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Introduction
In Construction projects proper use of the appropriate
equipment contributes to economy, quality, safety, speed and
timely completion of project.
Used in projects like roads, highways, large buildings, dams,
canals etc.
15-30% of total project cost has been accounted towards
equipment and machinery, depending upon the extent of work.

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Operations involved in construction of

any project
Excavation
Hauling
Placement
Compacting
Leveling
Grading

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Excavating and Earth

Moving Equipments

Excavating and earth moving

equipment
Power shovel
Back hoe
Drag line
Clam shell
Scrapers
Bull dozer
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Power shovel
To excavate earth and to load the trucks
Capable of excavating all types of earth except hard rock
Types:

1. Crawler mounted
2. Wheel mounted

Size indicated by size of dipper (0.375m3 to 5m3).

Basics parts of power shovel: mounting system, cabin,
cables, boom, hoist line, dipper stick and dipper (bucket).
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Applications
Suitable for close range of work
Used in various jobs such as digging in gravel banks,
clay pits, digging cuts in road works, etc.

Optimum Depth of Cut: Depth which produces the

greatest output and at which the dipper comes up with
full load without excessive downward pressure and
tension
=

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Selection of Type and Size

Type (wheel/crawler mounted):
1. Job site requirements
2. Topography and type of soil

Size (of dipper):

1. Cost per cubic meter of output
2. Job/site conditions

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Factors affecting output of power shovel

Class of material
Depth of cutting
Angle of swing
Job condition
Size of hauling units
Skill of the operator

Physical condition of the shovel

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Back hoe
Also known as hoe, back shovel and pull shovel
It is used to excavate below the surface on which it rests.
Generally used to excavate trenches, pits for basements and for
grading works, which requires precise control of depths.
The basic parts are mounting, cabin, boom, hoist cable, gantry,
brace, dipper etc.

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Back hoe

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Application
It is the most suitable machine for digging below the machine
level
It can be efficiently used to dress or trim the surface avoiding
the use of manual effort for dressing the excavated the surface
Can exert greater tooth pressure; penetrates easily into the
toughest materials to be dug

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Dragline
Dragline is so named because of its prominent operation of dragging the

bucket against the material to be dug

Unlike the shovel, it has a long light crane boom and the bucket is
loosely attached to the boom through cables. Because of this
construction, a dragline can dig and dump over larger distances than a
power shovel

Useful for digging below its track level and handling softer materials
basic parts: boom, hoist cable, drag cable, hoist chain, drag chain and
bucket

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Application
Suitable for digging softer material below its track level
Long reach
Mostly used in the excavation for canals and depositing on the
embankment without hauling units.

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Drag line

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Clamshell
This is so named due to resemblance of its bucket to CLAM
which is like a shell-fish
The front end is essentially a crane boom with a specially

designed bucket loosely attached at the end through cables as

in a drag line.

The capacity of a clam shell bucket is usually given in cubic

meters.
The basic parts of clam shell bucket are the closing line, hoist
line, sheaves, brackets, tagline, shell and hinge.

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Application
Used for handling loose material such as crushed stone, sand,
gravel, coal etc.
Main feature is vertical lifting of material from one location to
another.
Mainly used for removing material from coffer dam, sewer
main holes, well foundations etc.

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Clamshell

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Comparison between different types

of equipment
s.no.

Items of comparison

Power shovel

Back hoe

Drag line

Clam shell

Excavation in hard soil or rock

Good

Good

Not good

Poor

Excavation in wet soil or mud

Poor

Poor

Moderately good

Moderately good

Distance between footing and

digging

Small

Small

Long

Long

Loading efficiency

Very good

Good

Moderately good

Precise but slow

Footing required

Close to work

Close to pit

Can be fairly
away from pit

Can be fairly
away from pit

Digging level

Digs at or above
footing level

Digs below
footing level

Digs below
footing level

Digs at or below
footing level

Cycle time

Short

Slightly more
than power
shovel

More than power

shovel

More than all

other
equipments21

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Trenching machine
Used
for
excavating
trenches
for
laying
pipelines, sewer, cables etc.
Operation is quick, giving
the required depth or width.
Two types:
1. Wheel type - for
narrow and shallow trenches
of short stretches
2. Ladder type for
long stretches
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Scrapers
Unique machine for digging and long-distance hauling of
plough-able materials.
Self-operating machine
Wheels of machine cause some compaction.
The basic parts of scrapers are the bowl, apron and tail gate or
ejector.

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Scraper

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Bull dozer
The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the material

from one place to another

Types: crawler / wheeled type

Classification of bull dozer:

1. Position of blades

a) Bulldozers in which the blade is perpendicular to the

direction of movement
b) Angledozers in which the blade is set at an angle with the
direction of movement.
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2. Based on mountings
a) Wheel mounted

b) Crawler mounted
3. Based on the control

a) Cable controlled
b) Hydraulically controlled

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Bull dozer

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Applications
Bull dozers are mainly used for the following operations
For spreading the earth fill
For opening up pilot roads through mountainous and rocky

terrains
Clearing construction sites
Maintaining haul roads
Clearing trees and stumps from the construction site
Back-filling trenches at construction sites by dragging earth from
one place to another
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Tractors
Multi-purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing other
equipments
Types:
a) Crawler type- Used to move bull dozers, scrapers etc. The crawler has
a chain by which these tractors can be very effective even in the case of
loose or muddy soils. The speed of this type dose not normally exceed
12 kmph
b) Wheel type- The engine is mounted on wheels. The main advantage is
higher speed, sometimes exceeding 50 kmph (used for long-distance

hauling and good roads)

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Tractor

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Comparison between crawler and wheel

tractors
Crawler tractor

Wheel tractor

1. Slow speed

1. Greater speed

2. More compact and powerful; can handle

heavier jobs

2. Can handle only lighter jobs

3. Costlier

3. Cheaper

4. Cost of operation and maintenance is high

4. Operational and maintenance cost is less

5. Stick control for steering

5. Wheel steering control

6. Can operate on rough surfaces

6. Advantageous mainly over smooth

surfaces

7. Used for short distances

7.Used for longer distances

8. Requires skillful operation, maintenance

and repairs

8. Lesser skills required for operations,

maintenance and repairs

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Earth compaction equipment

Smooth-wheel rollers
Sheep-foot rollers
Pneumatic-tyred rollers

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Smooth-wheel rollers
Plain steel rollers (5 to 15 tonnes)
Used for ordinary rolling work where deep compaction is not
required
These rollers have one front and two rear wheels
Rear wheels: larger in diameter; front wheel: wider
Weight may be increased by filling water or sand ballast in
hollow cylinder
Effective in compacting soils such as sand, gravel and crushed
stone
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Smooth wheel roller

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Sheep-foot rollers
For compacting earth work in embankments and canals (where

compaction deep into the layer of the earth is required)

Gives best results when the soil is clay or predominantly cohesive

and impervious.
Weight: 15 tonnes or more; speed: upto about 25 kmph
Compacts the soil from bottom to top
With repeated passages of the roller, the penetration of feet
decreases

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Sheep foot roller

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Pneumatic-tyred rollers
It consists a base or a platform mounted between two axles.

Most suitable for compacting fine-grained soil and well graded

sands.

Ballasting is done using water, sand or pig iron in order to increase

the self weight.

Major advantage: ability to control the ground contact pressure:

a) Altering the weights of machine
b) Increasing the number of wheels
c) Changing tyre width
d) Changing the contact area of the tyre by altering the contact pressure
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Pneumatic tyred roller

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Hauling equipments
Equipments used for transportation of materials and other
construction equipments
Involves
transportation of building materials
carriage and disposal of excavated earth
haulage of heavy construction equipment

Trucks, Tractor driven trailers

Types:
(i) On-highway vehicles
(ii) Off-highway vehicles

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Classification
Size and type of engine (petrol/diesel)
Number of gears
Number of wheels and axles; arrangement
Method of dumping
Class of material handles
Capacity etc.

Dump trucks
Used for moving earth, sand, blasted rocks, gravel, ore, coal etc.

Types:
1. Side or rear dump trucks-

These are heavy duty trucks with strongly built body which is hinged on
the truck chassis at the side(s) and rear end respectively, and fitted with a
hydraulic pump on the underside for lifting and tilting the body

These trucks are suitable for use in hauling wet clay, sand, gravel, quarry
rocks etc.

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Side dump truck

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Rear dump truck

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Bottom dump trucks

The body of the truck remains in the same position and the
discharge of the material takes place through its bottom after
opening of two longitudinal gates.
Used when the load is spread in layers (as in fill of dam
Material discharged while the unit is moving (time benefit over
rear/side dump)
Suitable for use in hauling free flowing material, such as, sand,
gravel, dry earth, hard clay etc.
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Bottom dump truck

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Dumpers
High speed pneumatic wheeled trucks
Short chassis, strong bodies
Loading, hauling and dumping is quicker as compared to other
equipments
Suitable for short hauls, especially where a shuttle movement
is required

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Dumper

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Conveying equipment
Transporting materials from one place to another over a stationary
structure.
Can be done horizontally, vertically or inclined.
1. Conveyor: horizontal or inclined conveying
2. Elevator: vertical conveying
Mainly used in mining, construction and industries
Continuity and uniformity in operation
Discharge can be controlled by the speed of the belt.
Types:
1. Belt conveyor
2. Screw conveyor
3. Bucket conveyor
4. Aerial transport
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Belt conveyor
Used when large quantities of materials have to be conveyed over

long distances at fast speed

It consists of a belt running over a pair of end drums or pulleys

and supported at regular intervals by a series of rollers called

idlers

Idlers supported on a conveyor frame

The middle sag provided in the belt prevents the spilling of

material
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Advantages:
1. Low labor requirement and maintenance cost
2. Good safety records, high reliability
3. Can handle light/heavy materials, dry/wet, fine/coarse
4. Lighter in weight than other conveyors.
Disadvantages:
1. Very high initial cost
2. Continuous supply of power
3. Skilled labor

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Aggregate Production Equipment

Aggregate production equipment

Aggregate has to be produced at the site, if the quantity needed is
very large.
For any project where concrete requirement is very high, an
aggregate preparation and processing plant is essential to complete
the concreting operations
Aggregate production consists of two stages: recovery and
processing
Basic material, such as stone, is recovered from a rock quarry or
from the river bed and processing is done which consists of
crushing, washing and stock piling of aggregate.
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Production of Aggregates
Drilling and Blasting

Dumping or Loading

Hauling

Crushing

Screening

Handling

Storing

Aggregate production equipment

Crushers are used mainly to reduce the size of large stone or
rock to smaller uniform sized aggregates required for
concrete mix.

Crushing consists of
Abrasion
Impact
Attrition
Combination of above operations

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Classification of Crushers
Primary
(i) Jaw crushers
(iii) Hammer mills

(ii) Gyratory crushers

Secondary
(i) Cone crusher
(iii) Hammer mills

(ii) Roll crushers

Tertiary
(i) Roll crushers
(iii) Ball mills

(ii) Cone crushers

(iv) Rod mills

Jaw crushers
Operation: Stone passes through the space between two
jaws, one of which is stationary and other is movable, which
together constitute the crushing surfaces

Types: (i) Stag jaw crushers (ii) Dodge jaw crushers

Jaw plates are made of manganese steel which can be

removed, replaced or reversed
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Jaw Crushers contd.

Distance between the two jaws decreases as the stone
travels downward and ultimately passes through the lower
opening
The moveable jaw is capable of exerting a pressure
sufficiently high to crush the hardest rock
The angle of nip is usually about 30

Power requirements depends upon size and capacity;

varies from 7 to 70 kW

Jaw crushers

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Gyratory crusher
Crushing head is in the form of a truncated cone, mounted

on a shaft
Thus, as the cone is rotated, the gap between itself and the

walling changes from a maximum to minimum for each

cycle

The rock is fed into the chamber at the top and as it moves
downward, crushing is done and finally emerges through the
bottom gap
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Gyratory crusher
Power consumption is lower as compared to jaw
crushers

Takes smaller size of feed as compared to jaw

crushers; gives finer and more uniform product

Capital cost is high; suitable when large quantities of

material are to be handled

Gyratory Crushers

Cone crusher
Can be used as a secondary or tertiary crusher
Capable of producing large quantities of uniformly fine
crushed stone
Same line of operation as a Gyratory Crusher except having a
shorter cone, lesser feed, smaller inlet and outlet openings,
higher speed

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Cone crusher

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Roll crusher
Consists of a heavy cast iron frame equipped with two counter
rotating rollers mounted on a separate horizontal shafts
Crushed rock is fed through the gap between the two rollers
for further crushing
Usually one roller has a fixed axis while the other can be
adjusted to give the required setting
Compact, light weight and low in cost.

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Roll crusher

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Rod mill and ball mill

Circular steel shell (interior of the shell is lined with a hard
material wearing surface)
Rod mill: The shell contains a number of steel rods (length
slightly less then the length of the shell) which grind the
stones

Ball mill: The rods are replaced by steel balls to provide the
impact required to grind the stones

Size of crusher specified by diameter and length of the shell

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Rod mill and ball mill

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Hoisting equipment
Lifting a weight from one location and moving it to another at
a reasonable distance safely and consuming minimum possible
time
Big projects such as, construction of dams, industrial buildings
etc. require hoisting equipment
Hoisting equipment includes jacks, winches, chain hoists and
cranes

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 Cranes are broadly classified as :

i. Stationary or derrick cranes

ii. Mobile cranes

iii. Whirler cranes

iv. Overhead or gantry cranes
v. Hydraulic cranes
vi. Tower cranes

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Advanced Self-read
Pile driving equipments
Pumping equipments
Road laying equipments