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Electron
Symbol
Relative charge
+1
Relative mass
1/1840 u
1u
1u
Nature
Discovered by
Negatively
charged
J. J.
Thomson
Proton
Neutron
n
Positively charged
Neutral
E. Goldstein
Chadwick
4. Thomson's model of an atom: According to this model of atom, an atom is a sphere of positive
charge with negatively charged electrons embedded in it. An atom as a whole is electrically neutral
because the negative and positive charges are equal in magnitude.
5. Limitations of Thomson's model of an atom: The model failed to explain the results of various
experiments carried out by other scientists such as Rutherford's experiments.
6. Rutherford's -particle scattering experiment
i. -particles are charged particles having two units of positive charge and 4 units of mass, i.e. they
are doubly charged helium ions (He2+).
ii. In the experiment, fast moving -particles were allowed to strike a very thin gold foil in vacuum.
7. Conclusions from Rutherfords -particle scattering experiment
i. Most of the space between inside atoms is empty; hence, it allows the particles to pass straight
through it without any deflection.
ii. Very few particles were deflected from their path which suggests that the positive charge of the atom
occupies very little space.
iii. The total volume occupied by a nucleus is very small compared to the total volume of the atom, as
very few particles are reflected by 180.
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i. Electrons revolve around the nucleus in a limited number of orbits called discrete orbits of electrons
or also called permissible orbits.
ii. While revolving in discrete orbits, the electrons do not radiate energy, i.e. energy of an electron remains
constant as long as it stays in a given orbit. Electrons present in different orbits have different energies.
iii. Some energy is absorbed when an electron jumps from a lower energy level to a higher energy level. Energy
is released when an electron jumps from a higher energy level to a lower energy level.
iv. Orbits or shells are represented by the letters K, L, M, N or the numbers n = 1, 2, 3, 4
12. The outermost shell of an atom is called the valence shell, and electrons present in the valence shell are called
valence electrons.
13. The combining capacity of an atom is called its valency.
14. Noble gases have their outermost shells completely filled; hence, their valency is 0.
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20. Isotopes
i. Isotopes are the atoms of the same elements having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
ii. Isotopes have similar chemical properties because they have same number of valence electrons.
iii. Isotopes have different physical properties, such as boiling point, melting point etc., because they have
different mass numbers.
21. Applications of isotopes
235
i. Uranium isotope ( 92 U ) is used in nuclear reactions.
60
ii. Cobalt isotope ( 27 U ) is used in the removal of brain tumours and in their treatment.
21. Isobars are the atoms of different elements with different atomic numbers but the same mass number.
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