25.

Explain the necessary modification for the structure of dentist chair for children that
are suitable and save for the adult.
Suggestion
Increase the cross-sectional
area of big piston and
decrease the cross-sectional
area of small piston
The wall of pipe is made up of
strong alloy to hold the fluid
Change the less control into
electric touch control
The surface area of the seat
enlarged
Use non-corrosive oil in jack

Explanation
To increase the output force acting on big
piston / to lift havier adult / to increase force
multiplier of system
To withstand the strong pressure that might
cause cracking in the channel
To lift or lowered the chair to the desire
weight more easily and safety
To support the people with the large bodies
So that the wall of the pipe will not be
controlled and cause leakage

26. Explain the build and design of hot air ballon wich can fly higher altitude faster and
suggest some safety aspect.
Suggestion
Large ballon
Many hot air burner
Synthetic nylon ballon
Gas temperature is high
Total of mass is low
Rattan basket
Fly on early morning or late
afternoon

Explanation
Produce bigger buoyant / upthrust force,
increase the volume of air displacement
Heat up the gas inside faster
Air proof, light weight and strong material
Reduce the density of air in ballon
Ballon move upward faster
Longer the time impact, reduce the impulsive
force to passanger when landing
The temperature outside the ballon is cooler
compare to the inside of ballon, so the ballon
will rise higher

27. Explain the basic structure of small submarine that can be use for underwater
exploration.
Suggestion
Strong material
Aerodynamic shape
Thick wall
High density materials
Ballast tank
Sonar transmitter and
receiver

Explanation
Does not break easily
Reduce water resistance
Water pressure increase with depth
Increase mass / can submerge easily
To increase or reduce weight
To estimate and depth

28.Suggest the design of submarine which can submerge and float in the sea.
Suggestion
Ballast tank are partially
filled with water
Aerodynamic // streamline
body
Use hard and stiff materials
for body
Attach periscope
Use nuclear power sources
to generate power

Explanation
The submarine will partially float
To reduce water resistance
To overcome the pressure of water in the sea
To view surrounding area when submarine float
Cheap and lasting power

29.Explain the characteristic of material to be use for making the sole of jungle trekking
shoes.
Suggestion
Rubber sole
Low density
Many stud
Low expansion effect
Excellent ability of stretch

Explanation
Good impact absorber
Light weight
Give extra grip
Not loose easily
Comfortable to feet, foot can move unstressed

30.Using physics concept, explain necessary deep sea diving suit and other accessory to
carry.
Suggestion
Choose strong helmet with
thick metal and glass to
cover head
Use thick glass in front of
diver face

Explanation
To withstand high pressure of water and protect
the head

Use water proof suit and

able to withstand pressure

Due to depth, the pressure under water is very

high

Bring along gas containing

mixture of oxygen
Use very heavy suit

To provide oxygen to diver for breath

Enable the diver to see surrounding and at the

same time able to withstand the pressureof water

The diver enable to stand on the floor of ocean and

able to fight buoyancy of water

31.Modified the passanger airplane to cargo airplane that needs to carry more laod, less
use of fuel, effenciency and safety to travel.
Suggestion
Increase the size of the
body
Increase the length of the
wing
Increase the thickness of
the body
Use a more powerful
engine
Increase the number of
tyres
Protective bar between
the cabin and the pilot
Pilot has ejected seat
during emergency

Explanation
To increase the space
To increase the upthrust
To stand higher pressure difference
To overcome bigger inertia and do more work per
unit time
To support higher mass or pressure while landing
To prevent moving object to knock at the pilot
while landing
To save the pilot if plane crash happened

32.Design Vacuum Cleaner

Suggestion
Large fan driven
Powerfull of lectric motor
Narrower inlet opening
Using a very large filter to block
dust particles while allowing air
moleculs to pass through
Larger spaced for depositing and
collecting the dust particles

Explanation
Inrease the spped and amaunt of airflows
Inrease the spped and amaunt of airflows
Inrease the velocity/decrease air pressure
To have a lots of surface area and many pores for
air to flow through
Ensure that the air flows through the filter is not
block by too many dust particles

33.Design paint sprayer

Suggestion
Large size of air vessel
Rubber material for the vessel
Narrow shape of the tube
Fibre glass material for the rod
Size of nozzle is narrow at the
end

Explanation
Compress more air/can exert large pressure
More elastic/easier to squeeze
Air can move with high speed
Stronger and last longer
The paint can be sprayed evenly

34.Design hidraulic jack

Suggestion
Bigger crossectional area of slave
piston(big piston)
Small crossectional area of
master piston(small piston)
Longer handle
Low density of a body
Oil for liquid
Release valve between small and
main reservoir(reset)

Explanation
Produced higher force
Less forced is needed/produced bigger pressurre
Less forced is needed to press small piston(master
piston)
Lighter
Non-compressable
Liquid can flows into small reservoir easily when
push the reset button.

35.Design hydrometer
Suggestion
Bulb with lead shot at
the lower section
Cylinder with bigger
diameter at the bottom
Cylinder with smaller
diameter at the upper
section
Smaller scale
Filled with air
Glass wall

Explanation
To submerge the hydrometer and not overturn
not overturn/increase stability

Suggestion
Base is made of a copper

inrease the sensitivity

Inrease the beyoncy force
Not corrode easily

High density of base

36.Most suitable design of thermometer to use in Antarctica

Explanation
o
Freezing point of alcohol is -115 C .So , it will not freeze
at low temperature
So it will sensitive to the change of heat
Alcohol can expand at high rate for the small change in
temperature
The loss of heat to surrounding is small
Can act as magnifying glass , so the alcohol level can be
seen clearer

37.Most suitable design of clinical thermometer

Suggestion
Use mercury
The scale range from
o
o
35 C to 42 C
Small diameter of
capillary tube// extra
fine bore tube

Explanation
Easy to read because it colour and opaque
To measure human body heat
Mercury can expand at high rate for a small change in
temperature

Sensitive to change of temperature

Can act as ,magnifying glass. So, mercury can be seen
clearly

38.Explain the design and the characteristics of the cooking pan

A small reading scale can be incorporated/inrease the

sensitivity

CHAPTER 4

Suggestion
Use alcohol as liquid in
glass thermometer
Use thin wall of bulb
Use small diameter of
capillary tube
Use thick glass wall
Use round glass stem

Use thin glass wall of

bulb
Use round glass stem
and wall

Body is made of
aluminium
Handle is made of wood
or plastic
Choose low density
material for handle
Transparent pot cover

Explanation
Copper has a lower heat capacity it become hot very
quickly
Heavier base make the pot stable and not topple over
easily
Low specific heat capacity becomes hot very quickly but
it low density make it overall weight of weight lighter
High specific heat capacity so the handle do not become
hot . Safe
Does not add much to the total weight of pot
Able to cooker to see the food. Food cover will trap the
heat

39.Suggest and explian the design of water heater to boil a large quantity of water faster,
efficient and safely
Suggestion
Use tungsten
Coiled
High melting point
Lower rate of rusting
Use thermostat

Explanation
High melting point,high heat energy
Longer wire,increase the resistance
Not easy to melt at high temperature
Does not get rust easily
When temperatures reach 100 Celsius, the water heater
will automatically turn off

40.Determine the modification to be made for container,so the cut fruit will keep cool,
remain fresh and easily seen by customers.
Suggestion
Use container with high
specific heat capacity
Place small ice packet below
the bottom of the cut friuts
Add salt to the packet of ice
White wall colour of container
The container has double wall
Transparent wall of container
in front of customer

Explanation
Able to slow down the loss of heat from the
container
The cut fruits is chill and juicy, ice able to absorb
a large amount of latent heat when melt
Foreign matter will increase the freezing point of
ice, so this will slow down the ice from melting
Can avoid absorbtion of heat from the
surrounding
Avoid heat from surrounding transferred easily to
container. The inside container remains cool
The customer can see and choose the cut fruits
easily

41.Investigate the most suitable liquid that can be use as coolant for car engine using
physics concept.
Suggestion
Low freezing point liquid
High boiling point liquid
High specific heat capacity
liquid
Low ability to react with metal

Explanation
Will not freeze easily during winter weather
Do not easily boil when absorbing heat from the
engine
Can transfer large contain of heat with a small
rise in temperature. Able to cool up the engine
The metal part of the engine will not corrode
easily

42.Most suitable thermometer for laboratory to measure the temperature of ice and
boiling point of water
Suggestion
Size of the bulb is small
Use thin wall of bulb
Use mercury

Use thin wall capillary

Has minimum size scale with
small division

Explanation
Does not need a lot of heat to heat up the mercury
to expand
So it is sensitive to change of heat
Freeezing point of the mercury is -39 degree celsius
and boling point 357 degree celsius . Able to has a
range from -10 to 110 degree Celsius. Mercury can
expand a high rate for small change of temperature
Able quick heat transfer from the surrounding to the
mercury. So, the thermemeter is more sensitive
Making thermometer a sensitive instrument

43.Modified and explain the design of an efficient solar water-heating system on the roof.
Suggestion
Pipe embedded in plate must be
long
Use metal pipe as pipe inside the
plate
Use insulator behind the
absorber panel
Use black absorber panel
Cover the top of the panel with
glass
Put the tank at higher level

Explanation
Longer pipe will has greater surface area which can
absorb heat faster
Metal is good heat conductor , so heat will easily
transmit to water
Insulator will prevent the heat loss
Black is good heat absorber
Heat will trap inside due to green house effect
To give higher pressure

44.Explain the build of solar cooker oven that been use in science month competition at
your school to boil 500ml water in short time.
Suggestion
Build the solar cooker with
shiny// silver colour reflector
inside
Use metal cooker
Paint the outside part of the solar
cooker and the cooker ( contain
water ) with black colour
Wrap the cooker with plastic or
glass
To trap heat, the temperataure
will increase

Explanation
The light will reflect to the cooker and heat up the
water
Good conductor
To absorb

Suggestion
Food container should made
of low density material
Melting point of container
should be high
Specific heat capacity should
be high
Thermal conductivity is low.i

Avoid heat from release to sorrounding

To absorb heat, the water boil faster

Double wall

Explanation
Lighter , the container able to be move from one
place to another.
To prevent the container from melting up when hot
food is store inside
So the container will not get hot easily. Safe to
touch and handle.
Good heat insulator , to ensure the heat not loss
and the food remain hot.
To prevent hest loss.

47.Explain the characteristic and design of thermos flasks to maintain hot water.

45.Suggest the design of heating system in the house and characteristics of heating agent.
The house use central heating system with boiler, radiator and pipelines.
Suggestion
Use strong material
Use metal pipe with good heat
conductor
Increase length of cooling coil
Use greater boiling point liquid
Low rate of rusting material
The bigger size of radiator fan
Pipe in coil structure is used

46. Suggest the characteristic of material to build food container which can keep the
food warm.

Explanation
Not easily break
Increase the rate of heat transfer
Can transfer the heat faster to surrounding
Liquid not easily change into vapour
Long lasting, not easily rust
Can blow and cool down larger area
Increase the time of floe and increase the quantity of
haet transferred.

Suggestion
Use hollow plastic stopper
Vacuum space
Has double wall
Double walled tube coated
with shiny paint
Double walled made of glass

Explanation
Able to trap air as air is poor heat conductor.so,less heat
loss through stopper.
Prevent heat loss through conduction or convection
Has vacuum in between heat not easier pass through
the wall of thermos.
Shiny surface reflect heat from the wall of thermos
flasks back to water.so the water remain hot.
Glass is bad conductor.it will reduce heat loss.

48.Explain how the design of radiator of the car and characteristic of cooling agent which
can absorb heat at short time,
Suggestion
Increase the length/area of
cooling coil
Increase the number of fin
blades
Use larger fan
Use cooling agent liquid with
greater boiling point
Use cooling agent liquid with
higher specific heat capacity

Explanation
Can transfer the heat faster to the surrounding
Can cool down faster
Can cool down larger area
It wont boild easily in high temperature
Able to absorb large amount of heat

CHAPTER 5
49.Determine and explain in the build of magnifying glass to be use for enlarging the image
of stamp
Suggestion
Choose convex lens
Excellent clarity of lens
Small focal length
Medium diameter of lens
The object is place less
distance than focal length

Explanation
The image will magnify
The image is clearer
Able to focus nearer
Able to be hold by hand to identify the stamps
The image form is magnify, virtual and upright

50.Explain the suitability of the mirror that be use in shop to watch over the customer
Suggestion
Use convex mirror
Greater reflectivity of material
Choose a bigger size of mirror
Place the mirror at the corner
of shop ceiling
Low density

Explanation
Wider field of view
Clearer image
Enable wider view and sharper image
Easier to look at and wont disturb the customer
pathway
Lighter to hang up

51.Design fibre optic

Suggestion
Use refractive index of outer layer is
less than the refractive index of inner
layer
Use high flexibility material
Use strong material
Use thin material
Low density material

Explanation
So that total internal reflection can happen in the
fiber optic.
so that it can be bend easily
do not break easily
Lighter // can be use in small area
Lighter

52.Determine and explain the build of microscope using lens P and Q with focal length of
15 cm and 5 cm respectively. Suggest modification that need to be done to get brighter ang
bigger image.
Suggestion
P as eye piece and Q as objective
lens
Fo < u <2fo
Adjusted so that u < fe
Distance between lenses > fo + fe
Store in a cool and dry place
Use more powerful// shorter focal
length lenses
Use a lamp near the object// use
bigger diameter of objective lens

Explaination
Focal length of P is longer than Q
To produce real, inverted and magnified image
To produce virtual. Inverted and bigger image//
to acts as a magnifying glass
To produce bigger image from the eyepiece // to
increase the magnification
To avoid formation fungus at the lenses
To produce bigger image
To produce brighter image

53.Explain the suitable characteristic of the mirror to be use as outdoor safety mirror at the
corner of the road
Suggestion
Use convex mirror
Excellent weather resistance
Excellent impact resistance of
material
Bigger size mirror
Greater reflectivity of material
Place at the sharp road corner , at
bending road
Small roof

Explanation
Wider field of view
Able to withstand bad weather
Save cost, everlasting
To enable a wider view and sharper image
Clearer image even in bad weather
To minimize from accident occur, to enable motorist
see the oncoming traffic
Protect from rain drop for better image

54.Detemine and explain the build of Astro disc using appropriate physics concepts.
Suggestion
Choose convex curve parabolic
All signal are focus on focal point
Smooth surface of disc
Locate the disc at high and facing
towards satellite
Clean surface of disc, no water
drop or dirt

Explanation
The signals come can be focus at one point
Better reception
Better reflection
No obstacle, better signal
Better reflection, almost 100% reception receive by
feed horn

55.Modified the slide projector that need to be place in school hall and can be seen by
many student with clearer image.
Suggestion
Use higher power bulb
The filament of the bulb is at the
focus point of the concave mirror
More curvature
Lens between f and 2f
Increase the distance or further
away the screen

Explaination
Higher intensity of light or more light produced
The light focuses at one point. // parallel ray can be
obtained after reflection by concave mirror
More light to be reflected (upward) // less light
toward other direction other than upward
To produce real ang enlarge or bigger images
Larger image produced

Electric fan operates during and

after the lamp is switches on
Use condenser mirror
Use a concave mirror instead of
plane mirror
Place the filament at centre of
curvature of the converging
mirror // use high powered lens
Use heat filter

Cooling system to stabilized the temperature (heat

energy produced by filament bulb) to increase the
projector lifetime
To concentrate more light to the slide
Focus the light directly to the lens // increase the
intensity og light
Light goes directly from the lamp and reflect back on
the same path // increase the intensity of light
toward the transparency // to get brighter image
To absorb excess heat to the transparency

56.Determine and explain the build of telescope using lens J and K with lens K is thicker
than lens J which produce bigger and clearer image.
Suggestion
C hoose lens K as eyepiece
lens
Lens K is thicker than lens J

Choose lens J as objective

lens
Use bigger diameter lens as
objective lens
Use low power convex lens as the
objective lens
Use high power convex lens as
the eye lens
Use bigger diameter of objective
lens

Expalanation

Light ray is refracted more in lens K than lens J,

focal length of lens K is shorter than lens J
Therefore the thickerthe lens, the greater the
refraction of light and with that the shorter the
focal length of a lens will be
Characteristics of objective lens for telescope is
Has larger surface area which allow more
light enter
Has a longer focal length
Magnification of telescope =f0/fe
Low power lens has a longer focal length ,fo higher,
magnification higher
High power lens has a shorter focal length,fe higher,
magnnification higher
More light permitted to enter the telescope and a
clearer image is seen