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STEADY-STATE STABILITY
Introduction

Small and large

power angle characteristic
perturbations

Voltage Stability
OBJECTIVE
QUESTIONS

TYPE

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STEADY-STATE STABILITY- OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
1. The power angle characteristic of a machine-infinite bus system is P= 2 sin d (pu).
The initial operating angle is 60 deg., inertia constant H= 5 sec. System frequency is 50 Hz. The angular frequency of oscillation following small perturbation will be
a. sqrt(31.4) rad/sec
b. sqrt(15.7) rad/sec
c. sqrt(62.8) rad/sec
Ans.: (a)
2.

In an interconnected power system ,the frequency of electro-mechanical modes of oscillation lies in the range
(a) 0.5-2.5 Hz
(b) 1-10 Hz
(c) 30-60 Hz
Ans.: (a) Small and large perturbations
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.

If the sending end and receiving end voltages for a 3-phase transmission line are each 33kV(line), and if the reactance of the line is 13 ohms per phase, the maximum power transmitted per phase will be
60 MW
30 MW
29 MW
28 MW

Ans. d
4.

The torque angle corresponding to the steady-state stability limit of a salient-pole alternator is

a.
b.
c.

Less than 90 deg.

Greater than 90 deg.
Equal to 90 deg.

Ans. a
5.

When the alternator stalls (near the stability limit) the armature current is

a.
b.
c.

Less than the rated value

Greater than the rated value
Equal to the rated value.

Ans. a
Introduction
Power system stability is a term applied to alternating current electric power systems, denoting a condition in which the various synchronous machines of the system remain in synchronism, or "in step" with each other. Conversely, instability denotes a
condition involving loss of synchronism, or falling "out of step".
The AIEE standard definition of stability is as follows" Stability when used with reference to a power system, is that attribute of the system, or apart of the system which enables it to develop restoring forces between the elements thereof, equal to or greater
than the disturbing forces so as to restore a state of equilibrium between the elements".
Small and large perturbations
A power system is subjected to a variety of disturbances. These are classified into two categories:

Small perturbations

Large perturbations
Small Perturbations
Perturbations are characterized as small if the changes in system states are small due to these perturbations. The magnitude of perturbation is small enough o allow the use of linearized state equations obtained by linearizing the nonlinear differential equations
around the operating point for studying he dynamics of the system. Random changes in load which occur in the system continuously is a n example of small perturbation. Stability problem associated with small perturbation is known as dynamic stability.
Large perturbations
A power system may be subjected to large perturbations such as :

Occurrence of faults on the line

Loss of large generating units

Loss of major transmission facilities

Loss of large loads

The stability problem associated with large perturbations is known as transient stability.
Derive and explain the power angle characteristic of

Machine infinite-bus system

Two machine system

Discuss the concepts of stable & unstable equilibrium points.
What is meant by steady state & transient stability of a system?
Voltage Stability-ModuleC(.xls file)
This module introduces the static voltage instability problem. The module uses a simple generator connected to a load through two parallel transmission lines. The student can plot PV, QV, or PQ curves for different values of line reactance, generator terminal
voltage, and power factor. Parameters can be changed under the parameter column. Different plots can be obtained from the Plot Command. Clicking the Introduction button provides student with basic material to understand the concept of maximum power
transfer. The information button includes the instructions needed to plot various curves. The student is asked to calculate the reactive power required maintaining a certain voltage Vr at the load bus for a given Pr, Vs, and Xl. The student is asked to calculate the
reduction in maximum power
at the load bus with one line out.