FORM 4 ;TOPIC 3: MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA

MEMBRANE

3.1 Analysing the movement of substances across the plasma membrane

(a)State the substances required by living cells
-oxygen
-amino acid
-glycerol
-glycogen
b) State the substances that have to be eliminated from cells
-metabolism waste
-urine
-carbon dioxide
c) Explain the necessity for movement of substances across the plasma membrane
-To obtain nutrient and gases (oxygen)
- to remove metabolism waste
-to maintain a stable pH and ion concentration in the cell for enzyme activity
d)*** Describe the structure of the plasma membrane
-contain phospholipid bilayer
-proteins are present
- Protein molecule maybe partially or fully embedded in the cell membrane
-contain cholesterol molecule, its help to stabilise the plasma membrane
-short carbohydrate chains are present
-usually attached to protein molecules or phospholipid molecules
-a polar head given in a hydrophilic property
-polar tail given in a hydrophobic molecule.
e) Describe the permeability of the plasma membrane
-Permeability refer to the easiness of the cell to allow the substance to pass through
- Passive transport contain of (oxygen ,carbon dioxide, water , vitamin ADEK ,steroid , glycerol, and
acid.
- Active transport contain of (amino acid , glucose, potassium ions, calcium ions, and sodium ions.

fatty

f) Explain the movement of soluble substances across the plasma membrane through the process of passive
transport
-passive transports do not require any energy
- its consist of simple diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion

g) Explain the movement across the plasma membrane by simple diffusion, osmosis and Facilitated
diffusion
- Simple diffusion is the moment of particle from the region of high concentration to region of low
concentration.(it included the substance of oxygen ,carbon dioxide, vitamin ADEK , steroid ,and fatty acid.)
-Osmosis is the movement of WATER from low concentration to high concentration through a SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE (low concentration of water means solution with a high concentration of
solute)
-Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion of molecules or ions across plasma membrane facilitated by
TRANSPORT PROTEIN, its does not require energy (ATP);e.g. amino acid ,glucose, potassium ions,
calcium ions, and sodium ions.

h) Explain the movement of substances across the plasma membrane through the process of active transport
-Active transport is the movement of molecules and ions AGAINST the concentration gradient across the
plasma membrane, ATP is required.
i) Explain the process of passive transport in living organisms using examples

Example of
-SIMPLE DIFFUSION is gaseous exchange between the alveoli and blood capillaries during respiration
-OMOSIS is absorption water by root hairs of plants
-Facilitated diffusion is absorption of amino acid and glucose in the villus in small intestine.
j) Explain the process of active transport in living organism using examples
- Examples of active transport is ions intake by root hairs of a plant

3.2 Understanding The movement of substances across the plasma membrane in

everyday life
a) Explain what hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions are
-HYPOTONIC is the solution with a lower solute concentration (higher water concentration)
-HYPERTONIC is the solution with a higher solute concentration(lower water concentration)
-ISOTONIC
is the solution with equal solute concentration (equal water concentration)

b) Explain the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions on plant cell and animal cell

c) Explain plasmolysis, deplasmolysis, haemolysis and crenation

B&C
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION

ISOTONIC

Plant cell
-Vacuole will expand and
causing the cell to SWELL
().

Animal cell
-RBC will expand and
causing the cell to SWELL
().

- Turgor pressure() will

cause the cell become
TURGID()

- Plasma membrane cannot

withstand the OSMOTIC
PRESSURE within the cell
,finally the cell will
BURST() ,its said to
undergo HAEMOLYSIS(
)

-Vacuole will shrink()

and causing the cell become
smaller

-RBC will shrink() and

causing the cell become
smaller

- Cell become flaccid

(),causing the cell
become wilt().

- Water is lost from the

cytoplasm , plasma
membrane crinkles up(
) ,its said to undergo
CRENATION()

Does not gain or lose water (remain the same)

d) Design an experiment to determine the concentration of external solution which is isotonic to cell sap

refer to notes
e) Explain the phenomenon of wiling in plants using examples
-Wilting in plant can be caused by excessive use of fertilisers such as POTASSIUM NITRATE.
-Its makes the soil water be hypertonic to cell sap of the root.
-As a result, water move out from the cell sap into the soil by osmosis and the cell are plasmolysis.
f) ***Explain the preservation of food using examples
- Fruit, vegetables or fish can be preservatives such as salt , vinegar or sugar.
-Its hypertonic to the food.
-As a result, water moves out from the food by osmosis and the food become dehydrated.
-Dehydrated condition can prevent the growth of microorganism such as bacteria and fungi which can spoil
the food.
-As a result, food can last longer.

LEARNING AREA : TOPIC 3: MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

3.1 Analyzing The movement of substances across the plasma membrane
KB02/ KB06
a) State the substances required by living cells
b) State the substances that have to be
eliminated from cells
c) Explain the necessity for movement of
substances across the plasma membrane
d) Describe the structure of the plasma
membrane
e) Describe the permeability of the plasma
membrane
f) Explain the movement of soluble substances across the plasma membrane through the process of passive transport
g) Explain the movement of water molecules across the plasma membrane by osmosis
h) Explain the movement of substances across the plasma membrane through the process of active transport
i) Explain the process of passive transport in living organisms using examples
j) Explain the process of active transport in living organism using examples
k) Compare and contrast passive transport and active transport
3.2 Understanding The movement of substances across the plasma membrane in everyday life
KB01/KB06
a) Explain what hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions are
b) Explain the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions on plant cell and animal cell
c) Explain plasmolysis, deplasmolysis, haemolysis and crenation
d) Design an experiment to determine the concentration of external solution which is isotonic to cell sap
e) Make an inference on the concentration of cell sap in plant tissues
f) Relate the movement of substances across plasma membrane with concentration gradient
g) Explain the phenomenon of wiling in plants using examples
h) Explain the preservation of food using examples