

An amplifier is define as the angle of conduction angle between:

setting up a stable Q point


near the cut off

23)

Meant when the collector current may "run away" by rising until
excessive power destroys the transistor.

thermal runaway

24)

The value of IC (sat) to avoid excessive crossover.

ICQ should be between 1


6

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and
5% of IC (sat)

25)

Another call of the stage that precedes the output stage.

26)

The stage that is a swamped voltage amplifier that produces a


large signal for the output push-pull amplifier.

driver

driver stage

1. provides dc bias for Q1


2. produce negative
feedback
for the ac signal

27)

In a two-stage negative feedback the resistance R2 does what?

28)

A circuit combines a zener regulator and an emitter follower

zener follower

29)

The input to the base of the emitter follower.

zener voltage

1. base current is smaller


than
the output current
2. it has low output
impedance

30)

The two advantage of a zener folower over an ordinary zener.

31)

An emitter follower has because it is said to be heavily


swamped.

stable voltage gain, high


input
impedance, and low
distortion

32)

The output impedance of an amplifier is the same as:

Thevenin impedance

33)

Among the two amplifier which is more efficient, Class A or


Class B?

Class B is more efficient


than Class A amplifier

34)

The transistors use for complementary of Class B push-pull


amplifier.

npn and pnp transistor

35)

A complementary transistor conducts on one half cycle.

npn transistor

36)

A complementary transistor conducts on the other half.

pnp transistor

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Electronic Communications System By Malvino

38)

Rather than capacitively couple the signal into the output stage,
what can we use?

39)

The circuit produces regulated output voltage with large load


current

zener follower

ANGLE MODULATION TRANSMISSION

CHAPTER 13
#

direct-coupled driver stage

DEFINITIONS

TERMS

1)

The two types of charge a bipolar transistor relies on.

2)

The prefix "bi" stands for:

3)

Type of amplifier is called unipolar because its operation


depends on only one type of charge either free electron or
holes.

4)

Two kinds of unipolar transistor.

5)

Term that is related to the depletion layers around each p


region.

6)

Is the most important applications of JFET

8)

The advantage in complicated multistage circuits.

9)

The channel between the source and drain that is composed of


an n-type semiconductor.

n- channel

10)

The channel between the source and drain that is composed of


an p-type semiconductor.

p- channel

free electrons and holes

"two"

Field Effect Transistor (FET)

JFETs and MOSFETs

field effect

source follower

The offset gate points to the


source end of the device

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Electronic Communications System By Malvino

11)

Another call of the minimum voltage.

12)

Another call of the maximum voltage.

13)

IDSS stands for:

14)

Another call of the almost horizontal region.

active region

15)

Another call of the almost vertical part of the drain curve below
the pinch off.

ohmic region

16)

Another call of the RDS.

17)

Another call of the cutoff voltage that the depletion layer touch.

18)

Another call of the graph of ID versus VGS.

19)

The other name for JFET.

20)

When the gate voltage is half the cutoff voltage, the value of the
drain current is:

pinch off voltage

breakdown voltage

current drain to source with


a shorted gate

ohmic resistance of the


JFET

gate-source cutoff voltage

transconductance curve

square-law device

one quarter of
maximum

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

CHAPTER 8
#

Electronic Communications System By Malvino

ANGLE MODULATION RECEPTION


AND FM STEREO
DEFINITIONS

TERMS

1)

In this receivers, the voltage at the output of the


audio detector is directly proportional to the
frequency deviation at its input.

FM Receivers

2)

In this receivers, the voltage at the output of the


audio detector is directly proportional to the phase
deviation at its input.

PM Receivers

3)

The circuits used to demodulate FM and PM signals


are both described under the
heading ________ .

FM Receivers

4)

A modulation where the information is impressed


onto the carrier in the form of frequency or phase
variations.

5)

A method used to remove amplitude variations


caused by noise from the composite waveform
simply by clipping the peaks of the envelop prior to
detection.

Limiting

6)

The section that rejects the image frequency in FM


receivers.

Preselector

7)

The section that establishes the signal-to-noise ratio


and noise figure in FM receivers.

RF Amplifier

8)

The section that down-converts RF to IF.

9)

The section that provide most of the gain and


selectivity.

Angle Modulation

Mixer / Converter

IF Amplifiers

10

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10)

The section that removes the information from the


modulated wave.

Detector

11)

The envelope (peak) detector common to AM


receivers is replaced in FM receivers by a ________,
________, and ________.

Limiter,
Frequency Discriminator
and
Deemphasis Network

12)

The circuit that extracts the information from the


modulated wave.

Frequency Discriminator

13)

Are frequency-dependent circuits designed to


produce an output voltage that is proportional to the
instantaneous frequency at its input.

14)

Circuits used for demodulating FM signals.

15)

Circuits that convert FM to AM and then


demodulate the AM envelope with conventional
peak detectors.

16)

A tuned-circuit frequency discriminator that has


the most nonlinear voltage-versus-frequency
characteristics and, therefore, is seldom used.

17)

Is simply two single-ended slope detectors


connected in parallel and fed 180 out of phase.

18)

Sometimes called a phase shift discriminator that


is a tuned-circuit frequency discriminator whose
operation is very similar to that of a balanced

FM Demodulators

Slope Detector,
Foster-Seely
Discriminator,
Ratio Detector,
PLL Demodulator,
and
Quadrature Detector

Tuned-Circuit Frequency
Discriminators

Slope Detector

Balanced Slope Detector

Foster-Seeley
Discriminator

11

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slope detector.
19)

The typical voltage-versus-frequency response


curve for a Foster-Seeley discriminator.

S-curve

20)

An FM demodulator that is relatively immune to


amplitude variations in its input signal.

Ratio Detector

21)

This FM demodulator requires no tuned circuits


and automatically compensates for changes in
the carrier frequency due to instability in the
transmit oscillator.

PLL FM Demodulator

22)

Sometimes called a coincidence detector that


extracts the original information signal from the
composite IF waveform by multiplying two
quadrature (90 out of phase) signals.

Quadrature FM
Demodulator

23)

Special circuits that removes the unwanted


amplitude variations since with FM, the
information is contained in frequency variations.

Limiters

24)

The limiter circuit produces a constant-amplitude


output for all input signals above a prescribed
minimum input level, which is often
called the ________.

Threshold,
Quieting, or
Capture Level

25)

The improvement in the S/N ratio when the


peaks of the signal have the limiter so far into
saturation that the weaker noise is totally
eliminated.

26)

The inherent ability of FM to diminish the effects


of interfering signals. Also, the ability to
differentiate between two signals received at
the same frequency.

FM Thresholding, FM
Quieting, or
FM Capture Effect

Capture Effect

12

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27)

Is the minimum dB difference in signal strength


between two received signals necessary for the
capture effect to suppress the weaker signal.

Capture Ratio of an FM
Receiver

28)

An improved monolithic low-power FM IF system


manufactured by Signetics Corporation. It is a
high gain, high frequency device that offers lowpower consumption and excellent input
sensitivity at 455 kHz.

NE/SA614A

29)

A multiplier cell similar to a mixer stage, but


instead of mixing two different frequencies, it
mixes two signals with the same frequencies but
with different phases.

Quadrature Detector

30)

A low-voltage, high-performance monolithic FM


IF system similar to the NE/SA614A except with
the addition of a mixer/oscillator circuit.

NE/SA616

31)

A monolithic integrated-circuit FM radio system


manufactured by Signetics Corporation for
monolithic FM portable radios. A complete FM
radio receiver on a single integrated-circuit chip.

TDA7000

32)

A circuit that is used to reduce the total


harmonic distortion (THD) by compressing the IF
frequency swing (deviation).

33)

34)

With this transmission, the information signal is


spatially divided into two 50-Hz to 15-kHz audio
channels (a left and a right).
Used to broadcast uninterrupted music to
private subscribers, such as department stores,
restaurants, and medical offices equipped with
special receivers; Sometimes cordially refer to as

Frequency-Locked-Loop

Stereophonic
Transmission
Subsidiary
Communications
Authorization
( SCA )

13

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elevator music

35)

The process of placing two or more independent


channels next to each other in the frequency
domain (stacking the channels), and then
modulating a single high-frequency carrier with
the combined signal.

Frequency Division
Multiplexing
( FDM )

36)

The primary audio channel remained at 50 Hz to


15 kHz, while an additional SCA channel is
frequency translated to the _______ passband.

60 kHz
To
74 kHz

37)

The SCA subcarrier may be AM single- or doublesideband transmission or FM with a maximum


modulating-signal frequency of _______.

7 kHz

38)

The frequency of the pilot carrier of FM stereo


transmission.

19 kHz

39)

When the phase of the carrier is modulated by


the information signal, _______ results.

40)

A monolithic FM stereo demodulator that uses


PLL techniques to derive the right and left audio
channels from the composite stereo signal.

XR-1310

41)

Half-duplex, one-to-many radio communications


with no dial tone.

Two-Way Mobile Radio

42)

Provides 26.96 to 27.41 MHz public, noncommercial radio service for either personal or
business use utilizing push-to-talk AM DSBFC and
AM SSBFC.

Class D Citizens Band


( CB ) Radio

43)

Cover a broad-frequency band from 1.8 MHz to above 300 MHz.


Designed for personal use without pecuniary interest.

Direct PM
( Indirect FM )

Amateur ( HAM ) Radio

14

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44)

Provides 2.8 MHz to 457 MHz. ABS disseminates


information for the purposes of air navigation
and air-to-ground communications utilizing
conventional AM and various forms of AM SSB in
the HF, MF, and VHF frequency bands.

45)

Full-duplex, on-to-one radio telephone


communications.

Mobile Telephone Service

46)

Provides worldwide telecommunication service


using handheld telephones that communicate
with each other through low earth-orbit satellite
repeaters incorporating QPSK modulation and
both FDMA and TDMA.

Personal
Communications Satellite
Service
( PCSS )

47)

Is used extensively for public safety mobile


communications, such as police and fire
departments and emergency medical services.

Two-Way FM Radio
Communications

48)

The maximum frequency deviation for two-way


FM transmitters is typically ________, and the
maximum modulating-signal frequency
is ________.

5 kHz ;
3 kHz

49)

Transmissions are initiated by closing a ________


switch, which turns on the transmitter and shuts
off the receiver.

Push-To-Talk
( PTT )

50)

It was used as early as 1921 when the Detroit


Police Department used a mobile radio system
that operated at a frequency close to 2 MHz.

Mobile Radio

51)

It was used rather than a simple mechanical


switch to reduce the static noise associated with
contact bounce in mechanical switches.

Electronic
Push-To-Talk

Aeronautical
Broadcasting
Service
( ABS )

15

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52)

Transmitters equipped with ________ are


automatically keyed each time the operator
speaks into the microphone, regardless of
whether the PTT button is depressed.

CHAPTER 9
#

Electronic Communications System By Malvino

Voice-Operated
Transmitter
( VOX )

DIGITAL MODULATION
DEFINITIONS

TERMS

1)

Is the transmission, reception, and processing of


information with the use of electronic circuits.

2)

Is defined as knowledge or intelligence that is


communicated between two or more points.

3)

Is the transmittal of digitally modulated analog signals


(carriers) between two or more points in a
communication system.

Digital Modulation

4)

System involving the transmission of digital pulses.

Digital Transmission

5)

The information signal is digital and the amplitude (V)


of the carrier is varied proportional to the information
signal.

Amplitude Shift Keying


( ASK )

6)

The information signal is digital and the frequency (f)


of the carrier is varied proportional to the information
signal.

Frequency Shift Keying


( FSK )

7)

The information signal is digital and the phase () of


the carrier is varied proportional to the information
signal.

8)

A modulation where both the amplitude and the phase


are varied proportional to the information signal.

Electronic
Communication

Information

Phase Shift Keying


( PSK )
Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
( QAM )
16

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9)

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Performs level conversion and then codes the


incoming data into groups of bits that modulate an
analog carrier.

Precoder

10)

Is a highly theoretical study of the efficient use of


bandwidth to propagate information through
electronic communications systems.

11)

Is a measure of how much information can be


propagated through a communications system and
is a function of bandwidth and transmission time.

12)

The most basic digital symbol used to represent


information.

13)

In 1928, _________ of Bell Telephone Laboratories


developed a useful relationship among bandwidth,
transmission time, and information capacity.

14)

In 1948, mathematician _________ (also of Bell


Telephone Laboratories) published a paper in the Bell
System Technical Journal relating the information
capacity of a communications channel to
bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio.

Claude E. Shannon

15)

Simply represents a digit that corresponds to the


number of conditions, levels, or combinations possible
for a given number of binary variables.

16)

Refers to the rate of change of a digital information


signal, which is usually binary.

17)

Refers to the rate of change of a signal on a


transmission medium after encoding and modulation
have occurred.

Information Theory

Information Capacity

Binary Digit /
Bit

R. Hartley

Bit Rate

Baud

17

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18)

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Sometimes called a symbol and could be encoded


as a change in the amplitude, frequency, or phase.

Signaling Element

19)

The minimum theoretical bandwidth necessary to


propagate a signal.

20)

According to ________, binary digital signals can be


propagated through an ideal noiseless transmission
medium at a rate equal to two time the bandwidth
of the medium.

21)

The carrier is either on or off which is why


amplitude- shift keying is sometimes
referred to as ________.

22)

A logic 1 frequency (fm) for FSK.

Mark

23)

A logic 0 frequency (fs) for FSK.

Space

24)

The mark and space frequencies are separated


from the The mark and space frequencies are
separated from thecarrier frequency
by the _________ and from each of by 2 f.

25)

_______ is the peak frequency deviation of the carrier


and is equal to the difference between the
carrier rest frequency and either the mark or
space frequency.

26)

A type of FSK detection wherein there is no frequency


involved in the demodulation process that is
synchronized either in phase, frequency, or both with
the incoming FSK signal.

Noncoherent Detection

Nyquist Bandwidth

H. Nyquist

On-Off Keying

Peak Frequency
Deviation
(f)

18

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27)

28)

29)

Electronic Communications System By Malvino

A type of FSK detection wherein the incoming FSK


signal is multiplied by a recovered carrier signal
that has exact same frequency and phase as
the transmitter reference.

Is binary FSK except the mark and space frequencies


are synchronized with the input binary bit rate.

A signal state-space diagram, is similar to a phasor


diagram except that the entire phasor is not drawn.
Only the relative positions of the peaks of the phasors
are shown.

Coherent Detection

Continuous-Phase FSK
( CP-FSK )

Constellation Diagram

30)

Is a product modulator; the output signal is the


product of the two input signals.

31)

Detect and regenerates a carrier signal that is both


frequency and phase coherent with the original
transmit carrier.

Coherent Carrier
Recovery Circuit

32)

Also known as quadrature PSK that is another form of


angle-modulated, constant-amplitude digital
modulation.

Quaternary PSK
( QPSK )

33)

A group of two bits.

Dibit

34)

It modulates the carrier that is in phase with the


reference oscillator.

I Bit

35)

It modulates the carrier that is 90 out of phase or in


quadrature with reference carrier.

Q Bit

36)

Is two BPSK modulators combined in parallel.

37)

The highest fundamental frequency present at


the data input to the I or the Q balanced modulator
is equal to _______ of the input data rate.

Balanced Modulator

QPSK Modulator

19

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38)

The fastest output rate of change (baud) is also


equal to ________ of the input bit rate.

39)

The outputs of the product detectors are fed to the


________, where they are converted from parallel I
and Q data channels to a single binary output
data stream.

40)

Is a modified for of QPSK where the bit waveforms on


the I and Q channels are offset or shifted in phase
from each other by one-half of a bit time.

41)

The advantage of OQPSK is the _________ that must


be imparted during modulation.

Bit Combining Circuit

Offset QPSK
( OQPSK )

Limited Phase Shift

42)

With ________, three bits are encoded, forming tribits


and producing eight different output phases.

8 PSK

43)

Group of 3 bits.

Tribit

44)

Also known as maximum distance code used to


reduce the number of transmission errors.

45)

Converts the I/C and Q/C bit pairs to serial, Q, and C


output data streams.

46)

Group of 4 bits.

47)

16-PSK can undergo only a _______ phase shift during


transmission and still retain its integrity.

48)

Is an M-ary encoding technique where M=8. The


output signal from this modulator is not a constantamplitude signal

Gray Code

Parallel-to-Serial
Logic Circuit

Quadbits

11.25

8 QAM

20

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49)

The process of introducing transitions (pulses) into the


binary signal using a prescribed algorithm.

Scrambling

50)

It uses the same algorithm for scrambling to remove


the transitions.

Descrambler

51)

Is an alternative form of digital modulation where the


binary input is contained in the difference between
two successive signalling elements rather than the
absolute phase.

Differential Phase-Shift
Keying
( DPSK )

52)

Data transmission rates in excess of 56 kbps can be


achieved, over standard telephone circuits using an
encoding technique called ________.

Trellis Code Modulation


( TCM )

53)

__________ at IBM Zuerich Research Laboratory


developed TCM, which involves using convolutional
(tree codes, which combines encoding and
modulation to reduce the probability of error, thus
improving the bit error performance.

Dr. Ungerboeck

54)

Defines the manner in which signal-state transitions


are allowed to occur, and transitions that do not
follow this pattern are interpreted in the receiver as
transmission errors.

Trellis Coding

55)

The distance between symbols on the constellation


of the TCM coding scheme on standard QAM.

Euclidean Distance

56)

Is the ratio of the average carrier power (the


combined power of the carrier and its associated
sidebands) to the thermal noise power.

57)

Is simply the energy of a single bit of information.

Carrier-To-Noise
Power Ratio

Energy Per Bit

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58)

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The phase relationship between signalling elements


for BPSK (i.e., 180 out of phase) is the optimum
signalling format, referred to as ________.

Antipodal Signaling

59)

Two types of FSK systems.

Noncoherent
( Asynchronous )
And
Coherant
( Synchonous )

60)

The transmitter and receiver are not frequency or


phase synchronized.

Noncoherent FSK

61)

Local receiver reference signals are in frequency and


phase lock with the transmitted signals.

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

CHAPTER 10
#

DEFINITIONS

1)

Is the transmittal of digital signals between two or


more points in a communications system.

2)

_________ developed the first digital transmission


system for the purpose of carrying digitally encoded
analog signals, such as human voice, over metallic
wire cables between telephone offices.

3)

The primary advantage of digital transmission over


analog transmission.

4)

Coherent FSK

Digital signals are also better suited than analog


signals for processing and combining using a
technique called _____.

TERMS
Digital Transmission

AT&T

Noise Immunity

Multiplexing

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5)

Is the processing of analog signals using digital


methods and includes bandlimiting the signal with
filters, amplitude equalization, and phase shifting.

6)

Digital transmission systems are more resistant to


analog systems to additive noise because they
use ________ rather than signal amplification.

7)

Consist essentially of sampling analog information


signals and then converting those samples into
discrete pulses and transporting the pulses from
a source to a destination over a physical
transmission medium.

The four predominant methods of pulse modulation.


8)

Digital Signal Processing


( DSP )

Signal Regeneration

Pulse Modulation

PWM, PPM, PAM


And
PCM

9)

Sometimes called pulse duration modulation (PDM) or pulse


length modulation (PLM), as the width (active portion
Pulse Width Modulation
of the duty cycle) of a constant amplitude pulse is
( PWM )
varied proportional to the amplitude of the
analog signal at the time the signal is sampled.

10)

The position of a constant-width pulse within a


prescribed time slot is varied according to the
amplitude of the sample of the analog signal.

11)

The amplitude of a constant-width, constant-position


pulse is varied according to the amplitude of the
sample of the analog signal.

Pulse Amplitude
Modulation

12)

The analog signal is sampled and then converted to


a serial n-bit binary code for transmission.

Pulse Code Modulation


( PCM )

Pulse Position Modulation


( PPM )

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13)

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__________ is credited with inventing PCM in 1937


while working for AT&T at its Paris laboratories.

14)

A circuit that periodically samples the analog input


signal and converts those samples to a multilevel
PAM signal.

15)

The transmission line ________ are placed at


prescribed distances to regenerate the digital pulses.

16)

An integrated circuit that performs the PCM


encoding and decoding functions.

17)

The function of a _________ in a PCM transmitter is to


periodically sample the continually changing analog
input voltage and convert those samples to a series
of constant-amplitude pulses that can more easily be
converted to binary PCM code.

Alex H. Reeves

Sample-and-Hold
Circuit

Repeaters

Codec
( Coder / Decoder )

Sampling Circuit

18)

The sampling process alters the frequency spectrum


and introduces an error called _________.

Aperture Error

19)

The ________ of the capacitor is called the A/D


conversion time because it is during this time that the
ADC converts the sample voltage to a PCM code.

Storage Time

20)

If the input to the ADC is changing while it is


performing the conversion, _______ results.

Aperture Distortion

21)

_________ theorem establishes the minimum sampling


rate (fs) that can be used for a given PCM system.

Nyquist Sampling

22)

The binary codes used for PCM are _________,


where n may be any positive integer greater than 1.

N-Bit Codes

23)
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The sign bit in a sign-magnitude code.

Most Significant Bit


( MSB )

24)

Is the process of converting an infinite number of


possibilities to a finite number of conditions.
Is the process of rounding off the amplitudes of
flat-top samples to a manageable number of levels.

Quantization

25)

A type of code where the codes on the bottom half


of the table are a mirror image of the codes on the
top half, except for the sign bit.

Folded Binary Code

26)

The magnitude difference between adjacent steps.

Quantization
Interval or Quantum

27)

If the magnitude of the sample exceeds the highest


quantization interval, ________ (also called peak
limiting) occurs.

Overload Distortion

Quantization Erroe
(Qe )
Quantization Noise
(Qn)

28)

Any round-off errors in the transmitted signal are


reproduced when the code is converted back to
analog in the receiver.

29)

Is the ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the


smallest possible magnitude (other than 0V) that
can be decoded by the digital-to-analog converter
in the receiver.

Dynamic Ratio

30)

During times when there is no analog input signal, the


only input to the PAM sampler is random, thermal
noise also called as __________, that is converted to a
PAM sample just as if it were a signa.

Idle Channel Noise

31)

A way to reduce idle channel noise wherein the first


quantization interval is made larger in amplitude than
the rest of the steps.

Midtread
Quantization

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33)

Is the process of compressing and then expanding.

34)

Two methods of companding:

35)

Involves compression in the transmitter after the input


sample has been converted to a linear PCM code
and then expansion in the receiver prior to
PCM decoding.

36)

When digitizing speech signals only, special voice


encoders/decoders called _______ are often used

37)

The spectral power of most speech energy


concentrates at three or four peak frequencies
called _________.

Companding
-Law and A-law
Cpmpanding

Digital Companding

Vacoders

Formants

38)

A _________ coder extracts the most significant


portions of speech information directly from the time
waveform rather than from the frequency spectrum
as with the channel and formant vocoders.

Linear Predictive

39)

A __________ reproduces the speech by passing the


specified excitation through a mathematical
model of the vocal tract.

Synthesizer

40)

_________ modulation uses a single-bit PCM code to


.chieve digital transmission of analog signals

Delta

41)

Two problems associated with delta modulation that


do not occur with conventional PCM.

Slope Overload and


Granular Sudivision

42)

With ________, the difference in the amplitude of two


successive samples is transmitted rather than the
actual sample.

Differential PCM
( DPCM )

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43)

The secondary lobes are called __________.

44)

_________ causes crosstalk between channels


that occupy adjacent time slots in a time-divisionmultiplexed carrier system.

Intersymbol interference
( ISI )

45)

Special filters called _________ are inserted in the


transmission path to equalize the distortion for al
frequencies, creating uniform transmission medium
reducing transmission impairments.

Equalizers

47)

A ________ is simply the superposition of a series of


harmonically related sine waves with specific
amplitude and phase relationships.

Pulse Modulation

48)

49)

The decision levels for the regenerator are


represented by:
The _______ has an effect on the symbol timing
(clock) recovery circuit and, if excessive, may
significantly degrade the performance of cascaded
regenerative sections.

Ringing test

Crosshairs

Jitter

27

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