Chapter 3 - Loads

CHAPTER 3 BUILDING AND DESIGN CODES
Two broad classifications of codes

General building codes
Deign codes
3.1 BUILDING CODES AND DESIGN STANDARDS

National Building Code of Canada (NBC 2005)
regulate design and construction of buildings
provides design loads
refers to appropriate design standards
Design of Concrete Structures (CSA A23.3-04)
covers concrete design
based on limit states design
3.1.1 DESIGN LOADS

The design and construction of buildings in Canada is regulated by the National
Building Code of Canada (NBC). Building Codes provide guidance with expected
loads on structures
(NBC 4.1.2.1)
i.
deal load (D)
ii.
live load due to use and occupancy (L)
iii.
snow load (S)
iv.
wind load (W)
v.
earthquake load (E)
vi.
effects of temperature change (T)
vii.
permanent load due to lateral earth pressure (H)
viii.
permanent effect caused by prestress (P)
These loads can be grouped in the predominant load direction. In general, the
loads can broadly be classified as gravity or lateral loads. The gravity loads
entails of dead and live loads. Whereas, the lateral loads entails wind and
earthquake loads.
Loads
Gravity
Dead
Live
Lateral
Snow
Wind
Earthquake
Load Classification (Brzev and Pao 2006)

ENGR 327 Reinforced Concrete Design I
Dr. Solomon Tesfamariam
3-1
3.1.2 LOAD PATHS IN STRUCTURES

Most structural components can be categorized as beams, columns, slabs
and walls
These components have one or two dimensions considerably smaller than
the other(s)
It is convenient to integrated stresses through the smaller dimension(s)
and talk in terms of stress resultants (axial forces, shear forces and
bending moments)
A component (or member) carries load applied in the direction of the
smaller dimension through shear force (V) and bending moment (M)
A component carries load applied normal to the direction of the smaller
dimension through axial force (N)
Illustrations of load paths in typical concrete structures
Load paths in a frame subjected to gravity loads
Load paths in a frame subjected to lateral loads

3-2
3.2 TRIBUTARY AREAS FOR FLOOR AND ROOF LOADS

Tributary area is related to the load path.
The concept is used to determine the loads on beams and columns due to
uniform floor and roofs loads.
a) One way slab
b) Two way slab
Defined by the lines of support of the member, and the lines of zero shear in
the members supported.
For simple span construction, lines of zero shear are normally located
near mid span.
For continuous construction, a structural analysis may be required to
determine lines of zero shear.

3-3
3.2.1 TRIBUTARY AREA FOR COLUMNS

Column tributary area is the area surrounding the column that is bounded by
the floor centerlines
Column loads may also be based on beam end reactions.

3-4
3.2.2 TRIBUTARY AREA FOR BEAMS

Area of slab supported by a particular beam
Area define by floor centerline and/ or 45o line (two-way action)
One-Way Action
Two-way action
Combined

3-5
See also: Commentary F Tributary Area NBC 2005 Structural Commentaries
Tributary area for a two-way slab

with joists, beams and girders
Tributary area for a one-way slab

with girders
Tributary area for flat slab
without beams and girders
Tributary area for a two-way slab with beam
Tributary area for a one-way deck or

slab with joists, beam and girders

3-6
Example
A partial floor plan of a reinforced concrete building is shown in the figure below.
The roof is subjected to a total uniform area load (w) of 15.0 kPa (including the
floor self-weight). Determine the uniform load on the typical beam B1 and the
typical interior girder G1 in the figure.

3-7

3-8
3.3 DEAD LOADS

Dead loads include the weight of the structure and any permanent
attachments such as fixed partitions, ceiling, floor and roof coverings,
permanent equipments, etc.
Self-weight
Superimposed dead load
Dead load may include loads due to earth, plants and trees (specific
recognition in NBC 2005).
Dead loads are generally well defined and can be predicted reasonably
well in advance lower load factor
Erection or construction dead loads may also be present may change
during construction stages
Typical unit weights for construction materials are listed below
See NBC 2005 Subsection 4.1.4.
Unit Weights for Construction Materials

Material
Concrete
Low density
Semi-low density
Plain
Reinforced
Unit weight
Steel
77.0 kN/m
Wood
Hardwood
softwood
9.5 kN/m
3
6.0 kN/m
Aluminum
27.0 kN/m

18.1 kN/m
3
21.0 kN/m
3
23.5 kN/m
3
24.0 kN/m
3
3-9
3.4 LIVE LOAD DUE TO USE AND OCCUPANCY

Live load: any non-permanent load on the structure produced by building
occupants, furniture storage items, minor equipment, movable partitions,
etc. defined according to the occupancy and use of the building.
Live load is relatively short term and possibly variable in magnitude and
position not easy to predict or quantify.
Load factors for live loads are normally higher than those for dead loads.
3.4.1 VARIABILITY IN MAGNITUDE
To deal with the uncertainty of live load magnitude, building codes have
enacted conservative values for specified minimum live loads based on
experience and judgement rather than from systematic surveys of loading.
3.4.2 VARIABILITY IN POSITION
Because live loads are transient, pattern loading must be considered.
Maximum force effects in structural members may be produced by
patterns of live loading rather than live load applied on all spans (see
Figure).
Pattern Loading for Maximum Load Effect in Column AB

3.4.3 NBC 2005 LIVE LOAD DUE TO USE AND OCCUPANCY
Provisions specified in Article 4.1.5.

Uniformly distributed loads (Table 4.1.5.3)
Concentrated loads (Table 4.1.5.10)
Where occupancy may vary at different times, the greatest value must be
used.
Pattern loading must be considered

3-10
For use/occupancy not specified in Table 4.1.5.3, live load is determined

from an analysis of the weight from:
Probable assembly of persons
Probable accumulation of equipment/ furnishing
Probable storage of materials

3-11

3-12
Concentrated loads are applied on an area of 750 mm by 750 mm located so as

to cause maximum effects
NBC 2005 requires that design is undertaken by considering the most

unfavourable load combination from the following table.

3-13
3.4.4 VARIATION OF LIVE LOAD WITH TRIBUTARY AREA
Also know as Live Load Reduction

Building codes permit a reduced live load for individual structural members
based on the size of the tributary area contributing loads to the member.
Reflects probability that is unlikely that a member supporting a large
floor area will be subjected to full live loading over the entire area.
NBC 2005 Article 4.1.5.9 specifies three condition for live load reduction:
Case
1)
2)
Occupancy and
Design Live Load
Assembly occupancies
with live load less than 4.8
kPa
Assembly occupancies
with live load of 4.8 kPa or
more
or
Member
Tributary Area
Any
Live Load
Reduction Factor
1
> 80 m
> 20 m
0.5+
0.3+
Storage, manufacturing,
retail stores, garages or
footbridge
3)
Any use or occupancy

other than (1) and (2)
Note:
= tributary area in square meters for type of use and occupancy, excluding the
area supporting snow
For design, the live load due to use and occupancy is

the load provided in Article 4.1.5.3., multiplied by the
reduction factor given above.
For columns in multi-storey buildings, the tributary area is the sum of the
tributary areas for the column at each floor level above the storey in
question.

3-14
Example
A six-storey reinforced concrete office building is shown. Determine the
dead load (DL) and live load (LL) carried by a typical interior column at
each storey level. All columns are 400 x 400 mm. The slab is 200 mm
thick.
Design information:
Super-imposed floor DL = 1.65 kPa
= 24 kN/m3

3-15
Dead Load Calculations Table

Dead load (kN)
Height
(m)
Per level
Cumulative
Roof
21
234.0
234.0
17.5
327.1
561.1
14
327.1
888.2
10.5
327.1
1215.3
327.1
1542.4
3.5
327.1
1869.5
Ground
13.4
1882.9
Level

3-16
Live Load Calculations Table

Live Load Due to Occupancy
Level
Live Load (kN)
Tributary area (m2)
Per level
Cumulative
Per level
Cumulative
Roof
234
234
48.75
48.75
234
468
48.75
97.50
234
702
48.75
146.25
234
936
48.75
195
234
1170
48.75
243.75
Ground
1170
48.75
243.75

LL Reduction
Factor
Reduced LL
(kN)
3-17
3.5 LOADS DUE TO SNOW AND RAIN

Independent of the building occupancy, but highly dependent on location.
Must consider conditions that cause drifts and other concentrated
accumulations on the structure.
Specified in Subsection 4.1.6 in the NBC 2005. Additional information
provided in Commentary G Snow Loads of the NBC 2005 Structural
Commentaries.
Snow loads cannot be reduced based on tributary area.
Specified snow load:
[ (
where
= Importance factor for snow load (see Table 2 and Table 3, p. 3-21)
= ground snow load (kPa)
= associated rain load (kPa)
and are determined based on metrological data:

depend on location
based on 1-in-50 probability of exceedance per year
values are given in Appendix C of NBC 2005 (e.g. See Climate Date for
Design of Buildings, p 3-22).
= basic roof snow factor = 0.8

= higher for large roofs (see NBC 2005 4.1.6.2.(2))
= wind exposure factor
= 1.0 for normal conditions
= 0.75 or 0.5 for buildings in open locations containing only scattered
obstructions and where the roof is exposed to the wind on all sides
= roof slope factor accounts for reduced accumulation on steep roofs
= 1.0 for
)
=(
for
= 0 for
= 1.0 for roof valleys
= accumulation factor accounts for drifting
Wind flow over gable, arched or curved roofs, and domes may create
drifting on the leeward side of the roof.
3-18
Accumulations may occur in roof valleys.

Roofs, canopies and balconies situated below adjacent roofs are
susceptible to drifting.
Projections or obstructions such as parapets, penthouses and HVAC
equipment may create triangular snow drift.
= 1.0 where no drifts occur

> 1.0 where drifting may occur
Guidance is provided in the Commentary Snow Loads for common
cases.
Other situations should be addressed based on experience, field
observations or wind tunnel studies.
The unit weight of snow on roofs, , varies from 1.0 to 4.5 kN/m3 in
Canada. An average value of 3.0 kN/m3 is used in most cases when
calculating snow drift loads.

3-19
The distribution of snow on roofs adjacent to higher ones is assumed to

vary linearly, and thus
varies linearly over the length Xd.
(0) =
represents an upper limit, where F is the greater of:
= 2, or
[
where
) ]
= 2w w2/l
w = shorter of upper roof plan dimensions
l = longer of upper roof plan dimensions

3-20
3.5.1 IMPORTANCE FACTORS SNOW AND WIND LOAD

Accounts for the consequences of failure as it relates to the limit state and
use and occupancy of the building (see NBC 2005 Table 4.1.2.1., 4.1.6.2.,
4.1.7.1.)
Table 2 - Importance Categories for Buildings (NBC Table 4.1.2.1.)
Table 3 Importance Factors for Snow and Wind Load

Importance Category
Snow Load Importance Factor, Is
Wind Load Importance Factor, Iw
Ultimate Limit State
Service Limit State
Ultimate Limit State
Service Limit State
Low
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.75
Normal
1.0
0.9
1.0
0.75
High
1.15
0.9
1.15
0.75
Post-disaster
1.25
0.9
1.25
0.75

3-21
Table 4 - Design Data for Selected Locations in Canada (NBC 2005 App. C)
3.5.2 CLIMATE DATA FOR DESIGN OF BUILDINGS (USE DATA FOR BC)

3-22
3.6 LOAD DUE TO WIND

Wind load randomly applied dynamic load
When a structure is in the part of the wind, it deflects or stops the

wind, converting the wind kinetic energy into the potential energy of
pressure, they by creating wind load.
Wind loads on structures are complex and are affected by many factors.
Typical pattern of air flow resulting pressure are shown below.
Air Flow Lines and Resulting Pressures on Structures

A structure must be designed for the net wind load on the building as a
whole.
In addition, walls and cladding of the structure must be designed for the
net wind pressure on these surfaces.
Wind loads may be approached as either equivalent static loads or using
wind tunnel tests and dynamic analyses.

3-23
3.6.1 SPECIFIED WIND LOADING EQUIVALENT STATIC LOAD

NBC Article 4.1.7.1.:
Commentary I Wind Loads and Effects NBC 2005 Structural
Commentaries.
External Pressure or Suction:
[ (
)]
where
= specified external pressure or suction acting normal to the surface (kPa)
= Importance factor for wind load (see Table 2 and Table 3, p. 3-21)
= reference velocity pressure (kPa)
is determined based on metrological data:

depend on location
based on 1-in-50 probability of exceedance per year
values are given in Appendix C of NBC 2005 (e.g. See Climate Date for
Design of Buildings, p 3-22).
= exposure factor increases with height

= gust effect factor
= external pressure/ suction coefficient

3-24

3-25
3.7 EARTHQUAKE LOADS AND EFFECTS

The loading procedure by earthquakes is the result of a complex
interaction between ground motion and the response characteristics of the
structure.
Earthquake forces are caused by inertia of the structure that tried to resist
ground motion. The forces are proportional to the mass of the building; the
heavier the building, the larger the seismic force that actions on it.
Seismic Forces on a Building
When the Ground Moves
There are three general approaches for conducting a seismic analysis to

determine live loads due to earthquakes:
I.
II.
III.
Equivalent static Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)

Modal Response Spectrum Analysis Method
Time History or Response History Analysis

3-26
The NBC 2005 provisions for Earthquake Loads and Effects are included
in Article 4.1.8 and Commentary J Design for Seismic Effects.
Minimum lateral earthquake force, :
( )
where
= earthquake importance factor of the structure
( ) = design spectral response acceleration, expressed as a ratio to
gravitational acceleration, for a fundamental period
of the structure
Seismicity of Canada
= ductility-related force modification factor reflecting the capability of a
structure to dissipate energy through inelastic behavior
= overstrength-related force modification factor accounting for the dependable
portion of reserve strength in a structure designed according to these provisions

3-27
3.8 LOADING DUE TO RESTRAINED DEFORMATIONS

Concrete volume changes due to creep, shrinkage, and thermal changes
will create restraint forces if deformations are restrained.
Commentary E Effects of Deformations NBC 2005 Structural
Commentaries.
Control joints and expansion joints should be used to minimize stresses
induced by volume changes.
3.8.1 UNIFORM TEMPERATURE CHANGE:
3.8.2 TEMPERATURE GRADIENT:

3-28
3.9 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Key step in design process: used to determine forces that members must
resist
Assumed knowledge:
Analysis of stress and strain

Analysis of beams and frames
Support reactions
Axial force, shear force and bending moment diagrams
Deflection calculations
Behavior of continuous beams and indeterminate frames
Structural analysis in ENGR 327 will be limited to first-order, linear-elastic

structural behavior
Tools:
Rules for arrangement of live load for continuous beams and slabs
Approximate frame analysis
Beam tables design handbook
3.9.1 ARRANGEMENT OF LIVE LOADS SIMPLIFIED APPROACH

For continuous beams and other indeterminate structures, pattern live
loading must be considered to find maximum force and moment effects
Governing live load pattern may be determined using:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Influence lines
Brute force
CSA Rules for continuous beams (A23.3 Clause 9.2.3)
Approximate frame analysis (A23.3 Clause 9.3)

3-29
3.9.1.1 ARRANGEMENT OF LOADS FOR CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND SLABS

CSA A23.3 Clause 9.2.3:
For continuous beams and one-way slabs, the arrangements of live and
dead loads may be limited to combinations of
a) Factored dead load of the structure and factored permanent
superimposed dead load on all spans, with factored partition load and
factored live load on two adjacent spans;
b) Factored dead load of the structure and factored permanent
superimposed dead load on all spans, with factored partition load and
factored live load on alternate spans; and
c) Factored dead and factored live load on all spans.
3.9.1.2 APPROXIMATE FRAME ANALYSIS

3-30

3-31
4 BASIC STRUCTURAL DESIGN RELATIONSHIP

Consider a beam in normal use or in service
Loads present in service
Weight of beam itself self weight

Load due to use and occupancy live load
(Specified by applicable Building Code)
Effects of loads:
Strength of the beam:
bending moment
moment capacity or moment resistance
If the resistance of the beam exceeds the load effect, then the beam
is safe
4.1 FACTORS OF SAFETY
The concept of member resistance (R), and imposed load (L) play a pivotal role
in the estimation of factor of safety (FS). A factor of safety depicts resistance
provided by a structural member (system) for a given load. Essentially, the FS is
computed as:
Basic relationship for safety: resistance > load effect

With an increase in load and/ or decrease in resistance, the FS may fall below 1
(FS < 1), which is considered to be a failure state has reached. Thus the design
objective is to keep the FS > 1. However, this representation of FS is simplistic,
such that it assumes there is no uncertainty in the quantification of L and R
values. Often, the L and R values are subject to variability (aleatory) type
uncertainty due to natural heterogeneity or randomness of the design process or

3-32
material variability, which cannot be reduced. These sources of uncertainty may

be listed as follows:
actual loads may differ from those assumed,

actual loads may be distributed in a manner different from that
assumed,
the assumptions and simplifications inherent in any analysis
may result in calculated load effects-moments, shear, etcdifferent from those that act in the structure,
the actual structural behavior may differ from that assumed,
owing to imperfect knowledge,
reinforcement may not be in its proper position,
actual material strength may be different from that specified.
As well, the definition and acceptable level of consequence of failure compounds

the uncertainty in the design process. Thus, each source of uncertainty has to be
considered in the quantification of L and R. Lets assume that the uncertainty in
the L and R are provided through a probability distribution.
System Load (L)
System resistance (R)
f(L,R)
P(L>R)
L, R
System load and capacity distribution

In this design method, the concept of safety factor is expressed in terms of
probability of failure, P(L>R), which is depicted as the shaded area. The
objective, then, is to reduce the probability of failure to a sufficiently low value to
be acceptable. Safety margin (Y) can be defined as:

3-33
where for Y < 0, failure is said to occur. The safety margin can be shown as:
f(Y)
Pf = P(R - L) < 0
Safety margin, Y = R - L
Safety margin
The function Y has a mean value a standard deviation Y. From the above
figure, = 0 + Y. The probability of failure Pf is a function of , where is
defined as safety index.
The appropriate values of Pf and hence are chosen bearing in mind the
consequence of failure.
Consequence of failure
Ductile failures with average consequences of failure
Sudden failures or failures with serious consequences of failure
Design
3 3.5
3.5 4
4.2 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS

Precise probability density functions of L and R are often not readily available.
Thus, the design follows a rational approach given most likely values of L and R,
and introducing two sets of partial safety factors.
Lets define the partial resistance and load factors are applied as:
Rn = nominal resistance computed using specified material strengths and

dimensions shown on drawings
= resistance factor reflects uncertainties in computing Rn
< 1.0

3-34
In CSA A23.3, it is assumed that the major factors leading to factored

resistance Rf = Rn, are applied to concrete c and steel s.
Li = specified load effects computed using code specified design loads and
structural analysis
= load factor reflects uncertainties in computing Li
> 1.0
The load effects are defined for live load, dead load, etc with corresponding load
factors of L, D, etc. NBC 2005 requires that the most unfavourable load
combination has to be considered in design.
For CSA A23.3, and were based on the assumptions of
1 in 1000 chance of overload
1 in 100 chance of understrength
and were further calibrated depending on failure mode
Ductile failure
Pf 1/10,000
Brittle failure
Pf 1/100,000
General from:
For bending moments:

3-35
Consider a beam at failure ultimate limit state

Load present at ultimate limit state
Factored self-weight
Factored live load

3-36
5 LIMIT STATE DESIGN

Structures and structural members must be designed as to satisfy the
requirements of safety and good serviceability. Safety is ensured if a structure
or a structural member can resist, without collapse, all loads and deformations to
which it may be subjected during its construction and intended use. Good
serviceability requirements are met if a structure or a structural member performs
properly during its useful life span.
Limit states are defined as states which correspond to the various safety and
serviceability conditions for which a structure is designed.
1. Limit states which concern safety are called ultimate Limit States. They
correspond to the limit of:
loss of equilibrium,
rupture,
progressive collapse,
formation of a plastic mechanism,
instability,
fatigue.
2. Limit states which concern serviceability are called serviceability Limit
States. They correspond to restrictions regarding:
excessive deflections,
excessive crack width,
undesirable vibrations.
3. Fire Resistance
Structure must have Code specified fire resistance
4. Durability
Structure must withstand exposure to environment without
excessive deterioration

3-37
6 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

CSA A23.3 Clause 8.1.3
Factored Resistance
Factored Load Effect
6.1 FACTORED RESISTANCE

Material resistance factor, , accounts for variations in material strength
and cross-section dimensions
Concrete (Clause 8.4.2):
= 0.65
= factored compressive strength

= factored tensile strength
Steel Reinforcement (Clause 8.4.3):

= 0.85 for reinforcing bars and embedded steel anchors;
= 0.90 for prestressing tendons;
= 0.90 for structural steel.

3-38
6.2 FACTORED LOAD EFFECT

Use Load Factors and Combinations (Clause 8.3.2)
CSA A23.3-04 adopts 2005 NBC (included as Annex C)
NBC 2005 Load types and definitions:
D
L
S
W
E
H
=
=
=
=
=
=
P
T
=
=
Dead load (permanent load)

Live load due to use and occupancy (variable load)
Load due to snow and rain (variable load)
Load due to wind (variable load)
Earthquake load and effects (rare load)
Load due to lateral earth pressure and groundwater
(permanent load)
Effects due to prestress (permanent load)
Effects due to imposed deformations: contraction,
expansion or deflection caused by temperature changes,
creep, shrinkage, moisture changes, ground settlement,
or combinations thereof.
Principal load specified variable or rare load that dominates in a given

load combination
Companion load specified variable load that accompanies the principal
load in a given combination
Principal load factor factor applied to the principal load in a
combination to account for the variability of the load, load pattern and
analysis of the load effects
Companion load factor factor applied to the companion load in a
combination to give the probable magnitude of a companion load acting
simultaneously with the factored principal load

3-39
6.3 FACTORED LOAD COMBINATION FOR ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

Combination of factored specified principal and companion loads used for
the evaluation of an ultimate limit state
Load combination = Factored principal load + Factored companion loads
The factored load effect to be use for design at the ultimate limit state
is the combination of factored loads that produces the most critical
effect.

3-40
Example
A partial floor plan of a reinforced concrete building is shown in the figure below.
The roof is subjected to a dead load (D) of 6 kPa (including self weight), a live
load (L) of 1.0 kPa and a snow load (S) of 3.0 kPa.
Determine the factored axial compression load for a typical interior column C1
supporting the roof according to NBC 2005 requirement.

3-41

3-42
7 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

Conditions in structure checked under service load condition
Principal load factors = 1.0
Primary concerns: deflections () and crack widths (w)
< limiting value in code
w < limiting value in code
Other concerns: vibrations, permanent deformation
LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR SERVICEABILITY
Combination of specified principal and companion loads used for the
evaluation of a serviceability limit state
Commentary A Limit State Design of NBC 2005 Structural
Commentaries
Condition
Service load Combination
Long term deflection
D + Tp + L + S
Short term deflection
L + S
L + S
W
Cracking
D + Tp + L + S
D + Tp + L + W
D + Tp + L + Ts
= companion service load factor
= 0.5 for Live load

= 0.2 for Snow load
8 REFERENCES
1) NRCC, National Building Code of Canada (NBCC 2005), National
Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, 2005.
2) NRCC, Users Guide NBC 2005 Commentaries (Part 4 of Division
B), National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, 2005.
3) Brzev, S. and Pao, J. 2006. Reinforced Concrete Design-A Practical
Approach, Prentice Hall.
4) MacGregor, J.G. and Bartlett, F.M. 2000. Reinforced Concrete
Mechanics and Design, Prentice Hall, 1st Canadian Edition.
5) Canadian Portland Cement Association 2005. Concrete Design
Handbook. Third edition. (Contains the 2004 edition of the design
standard for reinforced concrete structures, CSA A23.3-04).

3-43

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CHAPTER 3 BUILDING AND DESIGN CODES

Two broad classifications of codes

3.1 BUILDING CODES AND DESIGN STANDARDS

3.1.1 DESIGN LOADS

Load Classification (Brzev and Pao 2006)

3.1.2 LOAD PATHS IN STRUCTURES

Load paths in a frame subjected to gravity loads

Load paths in a frame subjected to lateral loads

3.2 TRIBUTARY AREAS FOR FLOOR AND ROOF LOADS

a) One way slab

b) Two way slab

ENGR 327 Reinforced Concrete Design I

3.2.1 TRIBUTARY AREA FOR COLUMNS

ENGR 327 Reinforced Concrete Design I

3.2.2 TRIBUTARY AREA FOR BEAMS

ENGR 327 Reinforced Concrete Design I

See also: Commentary F Tributary Area NBC 2005 Structural Commentaries

Tributary area for a two-way slab

Tributary area for a one-way slab

Tributary area for a two-way slab with beam

Tributary area for a one-way deck or

ENGR 327 Reinforced Concrete Design I

ENGR 327 Reinforced Concrete Design I

ENGR 327 Reinforced Concrete Design I

3.3 DEAD LOADS

Unit Weights for Construction Materials

ENGR 327 Reinforced Concrete Design I

3.4 LIVE LOAD DUE TO USE AND OCCUPANCY

Pattern Loading for Maximum Load Effect in Column AB

Provisions specified in Article 4.1.5.

ENGR 327 Reinforced Concrete Design I

For use/occupancy not specified in Table 4.1.5.3, live load is determined

ENGR 327 Reinforced Concrete Design I

ENGR 327 Reinforced Concrete Design I

Concentrated loads are applied on an area of 750 mm by 750 mm located so as

NBC 2005 requires that design is undertaken by considering the most

ENGR 327 Reinforced Concrete Design I

3.4.4 VARIATION OF LIVE LOAD WITH TRIBUTARY AREA

Also know as Live Load Reduction

Any use or occupancy

For design, the live load due to use and occupancy is

ENGR 327 Reinforced Concrete Design I

ENGR 327 Reinforced Concrete Design I

Dead Load Calculations Table

ENGR 327 Reinforced Concrete Design I

Live Load Calculations Table

Live Load (kN)

Tributary area (m2)

ENGR 327 Reinforced Concrete Design I

3.5 LOADS DUE TO SNOW AND RAIN

and are determined based on metrological data:

= basic roof snow factor = 0.8

Accumulations may occur in roof valleys.

= 1.0 where no drifts occur

ENGR 327 Reinforced Concrete Design I

The distribution of snow on roofs adjacent to higher ones is assumed to

ENGR 327 Reinforced Concrete Design I

3.5.1 IMPORTANCE FACTORS SNOW AND WIND LOAD

Table 3 Importance Factors for Snow and Wind Load

Snow Load Importance Factor, Is

Wind Load Importance Factor, Iw

Ultimate Limit State

Service Limit State

Ultimate Limit State