Traverse Survey

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TRAVERSE SURVEY
Mohd Effendi Daud (Dr. Sc)
B.Surv (UTM, Malaysia) Msc (UTM, Malaysia), Dr.Sc, (Nagoya Univ., Japan)
(Geomatic Division)
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, MALAYSIA.
Phone : +6074537363; +60197853740; Fax : +6074537060
E-mail : effendi@uthm.edu.my
Web: http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/
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OVERVIEW
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Learning outcomes
By the end of this topic you should be to:
Outline the basic components of a Total Station,
Carry out temporary adjustments of a TS,
Compute and adjust a TS traverse,
Compute coordinates for traversing, and
Determine the nature of errors affecting the
traverse work.
INTRODUCTION
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Traversing is a form of a control survey that

requires the establishment of a series of stations
that are linked together by angles and distances.
The angles and distances are measured by Total
Station.
The use of traversing surveys is very
fundamental and has become one of the most
common methods in geomatic engineering work
such as:
INTRODUCTION
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General purpose angle measurement,

Provision of control surveys,
Contour and detail mapping, and
Setting out and construction work.
This topic will describe: The construction and use of the Total Station
in traversing,
INTRODUCTION
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The traverse design and the procedures of

computing and adjusting a traverse,
The application of coordinates for point will
also be covered in this topic which will be very
useful in Civil Engineering project.
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TOTAL STATION
PRINCIPLES & APPL
A total station is an electronic/optical instrument

used in modern surveying.
The total station is an electronic theodolite
integrated with an electronic distance meter
(EDM) to read distances from the instrument to
a particular point.
A theodolite is an instrument for measuring both
horizontal and vertical angles. It is key tool in
surveying and engineering work.
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TOTAL STATION
PRINCIPLES & APPL
Vertical angles are required for the

calculation of elevation of points for
example the reduction of slope distance to
the horizontal.
Horizontal angles are required to obtain
the relative direction to a survey control
station or points of detail.
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TOTAL STATION
PRINCIPLES & APPL
Construction of a Total Station

All total station have the same common
features which is can be described as follows.
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TOTAL STATION
PRINCIPLES & APPL
Temporary Adjustment of Total Station

The temporary adjustments are steps that must
be carried out every time a total station used.
It is a procedure of setting up a theodolite that
involves the following process
Centering
Leveling, and
Removing parallax.
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TOTAL STATION
PRINCIPLES & APPL
(a) Centering the total station

The instrument must be vertically above
the survey station to ensure that
horizontal angle observation are correct.
The steps are as follow:
Start with a optical plummet to get it
approximately right above the survey station.
Using the foot screws, move the optical
plummet cross hairs on the survey station.
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TOTAL STATION
PRINCIPLES & APPL
(a) Centering the total

stationcont.
Roughly level the instrument
using legs of the tripod the
total station should stay
almost on target.
Level with foot screws. Move
instrument above target;
repeat level and move until
done.
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TOTAL STATION
PRINCIPLES & APPL
(b) Leveling the Total Station

Turn bubble parallel to two foot screws A and
B, to bring the horizontal bubble to the
centre.
Turn the instrument through 90 and bring
the bubble to the centre by adjusting the third
foot screw C only.
Turn the instrument through a further 90 to
check the adjustment of the plate bubble.
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TOTAL STATION
PRINCIPLES & APPL
(b) Leveling the Total Station cont.

If the bubble remains in centre, then it is
adjusted.
If not, repeat the whole procedure.
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TOTAL STATION
PRINCIPLES & APPL
Permanent Adjustment of Total Station

These adjustment are carried out once and
will not alter unless it is being roughly
handled or tampered with.
There are certain basic requirements for a
total station that must be established
particularly when using it.
The basic requirements re as follows:
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TOTAL STATION
PRINCIPLES & APPL
The vertical axis of a total station should be truly

vertical,
The line of sight should be perpendicular to the
horizontal axis,
The horizontal axis should be truly horizontal,
The cross hair should be truly vertical and horizontal,
and
The vertical circle should be at zero when the line of
sight is horizontal.
** The steps in carrying out the adjustments should be
handled by the qualified person at the laboratory **
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ANGLE
MEASUREMENT
Horizontal Angle Measurement

The concept of measuring the horizontal
and vertical angle is simple.
The following procedures should be used
to measure the horizontal angles between
three stations A, B, and C
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ANGLE
MEASUREMENT
Setup the total station

on station B. the total
station instrument has
two faces; Face left &
Face right.
Starting from the face
left, the telescope is
pointed at station A. The
horizontal reading is
then noted, i.e.
253000
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ANGLE
MEASUREMENT
The instrument is then

turned in a clockwise
direction to point at
station C. Again the
horizontal reading is
noted, i.e. 1455000
The horizontal angle
can be calculated, by
finding the difference
i.e., C A = 1455000 25o3000
between the two
= 1202000
horizontal reading.
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ANGLE
MEASUREMENT
Change the face of the

total station. Whilst
pointing at station C the
horizontal reading is again
recorded, i.e. 3255000
Turn the instrument in a
clockwise manner and
point at station A. Record
the horizontal reading, i.e.
i.e., C A = 3255000 2053000
2053000.
= 1202000
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ANGLE
MEASUREMENT
Note that changing the face will change

the reading by 180. This gives a check
on the observations and ensures that
reading errors can be eliminated. If
there is a great difference in two

readings, the observations are
repeated until readings agree.
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ANGLE
MEASUREMENT
Vertical Angle Measurement

A vertical angle is the angle measured
vertically from a horizontal plane of
reference.
When the telescope is pointed in the
horizontal plane (level), the reading of the
vertical angle is zero (0).
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ANGLE
MEASUREMENT
When the telescope is

pointed up, then the
vertical angle increases
from zero and the reading
is a positive (+ve) vertical
angle. The reading
increase from 0 to +90
when the telescope is
pointed straight up.
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ANGLE
MEASUREMENT
If the telescope is depressed

(pointed down), then the
angle reading will increase in
numerical value. The
depressed telescope reading
indicates that it is below the
horizontal plane and the
reading is a negative (-ve)
vertical angle. These
numerical value increase from
0 to -90 when the telescope
is pointed straight down.
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TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
Traverse Definition
A traverse is a series of straight lines that
are used to connect a series of selected
points. This selected points are called
traverse stations where distance and angle
measurements are made. The relative
positions of the traverse stations are then
computed using some coordinate systems.
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TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
For a better understanding, the definition

of traverse survey can be summarized as
follows;
A measurement of straight lines and the
horizontal angle from one point to another
using Total Station.
The sides can be expressed as either polar
coordinates (,d) or as rectangular
coordinates (N, E).
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TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
A traverse framework comprising of a series

of connected lines where the lengths and
directions are observed and measured.
The traverse framework can be OPEN or
CLOSED traverse i.e., start at known point
and ends at another known point or the same
start point.
TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
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Type of Traverses
Closed Traverse
Control station
Traverse station
Closed traverse
(polygon)
A
TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
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Type of Traverses
Closed Traverse
Control station
Traverse station
E
D
B
A
G
H
Closed traverse
(geometrically open)
TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
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Type of Traverses
Open Traverse
Control station
Traverse station
E
D
B
A
Open traverse
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TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
Coordinates System
Points on the surface of the earth or on a plan
can be accurately positioned by taking
measurements to a known, stable point of
reference.
Assume that the axes of the graph are referred
to as North, South, East and West as shown in
Figure.
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TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
In above Figure, Point A is at (1,2) and Point B is at (9,5).

The referencing used that the x-axis is known as EASTINGS and
the y-axis is known as NORTHINGS.
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TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
There are two methods of referring the

point;
Rectangular coordinates, or
Polar coordinates
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TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
Rectangular Coordinates (Grid)

Rectangular coordinates are a system of
locating points by means of the
measurement of two perpendicular
distances from the principal axes to that
point. These two perpendicular distances
are the easting and northing
TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
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Rectangular Coordinates
North
Point B
(EB,NB)
N
B
N=NB-NA
NA
Point A
(EA,NA)
E=EB-EA
EA
E
B
East
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TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
Polar Coordinates
If R is the origin and P is the
reference object, the point P
can be located by its polar
coordinates of angle and
distance i.e. and D, where
D is the distance from the
origin and is a clockwise
angle between R and P.
Northing
P
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TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
Polar Coordinates
North
Point B
Point A
~ whole-circle bearing
d ~ distance
East
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TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
Coordinate Conversions
Rectangular to polar
Polar to rectangular
E
tan1
E d sin
d E2 N2
N d cos
E
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TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
Northing
There are three (3) reference directions

(or datum meridian) that are used as
traverse reference we should be
associated with. They are:
Magnetic North,
Grid North, and
True North
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TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
Meridian
A meridian (or line of longitude) is an

imaginary arc on the Earths surface from
the North Pole to the South Pole that
connects all locations running along it with
a given longitude.
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TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
Meridian
The meridian that passes
through Greenwich,
England establishes the
meaning of zero degrees
of longitude, or the
Prime Meridian
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TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
Bearing Calculation
There are two types of bearing that are

commonly used in geomatic engineering
are:
Whole Circle Bearings (WCB), and
Quadrant Bearings (QB) or Reduced Bearing
(RB).
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TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
Whole Circle Bearing

The Whole Circle Bearing (WCB)
of a line AB is defined as the
clockwise angle from 0 to 360
at A between the direction to
North and the direction to B.
This is the standard way of
defining a bearing in surveying
Bearing of AB = & BA =
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TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
Whole Circle Bearing
bearing
bearing
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TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
Quadrant Bearing
A quadrant bearing can be
defined as the angle lying
between 0 and 90,
between the direction to
the north or south and the
direction of the line.
East and West directions
are never used as
reference lines.
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TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
Quadrant Bearing
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WCB & QB
TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
North
0o
4th quadrant
West
270o
3rd quadrant
Bearing are measured

clockwise from NORTH
and must lie in the range
0o 360o
1st quadrant
2nd quadrant
East
90o
South
180o
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TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
Angular Observation and Booking

Two most common methods in making
angular observation in total station
traversing are:
Internal angle method, and
Bearing method (commonly used in total
station traversing)
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TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
The Bearing Method

The procedure and bookings to be followed are
as follows [Refer to Figure]:
Instrument is set up at station B and station A is
sighted in face left. A known bearing i.e. 452020 is
set on station A.
Station C is sighted and the reading is recorded.
The telescope is then transit to change to the face
right.
With the face right setting, bearing to C and A are
recorded.
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TRAVERSE &
COORDINATE SYSTEM
From
To
Station
Station
Face Left
Face Right
000'00"
18000'00"
Mean
3026'30"
C
3026'20"
21026'40"
For improved precision the angle measurement

can be repeated any number of times.
The number of face left observations must be
Equal the number of face right observations.
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LINEAR
MEASUREMENT
The procedure of linear measurement is as follows:
Tripod with prism targets is set up at Station A and C.

Total station is set up on station B. Linear measurement
or distance to BA and BC are taken and recorded.
Bearing to BA and BC are taken on face left and
recorded.
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TRAVERSE & COORDINATE

SYSTEM
Classes of Traverses
o Generally, four classes;
o Standard traverse,
o Fist class traverse,
o Second class traverse, and
o Third class traverse
Why divided by four classes
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TRAVERSE & COORDINATE

SYSTEM
Classes of Traverses
o Main characteristics differ
o Precision,
o Bearing closure
o Measured distance,
o Observed bearing, and
o Definite bearing
EXERCISE 1
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Explain in detail how to set up a total station

over a station mark.
Describe in detail the five permanent total
station adjustments that should be tested
from time to time.
EXERCISE 2
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The horizontal angles read at station A and station C

are 733000 and 1452000 respectively. If the
total station is set up at station B. What will be the
internal angle ABC?
If the face left reading of the horizontal angle is
2252000, what is the most probable reading that
you will obtain if the total station is transit and read
in the face right?
The vertical angle reading of a total station is
10530 indicating that it is above the horizontal
plane. What will be the true vertical angle?
EXERCISE 3
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What are the characteristics of a traverse?

Explain the significant difference between the
methods of coordinate referencing in
traverse?
EXERCISE 4
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Name the FOUR quadrant bearings by

referring to the North and South directions.
The whole circle bearing (WCB) of a traverse
line is 11530. What will be the value if it is
described in quadrant bearing?

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With Wisdom, We Explore

With Wisdom, We Explore

Traversing is a form of a control survey that

General purpose angle measurement,

With Wisdom, We Explore

The traverse design and the procedures of

With Wisdom, We Explore

A total station is an electronic/optical instrument

Vertical angles are required for the

With Wisdom, We Explore

Construction of a Total Station

With Wisdom, We Explore

Temporary Adjustment of Total Station

(a) Centering the total station

(a) Centering the total

(b) Leveling the Total Station

(b) Leveling the Total Station cont.

With Wisdom, We Explore

Permanent Adjustment of Total Station

The vertical axis of a total station should be truly

Horizontal Angle Measurement

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Setup the total station

The instrument is then

Change the face of the

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Note that changing the face will change

there is a great difference in two

With Wisdom, We Explore

Vertical Angle Measurement

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When the telescope is

If the telescope is depressed

For a better understanding, the definition

A traverse framework comprising of a series

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In above Figure, Point A is at (1,2) and Point B is at (9,5).

There are two methods of referring the

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Rectangular Coordinates (Grid)

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With Wisdom, We Explore

There are three (3) reference directions

A meridian (or line of longitude) is an

With Wisdom, We Explore

With Wisdom, We Explore

There are two types of bearing that are

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Whole Circle Bearing

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With Wisdom, We Explore

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Bearing are measured

Angular Observation and Booking

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The Bearing Method

For improved precision the angle measurement

The procedure of linear measurement is as follows:

Tripod with prism targets is set up at Station A and C.

TRAVERSE & COORDINATE

With Wisdom, We Explore

TRAVERSE & COORDINATE