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nothing but a dozen eggs (44 g each). A quick measurement shows that the
inside of the refrigerator is 1 m by 0.6 m by 0.75 m. Is the weight of the air in
your refrigerator (i) much less than, (ii) about the same as, or (iii) much more
than the weight of the eggs?
Discussion At first it might seem that the "thin air" in the refrigerator weighs
practically nothing compared with a carton full of eggs. A brief calculation
shows this is not the case. For the eggs, we have
meggs = 12(44 g ) = 0. 528 kg
For the air,
Example 1 Kaboom
Find the pressure exerted on the skin of a balloon if you press with a force of 2.1 N using (a) your finger or (b) a needle.
Assume the area of your fingertip is 104 m2, and the area of the needle tip is 2.5 x 107 m2. (c) Find the minimum force
necessary to pop the balloon with the needle, given that the balloon pops with a pressure of 3 x 105 N/m2.
Picture the Problem The same force is applied in either
case. The difference is the area over which the force is
spread.
Strategy (a), (b) Equation 16-2 can be used to find the
pressure, given the force and area.
(c) Use Equation 16-2 to solve for the force corresponding to
a given pressure and area.
part (a)
1. Calculate the pressure exerted by the finger:
P=
F
2.1 N
= 4 2 = 2.10 10 4 N / m2
A 10 m
part (b)
2. Calculate the pressure exerted by the needle:
P=
F
2.1 N
=
= 8. 40 106 N / m2
A 2.5 107 m2
part (c)
3. Solve Equation 16-2 for the force:
F = PA
4.
F = (3 10 N / m
)(2. 5 10
) = 0. 075N
Remarks Note that the pressure exerted by the needle in part (b) is about 400 times the pressure due to the finger in part
(a).
Practice Problem Find the area that a force of 2.1 N would have to act on to produce a pressure of 3 x 105 N/m2?
[A = 7 x 106 m2] Some related homework problems
Exercise 1 Find the force exerted on the palm of your hand by atmospheric
pressure. Assume your palm measures 8 cm by 10 cm.
Solution Applying Equations 16-3 and 16-2 we find
5
F = P at A = (1.01 10 Pa )(0.08 m)(0.1 m)= 808 N
Thus, the atmosphere pushes on the palm of your hand with a force of
approximately 182 pounds! Of course, it also pushes on the back of your
hand with essentially the same force, but in the opposite direction.
estimates,
calculate
the
gauge
Pg =
F
=
A
22 N
4
2 = 7 10 Pa
0.02 m
Remarks Given that 1.01 x 105 Pa = 14.7 lb/in2 it follows that Pg = 7 x 104 Pa = 10 lb/in2. Thus, a basketball will typically
have a gauge pressure in the neighborhood of 10 lb/in2, and hence a total pressure inside the ball of about 24.7 lb/in2.
Practice Problem What is the diameter of the circular area of contact if a basketball with a 10 lb/in2 gauge pressure is
pushed down with a force of 44 N (about 10 lb)?
[d = 2.85 cm] Some related homework problems
Exercise 2 The Titanic was found in 1985 lying on the bottom of the North
Atlantic at a depth of 2.5 miles. What is the pressure at this depth?
Solution Applying Equation 16-7 with = 1,025 kg/m3 we have
P = Pat + gh = 1.01 105 Pa +
m
(1025 kg / m )(9. 81m / s )(2. 5 mi ) 1609
= 4. 05 10
1 mi
3
Pa
d
P
1
Strategy The pressures at the top and bottom of the box are
related by P2 = P1 + gh. Since the pressures and the height
of the box are given, this relation can be solved for the
unknown density, .
0.2 m
P
2
1.
P2 P1
gh
2.
1. 068 10 Pa 1. 05 10 Pa
3
= 917.4 kg / m
(9.81m / s2 )(0.2 m)
Remarks Comparing with Table 16-xx, it appears that the fluid in question is probably olive oil.
Practice Problem Given the density obtained above, what is the depth d at the top of the box?
[d = 0.444 m] Some related homework problems
Conceptual Checkpoint 2 One day while swimming below the surface of the
ocean you let out a small bubble of air. As the bubble rises toward the
surface, does its diameter (i) increase, (ii) decrease, or (iii) stay the same?
What happens to the size of the bubble?
oil
h
5 cm
B
water
2.
3.
4.
5.
PA = P at + water gh1
PB = P at + oil gh2
Pat + water gh1 = Pat + oil gh2
920 kg / m3
4.6 cm
h1 = h2 oil = (5 cm)
3 =
water
1000 kg / m
h = h2 h1 = 5 cm 4.6 cm = 0. 4 cm
Remarks Note that the value of atmospheric pressure doesn't matter in this problem. What does matter is the increased
pressure due to being submerged to a given depth in water or in oil.
Practice Problem Find the pressure at points A and B.
[PA = PB = Pat + 451 Pa] Some related homework problems
A 104 m3 metal block with a mass of 0.786 kg hangs from a fish scale. A 0.1 kg flask holding 4.4 kg of water rests on a
kitchen scale. What are the readings on the two scales when the block is fully immersed in the water?
Picture the Problem The two scales, flask, water, and block
are shown in the sketch. We expect the upper scale to read
less than the weight of the block, and the lower scale to read
more than the weight of the flask + water.
Strategy As in Conceptual Checkpoint 3, the water exerts an
upward buoyant force on the block, and a reaction force acts
downward on the flask and water. Thus, we start by
calculating the buoyant force exerted on the block this is
just the weight of an equivalent volume of water. As we can
see from the free-body diagrams, the buoyant force is
subtracted from the weight of the block, and added to the
weight of the flask and water.
1.
Fupper
lower
F
b
mg
F
b m
g
waterg
m
flask
Fb = waterV block g
)(
)(
Fupper + Fb mblock g = 0
Fupper = mblock g F b
)+
Remarks Note that the sum of the readings on the two scales is the total weight of the block + water + flask, as expected.
Practice Problem Find the readings on the two scales if the block's volume is 2 x 104 m3.
[Fupper = 5.75 N, Flower = 46.1 N. In this case, the buoyant force supports more of the block's weight, and adds to the weight
supported by the lower scale.] Some related homework problems
A piece of wood with a density of 700 kg/m3 is tied with a string to the bottom of a
water-filled flask. The wood is completely immersed, and has a volume of 8 x 106
m3. What is the tension in the string?
F
b
T
mg
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Fb T mg = 0
T = Fb mg
mg = 0.0549 N
Fb = 0.0785 N
T = 0.0235 N
Remarks Since the wood floats in water, its buoyant force when completely
immersed is greater than its weight.
How much water (density 1000 kg/m3) must be displaced to float a cubical block of
wood (density 650 kg/m3) that is 15 cm on a side?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Remarks As expected, only a fraction of the wood must be submerged in order for it
to float.
What percentage of a floating chunk of ice projects above the level of the water? Assume a density of 917 kg/m3 for the ice,
and 1000 kg/m3 for the water.
Picture the Problem Our sketch shows the ice, with density
s, floating in the water, with density f.
1.
V sub s
917 kg / m3
=
=
= 0. 917
f 1000kg / m3
Vs
2.
3.
100 1 s = 100(0. 083) = 8.3 /"
f
!
s
= 1 0. 917 = 0.083
f
Remarks Since we seek a percentage, it is not necessary to know the total volume of the ice.
Practice Problem What fraction of the ice is above water if it floats in sea water (density 1025 kg/m3)?
[10.5 %] Some related homework problems
Discussion Since the ice cube floats, it displaces a volume of water equal to
its weight. But when it melts, it becomes water, and its weight is the same.
Hence, the melted water fills exactly the same volume that the ice cube
displaced when floating. As a result, the water level is unchanged.
Answer: (iii) The water level remains the same.
Discussion We know from the previous Conceptual Checkpoint that the ice
itself makes no difference to the water level. As for the pebble, when it floats
on the ice it displaces an amount of water equal to its weight. When the ice
melts the pebble drops to the bottom of the cup, where it displaces a volume
of water equal to its own volume. Since the volume of the pebble is less that
the volume of water with the same weight, we conclude that less water is
displaced after the ice melts. Hence, the water level decreases.
Answer: (ii) The water level decreases.