ARTICLE IN PRESS

Biosystems Engineering (2004) 89 (1), 6977

doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2004.05.001
PH}Postharvest Technology

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

Modelling and Simulation of Heat Transfer in Stored Rough Rice with Aeration
A. Iguaz1; C. Arroqui1; A. Esnoz2; P. V!rseda1
Area de Tecnolog!a de Alimentos, Universidad Pu! blica de Navarra, Escuela Technica Superior de Ingenieros Agronomos,
Pamplona 31006, Spain; e-mail of corresponding author: asun.iguaz@unavarra.es
2
Area de Tecnolog!a de Alimentos, Universidad Polit!ecnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain; e-mail: arturo.esnoz@upct.es

(Received 8 September 2003; received in revised form 6 May 2004; published online 26 June 2004)

A mathematical model based on dynamic heat and mass balances was developed to simulate grain and air
temperature in a bin storage during rough rice forced aeration periods. The mathematical model includes
several experimentally obtained expressions to determine thermo-physical grain properties. Model validation
was carried out by comparing predicted with experimentally measured grain temperatures in different points
of a pilot silo, ventilated with cool air at constant air temperature and humidity. Predicted and measured data
were in close agreement. The model can be used to predict the development of grain temperature and the time
needed to cool stored grain under different ventilation conditions.
# 2004 Silsoe Research Institute. All rights reserved
Published by Elsevier Ltd

1. Introduction

harvesting, during drying, storage or milling (AbudArchila et al., 2000). As for the drying process, the
proportion of ssured kernels increases with the
temperature and the evaporating capacity of the air
(Aguerre et al., 1986; Bonazzi et al., 1997). Industrially,
rough rice is dried carefully in various steps to minimise
grain breakage. Cool-air ventilation during rough rice
storage can contribute to a slightly decreased grain
moisture content and so a gentler drying is possible if
cooling is performed immediately after drying.
Accurate prediction of grain moisture and temperature during storage are needed in order to develop and
evaluate aeration strategies. Mathematical models based
upon grain thermo-physical properties are very useful to
predict grain conditions in any point of a storage bin
and constitute an alternative to temperature and
moisture content recording. Sutherland et al. (1971)
developed a model for heat and moisture transfer in
airow through wheat assuming that thermal and
sorption equilibrium was reached in every location.
The same assumption was used by Thompson (1972) in
a model for simulating the storage of high moisture
shelled corn using continuous aeration. As equilibrium
is assumed, the model is limited to use at low
temperature and low airow conditions. In addition
no validation of the model is performed. Based on the
nite difference method, Sharma and Muir (1973)

Self-reheating is the main reason for grain deterioration during storage. As living substances, grain kernels
continue respiring after the harvest and carbohydrates
in the grain are degraded into CO2, heat and water. As a
result of the raised temperatures, microorganism and
insect growth is enhanced. One method to reduce the
deterioration of the stored grain is to cool it (Sinha,
1971) using an aeration system. Cooling the grain until a
safe temperature is reached, can inhibit insect and
mould activity and minimise the use of chemical
treatments. Grain in storage is also subject to moisture
migration caused by differences in grain temperature.
An aeration system can also prevent deterioration by
reducing the temperature gradients throughout the grain
bulk which may cause moisture migration and pockets
of mouldy grain (Metzger & Muir, 1983). The aeration
systems used for the grain storage are operated in
response to seasonal weather variations and usually
aeration periods are intercalated with extended periods
when ventilation is not required.
Rice is a cereal which is especially difcult to process
because most of the production is used for human
consumption and grain breakage can affect seriously
market value. Fissures in rice kernels cause these kernels
to break. Rough rice can ssure before and during
1537-5110/$30.00

69

# 2004 Silsoe Research Institute. All rights reserved

Published by Elsevier Ltd

ARTICLE IN PRESS
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A. IGUAZ ET AL.

Notation
a
A
c
D
DAA
Es
G
k
hsup
hvap
hvol
hw
H
M
n
ns
N
Patm
Pva
Pvs
Qconv

specic surface contact, m2 m
3

area, m2
specic heat capacity, kJ
1 kg 8C
1
diameter of grain bin, m
average absolute difference
standard error
mass ow rate, kg [DM] s m
2
constant rate, s
1
supercial convective heat transfer coefcient,
kJ m
2 8C
1
latent heat of vaporisation of moisture in the
grain, kJ kg
1
volumetric convective heat transfer coefcient,
kJ m
3 8C
1
latent heat of vaporisation of pure water,
kJ kg
1
height of grain bin, m
mass in the control volume, kg [DM]
number of the control volume
sample size
number of the control volume at the top of the
grain column
atmospheric pressure, Pa
vapour pressure, Pa
saturation vapour pressure, Pa
convective heat, kJ

developed a model for the simulation of heat and mass

transfer during ventilation of wheat and rapeseed. The
model adequately predicted the performance of a
laboratory grain cooler. A model for wheat storage
with and without aeration was developed by Metzger
and Muir (1983). The model simulated conductive heat
transfer in radial and vertical directions and forced
convective heat and moisture transfer in vertical
direction. Chang et al. (1993, 1994) developed a rigorous
model for predicting the temperature and moisture
content of wheat during storage with aeration. The
model was based on the nite difference method and
included terms that represent forced convective heat and
mass transfer. Most of this models were developed for
wheat or maize. However, relatively few models have
been developed for rough rice. Kajunoso et al. (1995)
simulated moisture changes in rough rice storage
during aeration. No experimental data of rough rice
thermo-physical properties were used in this model.
Instead, mass transfer coefcient was determined by
tting experimental moisture content measurements of
aeration tests to simulated results. Thermal properties
were calculated using literature expressions. Considering

Re
HR
R
t
T
T*
V
v
W
Y
z
e
r

reynolds number
air relative humidity, %
drying rate, kg kg
1 [DM] s
1
time, s
temperature, 8C
predicted temperature, 8C
volume, m3
velocity, m s
1
grain moisture content, kg [water] kg
1 [DM]
absolute humidity of the air, kg [water] kg
1
[dry air]
height of the control volume, m
porosity
bulk density, kg m
3

Subscripts
a
as
E
g
in
s
v
w
wg

air
dry air
equilibrium
grain
inlet
dry grain
vapour
water
wet grain

the variability of the thermo-physical properties of

different varieties of rough rice (Iguaz et al., 2003b),
it would be interesting to include experimentally
obtained expressions to improve the accuracy of the
storage model.
This work is part of a more general study that aims to
model the whole process of rough rice including drying,
cooling and storage. The authors previously developed a
model for the storage of rough rice during periods of no
aeration (Iguaz et al., 2004), and when used together
with the model developed here, it becomes possible to
simulate the whole storage process of rough rice.
The objectives of this study are:
(1) to develop a simulation model for predicting grain
temperature in a rough rice storage bin with
aeration, based on heat and moisture dynamic
balances;
(2) to verify the validity of the expressions experimentally developed for the thermo-physical properties
used in the model; and
(3) to validate the simulation model with experimental
data.

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MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER IN RICE

2. Model development
To develop the model, the cylindrical grain bin of
height H in m and diameter D in m was longitudinally
divided into n control volumes of area A in m2 and
height Dz given by H/n as it is shown in Fig. 1.
The following assumptions were adopted in order to
simplify the model:
(1) grain and air contained in each control volume are
not in equilibrium so there is heat and mass transfer
between them;
(2) conduction heat transfer by grain-to-grain contact
is negligible;
(3) heat and mass transfer in the radial direction is
negligible compared to heat and mass transfer in the
axial direction;
(4) heat and mass transfer between grain and air in
each control volume is adiabatic;
(5) the effect of hysteresis in the sorption process is
neglected;
(6) no change in the grain dry matter or heat
generation take place;
(7) the air mass ow in the axial direction remains
constant through the whole bin; and
(8) the intergranular air volume and pressure in each
control volume do not vary with time.

Outlet air

Ga, Y, Ta

Ma, Y, Ta

Mg, W, Tg

Inlet air

Ga, Yin, Ta, in

z + z
z

Fig. 2. Control volume of the grain storage bin; z is the height in

the grain column in m; Mg, W and Tg are the mass in kg[DM],
the moisture content in k kg
1[DM] and the temperature in 8C
respectively of the grain in the control volume; Ma is the air mass
in the control volume in kg [dry air], Y and Yin are the absolute
humidity of the air in the control volume and entering the control
volume respectively in kg kg
1 [dry air]; Ga is the air mass flow
rate entering the control volume in kg[dry air]
1 s; Ta and Ta, in
are the temperature of the air in the control volume, and entering
the control volume, respectively, in 8C

According to these assumptions the dynamic mass

and heat balances for air and grain were established in
each control volume (Fig. 2). The following equations
were obtained.
2.1. Moisture balance in the grain
The mass balance for the moisture of the grain
contained in each control volume on a dry matter (DM)
basis is given by:



@ Mg W

Rw Mg
1
@t
where: Mg is the grain mass in the control volume in
kg[DM]; W is grain moisture content in kg kg
1[DM]; t
is time in s; and Rw is the drying rate in kg kg
1[DM]s
1.
Developing Eqn (1), the following expression is
obtained:
@W
@Mg
Mg
W

Rw Mg
2
@t
@t
@Mg
0, Eqn (2) can be written as
As
@t
@W

Rw
3
@t
2.2. Moisture balance in the air

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the model; n is the number of

control volume; N is the number of the control volume at the top
of the grain column; H, height of cylindrical grain bin; Dz, height
of control volume

The mass balance for the moisture of the air

contained in each control volume is given by
@ M a Y
Ga Yin
Ga Y Rw Mg
4
@t
where: Ma the air mass in the control volume in kg [dry
air]; Yin is the absolute humidity of the air entering the

ARTICLE IN PRESS
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A. IGUAZ ET AL.

volume control in kg kg
1[dry air]; Y is the absolute

humidity of the air in the control volume in kg kg
1[dry
air]; and Ga is the air mass ow rate in kg[dry air]s
1.
Developing Eqn (4), the following expression is
obtained:
@Y
@Ma
Y
Ga Yin
Y Rw Mg
Ma
5
@t
@t
@Ma
0, Eqn (5) can be written as:
As
@t

@Y
1 

6
Ga Yin
Y Rw Mg
@t
Ma
Considering that:
Ma ADzera

Ga va Ara

Mg ADzerg

9
2

where: A is the area of the cylindrical grain bin in m , z

is the height of the control volume in m, e is the porosity,
va is air velocity in m s
1, and ra is the density of humid
air in kg m
3 and rg is bulk density of wet grain in
kg m
3, Eqn (6) can be rearranged and the following
expression is obtained for the air humidity variation:
@Y
va Y
Yin rg

Rw
10
@t
Dz
e
ra e

2.3. Heat balance in the grain

The equation for the enthalpy balance in the grain
contained in each control volume is given by






@ Mg Tg cg
hsup aV Ta
Tg

@t





11

Rw Mg hvap cv Ta
Tg
where: Tg is the grain temperature in 8C; cg is the specic
heat capacity of the grain in kJ kg
1 8C
1; hsup is the
supercial convective heat transfer coefcient in
kJ m
2 8C
1; a is the specic surface on contact between
grain and air in m2 m
3; V is the volume in m3; Ta is the
temperature of air in 8C; hvap is the latent heat of
vaporisation of moisture in the grain in kJ kg
1; and cv is
the specic heat of vapour in kJ kg
1 8C
1.
Developing Eqn (11), the following expression is
obtained:
@cg
@Tg
@Mg
Mg cg
cg Tg
hsup aADz
Mg T g
@t
@t
@t 


 



12
Ta
Tg
hvap cv Ta
Tg Rw Mg
@Mg
0 and expressing specic heat
Considering that
@t
of grain cg as (cs+W cwg) where cs and cwg are the
specic heat capacity of the dry grain and water in the
grain respectively in kJ, grain temperature variation can

be calculated as






hvap cv Ta
Tg
@Tg hsup ADz Ta
Tg

Rw


cs rg cwg W rg
cs cwg W
@t
Tg cwg @W


cs cwg W @t

13

2.4. Heat balance in the air

The equation for the enthalpy balance in the air
contained in each control volume is given by
@ M a T a c a
Ga Ta;in ca;in
Ga Ta ca
@t




ha aADz Ta
Tg cv Ta Rw Mg 14
where: Ta,in is the temperature of the air entering the
control volume in 8C and ca,in and ca are the specic heat
capacity of the air entering and contained in the control
volume respectively in kJ kg
1 8C
1.
Developing Eqn (14), the following expression is
obtained:
Ma Ta


@ca
@Ta
@Ma
Ma ca
ca T a
Ga Ta;in ca;in
Ta ca
@t
@t

@t

ha aADz Ta
Tg cv Ta Rw ADzrg
15

@Ma
0 and expressing specic heat
@t
of air ca as (cas+Ycv), where: cas is the specic heat
capacity of the dry air in kJ kg
18C
1 air temperature
variation can be calculated as

 ha a


@Ta 1 va

Ta;in ca;in
Ta ca

Ta
Tg
ca eDz
era
@t

rg
@Y
Ta Rw
Ta cv
16
@t
era
Considering that

2.5. Heat transfer equations

Several studies on forced convective heat transfer in
aerated grain bins can be found in the literature.
Exchanged heat between air and grain has been calculated
using global or supercial heat transfer coefcients. Boyce
(1965) proposed calculating convective heat transfer using
a global volumetric heat transfer coefcient, Qconv in kJ s:



17
Qconv hvol V Ta
Tg
where hvol is the volumetric convective heat transfer
coefcient in kJ m
3 8C
1 and it was empirically
obtained and calculated by the following expression:


Ta 27316 06011

5
hvol 8568  10 ra V e
18
Patm
where: Patm is the atmospheric pressure in Pa.

ARTICLE IN PRESS
MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER IN RICE

Bakker-Arkema et al. (1967) calculated the convective

heat transfer using a supercial heat transfer coefcient:
ha 563 ca va ra Re
034

19

Total heat exchanged between air and grain was

calculated by



Qconv hsup aV Ta
Tg
20
According to the author the contact area between
grain and air per unit volume of bulk grain a varied
from 49212 to 65617 m2 m
3 for porosities of 044
035. In this study, porosity was experimentally measured and a value of 045 was obtained. In the
simulations, a value of 49212 m2 m
3 for a was used.
Martins (1982) developed a expression for supercial
heat transfer coefcient as a function of mass airow:
hsup 996 Ga049 for Ga5068kg m
2 s

21

hsup 1014 Ga059 for Ga5068kg m
2 s

22

Bala and Woods (1984) proposed the following expression for the global volumetric heat transfer coefcient:
hvol 4932  103 Ga06

23

73

was experimentally determined by thin layer drying

experiments carried out for experimental conditions
similar to the ones found in a industrial grain storage
system. The simple exponential equation was found to
satisfactory predict the drying kinetic of rough rice. The
following drying rate equations was obtained (Iguaz
et al., 2003b):
@W
k W
W E
24
Rw

@t
where WE is the grain moisture content at the
equilibrium in kg kg[DM]
1; and k is the drying
constant in s
1 and it is related to air temperature by


25302
k 0242261exp

25
Ta 27316

2.7. Equilibrium moisture content

The equilibrium moisture content of rough rice was
experimentally determined by San Mart!n et al. (2001).
The modied equation of Chung and Pfost (1967) was
used to adjust the experimental data and the following
expression was obtained.


1
431576
 ln
WE
1493306
832  Ta 19137513


ln
lnHR
26

Convective heat transfer was calculated using these

different expressions for a 13 m diameter metal cylindrical grain bin with a height of 4 m, air velocity of 01 m s
and temperatures of grain and air of 16 and 128C,
respectively. The results are summarised in Table 1.
It is observed that obtained values are of the same
order. The small differences are logical if it is considered
that all the values are empirical expressions and are
subjected to the conditions to which they were obtained.
Simulation results obtained using the different h values
from Table 1 are quite similar. Then, it was demonstrated that there is not an important effect of the chosen
expression for calculating the value of h on the
simulation results. In this study, the expression of
Bakker-Arkema et al. (1967) was used.

where, HR is the air relative humidity in %.

Other thermo-physical properties used in the model
are noted as follows.

2.6. Drying rate equation

(2) Specific heat of humid air was calculated using the

expressions of Pinazo (1995):

In the equations below, Rw is the drying rate of rough

rice and represents grain moisture variation with time. It

(1) Grain specific heat was experimentally determined

and modelled as a function of moisture content by
Iguaz et al. (2003a):
cg 310 W 12648

ca 1 1805Y

27

28

(3) Specific heat of water vapour was the value of Pinazo

(1995):
Table 1
Convective heat transfer Qconv calculated using expression
proposed by different authors
Reference
Bakker-Arkema et al. (1967)
Boyce (1965)
Martins (1982)
Bala and Woods (1984)

Qconv, MJ
1066
1592
0687
1256

cpv 1805 kJ kg
1 8C
1

29

(4) Rough rice bulk density was experimentally determined. The following expression was obtained
(Iguaz et al., 2003a):
rg 17102W 56016

30

ARTICLE IN PRESS
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A. IGUAZ ET AL.

(5) Latent heat of vaporisation was calculated using the

adsorption isotherms for rough rice (San Mart!n
et al., 2001):
hvap hw 204167exp
21722W

31

where, hw is the latent heat of vaporisation of pure

water in kJ kg
1.
(6) Humid air density was calculated as a function of
moisture content by Chang et al. (1993):
ra

1293
1 000367Ta

32

(7) Air psychrometric properties were calculated using

the following expressions (Pinazo, 1995):
Pva
HR
33
Pvs
where, Pva is the vapour pressure in Pa and Pvs is the
saturation vapour pressure in Pa.
Y
Patm
Pva
34
062198 Y
Pvs


exp 14293


5291
Ta 27315
32917
001527Ta 27315 2:54  10
5 Ta 27312152

through rough rice bed. The velocity of the airow used

in the experiments was 013 m3 s
1.
Three temperature sensors (Pt-100-2 4-wire connected
to Almemo 3290 data acquisition system, maximum
error of 028C) were installed inside the bin to measure
grain temperature at different depths. The sensors
were located at 046, 092 and 184 m from the bottom
of the bin.
Temperature and relative humidity of the air at the
outlet of the conditioning unit were measured using
humiditytemperature sensors (TFG80, Galltec, Germany), measuring accuracy 25% for relative humidity and 058C for temperature. Temperature and
relative humidity of the ambient air were also measured
by the mentioned humidity-temperature sensors. All
data were recorded every 30 s and tests were carried out
for about 10 h. A supervisory control and data acquisition system (Scada) were used to record all the data.
Temperature and relative humidity of the conditioned
air, and initial grain temperature and moisture content
were used as input parameters in the model to simulate
the temperatures of grain during storage with forced-air
ventilation.

4. Results and discussion

35
Model equations were programmed using Matlab 51.
Differential equations were solved using a variable step
numerical method, ode 23 s, with an absolute tolerance
of 10
6.

Figure 3 shows the evolution of grain temperature in

different points inside the storage bin when it was

20
18

3. Materials and methods

16

Temperature, C

A 13 m diameter metal cylindrical grain bin with an

height of 395 m was used for the verication of the
model. The bin had a perforated metal oor and a vent
on the roof. The bin was lled with around 1800 kg of
medium grain rough rice (cv Lido) which provided a
grain bed of 23 m in height. The initial moisture content
of the rough rice was about 106% (DB).
An air stream at constant temperature and relative
humidity was used to aerate the rough rice bed. In order
to obtain air with constant properties an air conditioning unit was used. In this unit, air is heated or cooled
depending on the desired conditions. It is equipped with
an electric immersed electrode steam humidier (kit
OEM, Carel, Lancaster, USA) with an output of
5 kg
1 h, and a rated power of 37 kW to add moisture
to reach the desired relative humidity. Conditioned air
was impelled by a fan (Sodeca, Model CMP-514-2 M,
Barcelona, Spain) to provide the forced air ventilation

14
12
10
8
6
0

10

11

Time, h

Fig. 3. Measured grain and ambient air temperature during

storage with aeration (forced air ventilation with air at a
temperature of 118C and a velocity of 01 m
1 s) at three
locations denoted by the height in the grain column in m:
,
ambient air temperature; o, sensor 1 (046); x, sensor 2 (092);
m, sensor 3 (184)

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MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER IN RICE

where, T and T* are measured and predicted temperatures respectively in 8C, and ns is the sample size.
The model predicted the grain temperature with an
average standard error of estimate of 0328C. This result
can be considered very acceptable for a grain storage
system and indicates that the model and the parameters
used for predicting the thermo-physical properties of
rough rice can be used to predict temperature of stored
grain with ventilation.
Using the model, it is possible to predict the evolution
of rice temperature when it is stored in an industrial
grain storage bin and it is subjected to ventilation with
cool forced air. Figure 5 shows the evolution of grain
temperature at different heights of a 61 m diameter bin
14 m in height, with air ventilation at 108C and an

20

18

Temperature, C

16
14
12
10
8
6
0

10

11

10

11

10

11

Time, h

(a)
20

18

Temperature, C

16
14
12
10
8
6
0

(b)

Time, h
20

18
16

Temperature, C

subjected to forced-air ventilation with air at a

temperature of 118C and a velocity of 01 m
1 s.
The initial mean grain temperature was about 1668C.
When this grain was subjected to forced-air ventilation
the temperature dropped to around 118C, that was
almost ventilation air temperature. Grain located in the
top surface, furthest from the air inlet, took more time
to cool than grain located in the bottom of the bin and
very close to air inlet.
Measured and predicted temperature evolution for
different points of the grain bin are plotted in Fig. 4.
Simulated temperatures were obtained for a height Dz of
046 m. It is observed that predicted and measured
temperatures are very similar. However, measured
values are always slightly higher than predicted ones.
This phenomena could be explained by heat gains
through the bin wall during the cooling process that
doesnt take into account in the simulation model.
To quantify the model capacity to predict temperatures inside the grain bin, statistical analyses were
performed. Table 2 shows the values of the average
absolute difference DAAand the standard error Es
calculated by


T
T
36
DAA
ns
s

2
T
T
37
Es
ns

14
12
10
8

Table 2
Average absolute difference DAA and standard error ES between
measured and predicted grain temperature for different points
(sensors S1S3) within the silo, denoted by the height z in m
Measurement point (z), m
S1 (046)
S2 (092)
S3 (184)

DAA, 8C

ES, 8C

048
049
052

029
030
038

6
0

(c)

Time, h

Fig. 4. Measured (o) and predicted (-) grain temperatures at

three locations denoted by the height in the grain column in m:
(a) sensor 1 (046); (b) sensor 2 (092); (c) sensor 3 (184)

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76

A. IGUAZ ET AL.

Comisio! n Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnolog!a of the

Spanish Government (CICYT, AGL 2000-0809 and
CICYT 2000-0257) for the nancial support.

24
22

Temperature, C

20
18

References

16
14
12
10
8
6
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Time, h
Fig. 5. Simulated grain temperatures in a storage bin with
aeration at different heights from the bin bottom: &, 146 m; m
70 m; o, 140 m

airow of 026 m
3 m
1 min. It takes around 150 h to

cool the whole bulk grain until 108C. Layers at the
bottom of the bin cool faster than layers near the top
surface. While grain at 14 m from the bottom reaches
108C in around 40 h, it takes almost 150 h the grain in
the top surface (z 14 m) to reach the same temperature. In this period of time, average rice moisture was
reduced from 15% (w.b.) to 139% (w.b.). That means
that in these conditions, the aeration with cold air was
responsible for a drying of 106%.

5. Conclusions
A mathematical model based on dynamic heat and
mass balances was developed to simulate the evolution
of grain and air temperature and moisture content in a
rough rice storage bin with forced cool air ventilation.
Validation was performed by comparing predicted and
measured grain temperature in an experimental 13 m
diameter bin ventilated with air at 108C. Predicted grain
temperature were in close agreement with measured
ones with standard error of estimate from 029 to
0388C. The model and parameters used in the model are
applicable for temperature prediction purposes. Using
the model it is possible to predict the evolution of grain
temperature and moisture and the time needed to cool
the stored grain under different ventilation conditions.

Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the CASE-farming
co-operative for supplying the rice samples and to the

Abud-Archila M; Courtois F; Bonazzi C; Bimbenet J J (2000).

Processing quality of rough rice during drying}modelling
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kernel temperature. Journal of Food Engineering, 45,
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Aguerre R ; Su!arez C; Viollaz P E (1986). Effect of drying on
the quality of milled rice. Journal of Food Technology, 21,
7580
Bala B K; Woods J L (1984). Simulation of deep bed malt
drying. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 30(3),
235244
Bakker-Arkema F W; Bickert W G; Patterson R J (1967).
Simultaneous heat and mass transfer during the cooling of a
deep bed of biological products under varying inlet air
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