Lca in Pom

LCA applied to palm oil
Malaysian Palm oil

Ste, 2nd March 2010
Jannick Hoejrup Schmidt

Department of Development and Planning
Aalborg University
www.plan.aau.dk/~jannick/
Programme
Goal and scope
System boundaries
Life cycle inventory: critical emissions
LCA-results: palm oil and improvement options
Vegetable oils: production volume

Most important oils: Palm, soybean (constrained), rapeseed
High growth rate (Biodiesel and increasing food intake)
Significant land use impacts in SE-Asia and S-America
Based on FAOSTAT
3
United Plantations Berhad
Goal and scope

Purpose:
Environmental assessment of Malaysian palm oil and palm oil at
Identification and assessment of improvement options
Capturing and utilisation of methane from oil mill effluent
Utilisation of biomass (EFB) for electricity generation
Mineral soils versus peat soils
Functional unit
1 tonne of refined palm oil for food purposes at refinery gate
Refined oil; neutralised, bleached and deodorised oil; NBD oil
Goal and scope

Modelling: consequential
Actual affected/marginal suppliers included
Allocation is avoided by system expansion
Data: good data availability
Plantation: Fertiliser, pesticides, fuels, yield profiles, capital
goods (United Plantations Berhad)
Oil mill & refinery: Energy balance, stack emissions, methane
measurements, capital goods (United Plantations Berhad)
Emissions: Parameterised model based on nutrient balances,
emission factors: mainly IPCC methodology reports
LCIA-method
www.plan.aau.dk/~jannick/research
Stepwise v1.1 (www.lca-net.com)

5
Palm oil production
Oil palm plantation
Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil at

United Plantations Berhad. United Plantations Berhad
Palm oil mill


Product system and material flows

Palm oil (PO), Malaysia
Oil palm plantation

4.651 t FFB
Functional unit
Palm oil mill

0.929 t CPO
0.247 t kernels
Palm kernel oil mill
0.111 t crude PKO
Refinery
35.5 kg ffa
0.893 t NBD PO
Refinery
4.2 kg ffa
0.107 t NBD PKO
1.000 t NBD PO+PKO
39.7 kg fodder fat

0.129 t PKC
19.2 kg protein
0 kg protein
92 SFU energy 102 SFU energy
Programme
Goal and scope
System boundaries
10
System delimitation: land use

Agr. Stage: Land use change how?
DK
1 ha
1 ha rapeseed in DK
1 ha barley in DK
+ 1.8 ha barley in Canada
5230 kg barley ?
11
System delimitation:
land use
Schmidt (2008), System
delimitation in agricultural
consequential LCA.
IntJLCA
Affected
yield: s%
Affected
area: t%
Area
System delimitation: co-products

Oil mill stage: Handling of co-products
Palm oil
Fodder: PKC
Barley
Fodder energy
Displaces
Soybean meal
Fodder protein
13
System delimitation: co-products

Oil crop
Marginal fodder energy:

Barley from Canada
Marginal fodder protein:

Soybean meal from Brazil
Oil mill
Oil
Oil meal
Energy
Barley
(Canada)
Protein
Oil
Soy mill
Soy growing
(Brazil)
Marginal vegetable oil:

Palm oil from Malaysia/Indonesia
Marginal land:
MY: Grassland/forest
CAN: Grassland
Brazil: Savannah/forest
14
Schmidt (2010), Comparative life cycle assessment

of rapeseed oil and palm oil. IntJLCA
System delimitation: co-products, solving the loop
15
Schmidt (2008), Shift in the marginal supply of

vegetable oil. IntJLCA
System delimitation: co-products, solving the loop

1 t palm oil
16
Programme
Goal and scope
System boundaries
17
Emissions inventory: agricultural stage

Net outputs
N-balance: N2O, NH3, N2, NO, NO3-
5) Surplus
N2O
NH3
N2
NO
P-balance: PO4
CO2 from peat
Net inputs
1) Net inputs
4) Harvested FFB
Fertilisers
N deposition from atmosphere
N2 fixation
N-change in soil matter
EFB
POME
Bunch ash
Oil palm planting material
Accessible nutrients
for uptake and losses
5) Surplus
NO3-

18
Dynamic balance throughout the oil palm life cycle

1.40
Yield relative to average yield
1.20
1.00
Yield - mineral
Yield - peat
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
2 year
immature
3) Uptake: Changes in stored nutrients
year 23
year 22
year 21
year 20
year 19
year 18
year 17
year 16
year 15
20 year
mature
Intermediate outputs
N2O-N (IPCC 2000)
year 14
year 13
year 12
year 11
year 9
year 10
year 8
year 7
year 6
year 5
year 4
year 3
year 2
year 1
0.00
Intermediate inputs
2) Release from decomposition of biomass
NH3-N (DK model)

NO-N (FAO and IFA)
Increase in biomass
(fronds)
N2-N (DK model)

NO3- -N (the rest)
Increase in biomass
(spent male flowers)
Increase in standing biomass (oil palm
excluding harvested FFB, pruned
fronds and spent male flowers)
Increase in cover crop
Schmidt (2008), Life cycle

assessment of palm oil at United
Plantations Berhad. United
Plantations Berhad
Accessible nutrients for
uptake and losses
Shredded stands from the

previous generation of oil
palms
Spent male flowers
Pruned fronds
Cover crop
19
Dynamic balance throughout the oil palm life cycle

Release (t/ha y)
Old
standing
biomass:
47.45 t/ha y
Release from decomposition of

felled palms, t/ha y
Standing biomass of:

- trunk
- fronds
- male flowers
Uptake: biomass in standing

stock (not harvested), t/ha y
Standing biomass: 4.31 t/ha y

0
19
20
21
22
23
Sum
43.14 43.14 -4.31 -4.31 -4.31 -4.31 -4.31
Release minus uptake, t/ha y
-4.31 -4.31 -4.31 -4.31
Release (t/ha y)
Release from decomposition of

pruned fronds, t/ha y
8.03
Pruned fronds: 10.7 t/ha y
8.03
2.68
2.68
Uptake: biomass in fronds to

be pruned, t/ha y
Fronds: 10.7 t/ha y
19
20
21
22
23
Sum
Release minus uptake, t/ha y
8.03
2.68
-4.01 -5.35 -1.34

20
CO2 from cultivation of peat

IPCC (2003)
5.0 t CO2/ha yr (3.0-14.0): drained managed tropical forests
73 t CO2/ha yr (7.3-139): cropland
Henson (2004)
27.5 t CO2/ha yr: oil palm
Reijnders and Huijbregts (2006)

37-55 t CO2/ha yr: oil palm
Hooijer et al. (2006)

54-90 t CO2/ha yr: oil palm, level depends on drainage depth

21
Emissions inventory: palm oil mill stage

CH4
Particles

22
Methane from palm oil mill effluent

23
Stack emissions from palm oil mills

24
Programme
Goal and scope
System boundaries
25
Overview of differences between aver

Malaysia and United Plantations

26
Weighted results: Malaysian palm oil
Based on: Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil at

27
Process contribution: characterised results

N2O:
CO2:
CH4:
Other:
Particles:
NH3:
NOx:
Other:
38%
32%
30%
<1%
75%
12%
11%
<2%

28
Improvement options: GHG-emissions
Based on: Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment

of palm oil at United Plantations Berhad.
29
Combination of improvement options:

GHG-emissions
Index 18 Index 35 Index 100
Mineral soil
Index 41 Index 65
UP: 13.4% peat

MY: 9.5% peat
Peat soil

30
Improvement options: Respiratory inorganics

31
Land transformation: GHG-emissions
Assumption: Transformation supports cultivation in 100 years

32
Land transformation: GHG-emissions

3.18
2.45
1.13
0.73

33
Concluding remarks
Most significant impacts: GHG, land use, respiratory inorganics
Most significant improvement potentials
Avoid cultivation of peat
Capture and utilise methane from POME
Increase yields by good management (replanting, fertiliser, integrated
pest management) and good planting material
Potential to reduce GHG emissions with factor 3-5!
34
Allocation impossible processes are created
Allocation
Milk
Meat
Milk
Meat
35
Unallocated milking cow (per 100 DM feed)

100 DM feed
outputs = 100
2.0 CH4
23.2 Manure
28.3 C in CO2
35.0 respiratory water
9.3 Milk
2.2 Meat
Milk: 77% of turnover

Meat: 23% of turnover
36
Allocated milking cow (economic allocation: milk

77%)
77 DM feed
outputs = 77.5
1.5 CH4
17.9 Manure
21.8 C in CO2
27.0 respiratory water
9.3 Milk
2.2 Meat
Milk: 77% of turnover

Meat: 23% of turnover
37
Functional unit = palm oil + palm kernel oil

Palm oil system
0.893 t veg. oil for food
0.107 t PKO
1 t veg. Oil
for food
Special fat market segment
Uses: substitutable market

segment
38
Marginal suppliers
Marginal suppliers: Area or yield
39

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LCA applied to palm oil

Malaysian Palm oil

Jannick Hoejrup Schmidt

Vegetable oils: production volume

United Plantations Berhad

Goal and scope

Refined oil; neutralised, bleached and deodorised oil; NBD oil

United Plantations Berhad

Goal and scope

Stepwise v1.1 (www.lca-net.com)

Palm oil production

Oil palm plantation

Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil at

Palm oil mill

Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil at

Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil at

Product system and material flows

Oil palm plantation

Palm oil mill

0.107 t NBD PKO

1.000 t NBD PO+PKO

39.7 kg fodder fat

System delimitation: land use

System delimitation: co-products

System delimitation: co-products

Marginal fodder energy:

Marginal fodder protein:

Marginal vegetable oil:

Schmidt (2010), Comparative life cycle assessment

System delimitation: co-products, solving the loop

Schmidt (2008), Shift in the marginal supply of

System delimitation: co-products, solving the loop

United Plantations Berhad

Emissions inventory: agricultural stage

N-balance: N2O, NH3, N2, NO, NO3-

Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil at

Dynamic balance throughout the oil palm life cycle

Yield relative to average yield

3) Uptake: Changes in stored nutrients

N2O-N (IPCC 2000)

NH3-N (DK model)

N2-N (DK model)

Schmidt (2008), Life cycle

Shredded stands from the

Dynamic balance throughout the oil palm life cycle

Release from decomposition of

Standing biomass of:

Uptake: biomass in standing

Standing biomass: 4.31 t/ha y

43.14 43.14 -4.31 -4.31 -4.31 -4.31 -4.31

Release minus uptake, t/ha y

-4.31 -4.31 -4.31 -4.31

Release from decomposition of

Pruned fronds: 10.7 t/ha y

Uptake: biomass in fronds to

Fronds: 10.7 t/ha y

Release minus uptake, t/ha y

-4.01 -5.35 -1.34

Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil at

CO2 from cultivation of peat

Reijnders and Huijbregts (2006)

Hooijer et al. (2006)

Schmidt (2008), Life cycle assessment of palm oil at