HOME

GENERALINTEREST
EXPLORATION&
DEVELOPMENT

Open+

DRILLING&PRODUCTION
REFINING&PROCESSING

Home Expansionloopenclosureresolvessubsealineproblems
PIPELINES&
TRANSPORTATION
OGJRESOURCES

Expansionloopenclosureresolvessubsealine
problems
08/03/1998
SharonK.Rich,AlvinG.Alleyne
IntecEngineeringInc.
Houston

Theenclosedexpansionloopliesondeckinpreparationforinstallation(Fig.1).

The"dogoff"clamp(left)hasbeeninstalledontheflowline(Fig.2,[14,229bytes]).
Thebearclamp,forpipelineexpansionloopalignmentawaitsinstallation(Fig.3[10,568bytes]).
Theenclosedexpansionloopisbeingloadedoutforinstallation(Fig.4[15,105bytes]).
RecentdesignandconstructionofaGulfofMexicosubseapipelineillustratetheuseofburied,enclosedexpansionloopstoresolve
problemsfromexpansionandupheavalbuckling.
Buried,subseapipelinesoperatingathightemperaturesandpressuresexperienceextremecompressiveloadscausedbytheaxial
restraintofthesoil.Thehighaxialforcescombinedwithimperfectionsintheseabedmayoverstressthepipelineorresultinupheaval
buckling.

Typically,expansionloops,or"doglegs,"areinstalledtoprotectthepipelinerisersfromexpansionandtoalleviateaxialforces.
Buriedexpansionloops,however,arerenderedvirtuallyineffectivebythelateralrestraintofthesoil.Alternativemethodstoreduce
expansionmayincreasethepotentialofupheavalbucklingoroverstressingthepipeline.
Therefore,systemdesignmustconsiderexpansionandupheavalbucklingtogether.Discussedherearemethodsofpreventionand
controlofexpansionandupheavalbuckling,evaluatingtheimpactontheoverallsystem.
Expansion,bucklingforces

Apipelinewillexpandorcontractwhentemperatureandpressurevaryfrominstallationconditions.Conditionsduringconstruction,
therefore,becomethereferencetemperatureandpressure.Forpresentpurposes,discussionwillbelimitedtoexpansion,butsimilar
issuesmayrequireaddressingforcontraction.
Asthepipelineexpands,itwillfollowthepathofleastresistance,whichleadsdirectlytotheriserstotheplatform.
Ifthelowerriserspanisinsufficientlyflexibletoabsorbexpansionwithinthepermissiblestresslimit,expansionloopsaretypically
placedjustbeforeeachriser.Whentheloopsdonotfunctionproperly,aswhenburied,theyoverstressatthefirstbendexperiencing
thepipelineexpansion.
Theseveralmethodsreadilyavailabletoreducetheexpansioninthepipelineresultinbuildupofaxialforcesinthepipelineandlead
toupheavalbuckling,amodeoffailureintrenchedandburiedpipelines.Pipelinesrestingontheseabedmayalsobucklebuttendto
bucklelaterallywherethereisinsignificantresistance.
Upheavalbucklingresultsfromtheaxialforcegeneratedfromtheexpandingpipelinecombinedwithanuneventrenchbottomwhich
resultsfromthetrenchingprocess,undulationsintheseabed,arockformation,oranareaofdensersoil.Trenchunevennessis
generallyreferredtoasan"imperfection."
Axialforceandimperfectionarerelated.Ingeneralterms,themoreuneventhetrenchprofile,thelowertheaxialforcerequiredto
produceanupheavalbuckle.
Methodstocontrolexpansionandupheavalbuckling,discussedpresently,wereinvestigatedforthedesignofahighpressureand
temperature,buriedsourgasflowlineoffshoreinMobileBay,Ala.,foramajoroperator.
Controllingexpansion

Thereareseveralconventionalmethodsusedtohandleexpansionwhich,alongwithsomeunconventionalmethods,were
investigatedandincludethefollowing:

Anchorflangesandconcreteand/orroughfusionbondedepoxy(FBE)coatingseachperformsthesamefunctionofincreasing
thefriction,thusreducingoreliminatingexpansioninthepipeline.Thisincreaseinfriction,however,resultsinthebuildupof
axialforcesinthepipelinecontributingtoincreasedriskofupheavalbuckling.
Coldspringingtheriserhasprovensuccessfulformanypipelines.Coldspringingprestressestheriserduringconstruction,
resultinginsplittingthedifferencebetweentheprestressandtheexpansionloadstobeencounteredduringoperation.This
allowstherisertoaccommodatelargeramountsofexpansion.Coldspringingallowsforthenaturalreliefofthepipeline
stressesthroughtheriser.Evenallowingforcoldspringing,themiddleofthepipelinemaybeanchoredbecauseoffrictionand
experiencethemaximumaxialforcepossiblyresultinginupheavalbuckling.
Theriserbendmaybereinforcedwithabrace,distributingtheforcesovermoreoftheriser.Reinforcingislimitedintheamount
ofexpansionitmayaccommodate,however,anddoesnotalleviatetheforcesinthemiddleofthepipeline.
Pipeinpipeconstructionisanoptionthathasbeenutilizedwhenothersolutionsfail.Itiscostlybecausetheproductcarrier
pipeisinsideajacketpipenormallytwosizeslarger.Thetwopipesaremechanicallyconnectedwithbulkheadsthattransfer
theloadsfromthecarrierpipetothejacketpipe.
Whilethecarrierpipeexpands,thejacketpiperesiststheexpansionloads.Thespacingandsizeofthebulkheadsare

determinedtoeliminatebucklingofthecarrierpipewithinthejacketpipetominimizeinstallationexpense.
Thestructuraldesignofthepipeinpipevirtuallyeliminatesexpansionandthepotentialofupheavalbucklingifthesystemis
properlydesigned.Thecostofextramaterials,however,andthelengthyprocessoffabricatingthepipeinpipewarrant
investigationofotheroptions.
Expansionloopsanddoglegsservethepurposeofactingasaspringtoaccommodateexpansionattherisers.Several
expansionloopanddoglegconfigurationswereinvestigatedfortheinstallationinMobileBay,includingconventionalUloopsof
variousdimensions,andvariousanglesforthedoglegs.
Itwasfoundthatburiedexpansionloopsanddoglegsexperiencehighlateralresistancethatinturncreateslocalizedhigh
stressesatthefirstbend.Onlyashortlengthoftheexpansionloopwasburied,withminimaleffectiveness.
Toillustratetherelativeeffectiveness,itwasfoundthataconventionalexpansionloop40x40ftwaseffectiveonlyover4ft
whenburiedandhadamuchreducedcapacityforexpansion.Similartoothermethods,theexpansionloopplacedattheriser
wouldnotrelievethestressesinthemiddleofthepipeline.
Azigzagshapedpipelinehasbeenemployedtoaccommodateexpansionandrelieveaxialforcesthroughoutthepipeline.1
Thepipejointswerebentinazigzagconfigurationanddoublejointedforinstallation.Eachjointaccommodatedsomeofthe
expansionandrelievedsomeoftheaxialforce.
Althoughthissolutionhasapplications,theadditionalcostandconcernsoffabricationandinstallationlimititsapplicability.
Snakingthepipelineduringinstallationappearedpromisinginprincipal.Thepipelinewouldactasitsownspringthroughoutthe
length,accommodatingtheexpansionandalleviatingtheaxialforces.
Severalconfigurationsthatwereconsideredeasilylayablewereinvestigatedforarangeofsoilconditions.Itwasdeterminedthatthe
pipelinefollowsthepathofleastresistance,whichisaxially.
Snakingthepipelinerequiresadditionalpipewhichcontributestomorecostsandmoreexpansionattheends.
Controllingupheavalbuckling

Upheavalbucklingmaybecontrolledoreliminatedwithrockdumporadditionalburial.Eachmethodappliesadditionalweightonthe
pipeline,preventingupwardmovement.
Therockdumpmaybeappliedwhereneeded,usuallyafterabucklehasoccurred,orovertheentirepipeline.Theadditionalweight
onthepipelinealsoreducesexpansionoverthelengthofthepipeline,thusreducingstressattherisers.
Thissimplesolutionis,however,costlyanddoesnotaddresstheentireproblem.
Whilethepipelinemaybeheldbelowtheseabedbytheweightonit,itmaybeoverstressed.Mostcodesallowthepipelineto
experiencepredictableandcontrollableoverstresswithinastrainlimitation.
Althoughthisoptionshouldbetakenadvantageof,itstillmaynotbeenoughforallcases.Smalldiameterpipelinesareparticularly
susceptibletoupheavalbucklingandoverstressingandrequireadditionalconsideration.
Designprocess

Investigationoftheseoptionsdeterminedthatexpansionloopsoverthelengthofthepipelinemustbeemployedtoprotecttherisers
andreducetheaxialforcewithinthemiddleofthepipeline.Thisconclusionledtotwooptions:usingmanysmallburiedloopsor
findingawaytohaveseverallargerloopsworkasiftheywerenotburied.
Becauseitwasimpracticaltoinstallmanysmallloops,methodsofpreventingsoilfromaccumulatingaroundtheexpansionloop
whenburiedwasinvestigated.
Researchofmethodstoisolatetheloopsfromthesoildeterminedthatthemostlikelycommerciallyavailableoptioncalledfor

concrete"doghouses."Theseareusedtoprotectpipelinesandexpansionloopsfromdroppedobjects.
Buttherewasnoexistingconfigurationofthedoghousessuitableforburial.Andfabricationofcustomconcretehousingswas
expensiveandheavyforconstruction.Therefore,itwasconcludedthatfabricationofasteelenclosurewasthemostlikelysolution.
Withadirectionforthesystemdesignidentified,theexpansionloopdesignwasoptimized.Becauseoftheweightofthesteel
enclosureaddedtotheexpansionloop,itwasdesirabletominimizethesizeandquantityoftheexpansionloops.
ExpansionloopshapesinvestigatedincludedU,omega,helix,anddoublehelix.Afiniteelementanalysis(FEA)modelwas
developedforeachshape.
Thehelixwasfoundthemostefficientbyfar.Thedoublehelixwouldprovideadditionalbenefitbutalmostdoubledthematerialcosts
andweight.Theresultingenclosurewouldalsohaveprotrudedfromthenaturalseabedorrequiredadditionalburial.
Theinitialsize,quantity,andplacementoftheexpansionloopsweredeterminedwithamathematicalmodelbasedoninternaldesign
guidelinesusingtheultimatesoilfriction2forburiedpipelines.Fromthemathematicalmodel,theanchorlocationsandexpansion
couldbedetermined,resultingintheplacementandsizingoftheexpansionloops.
Theoptimumspacingwouldprotecttherisersfromoverstressingandminimizetheaxialforceswithinthepipeline,thusreducing
potentialforupheavalbuckling.
Thelowertheaxialforcescouldbemade,thelargertheimperfectionheightsthatcouldbeallowedduringconstruction.Theaxial
forcesmustbereducedtoaleveltoallowachievableimperfectionheightsduringconstruction.
Theupheavalbucklingpotentialandcorrespondingstresslevelswerecheckedthroughoutthedesignwithamathematicalmodel.3
Thisconstantverificationofthedesignaidedintheoptimizationofthesystemdesign.
FEAmodeldevelopment

AnFEAmodeldevelopedforthedesignusedindustryrecognizedsoftware.Tospeedinvestigationofmanyoptions,aprogramfor
themodelwasdevelopedwiththesystemnodalconfiguration,elementdefinition,andtemperaturegradientcalculatedina
spreadsheettobereadintotheprogram.
Thetemperaturegradientwascalculatedbasedontheresultsofthethermalhydraulicanalysis.Thisenabledeachnodetohavea
uniquetemperature,reducingpotentiallyunnecessaryconservatism.Mostoftheinputvalueswerecalculatedintheprogramto
minimizeinputchangesfromcasetocase,thusreducingentryandcheckingtime,andpotentialforerror.
Thesoilwasmodeledindetail.Thesoilwasrepresentedaxiallyandlaterallyalongthelengthofthepipeline.
Nonlinearspringswereusedtorepresentthesoil'sresistancetomovement.Thelateralresistancefortheriserbendswasmodeled
separatelyateachnodetoallowforthesoil'spressurevariancewithburialdepth.
TheresultsoftheFEAmodelprovedthemathematicalmodelaccurate.Theinitialplacementandsizeoftheexpansionloopsproved
tobealmostperfectlyoptimizedonthefirstconfigurationoftheFEAmodel.Themathematicalmodelprovedtobeslightly
conservativeandthusausefulpreliminarydesigntool.
Designoptimizationhadtoconsidervaryingsoil,startup,andoperatingconditions.Thefinalconfigurationhadtosatisfyall
conditions.ThemathematicalmodelwasusedtoreduceFEAmodelconfigurationchangestoachievefasteroptimization.
Thespacingoftheexpansionloopsconsideredthejointlengthstoallowforeaseofplacementduringinstallation:ajointspacing,for
example,similartothatspecifiedforanodes.
Whentheoptimizedconfigurationwasdeterminedfromthemathematicalmodel,thesystemwasverifiedwiththeFEAmodeltomeet
allconditions.Withtheexceptionoffurtherdesignscenarios,theconfigurationrequirednofurtherrefinementfromthatproposed
basedonthemathematicalmodel.

Temperature
considerations

Caremustbetakenwhenestablishingthecasestobeinvestigatedwithrespecttotemperature.Aspreviouslymentioned,the
temperatureatwhichthepipelinewasinstalledisthereferencetemperatureforallfurtherexpansion.Thisreferencetemperatureis
oftenconfusedwithambienttemperaturesusedforthermalhydraulicanalysis.
Thisanalysistypicallyusedthelowestambienttemperaturetobeexperiencedduringoperationastheworstcaseforhydrate
formationingaslinesandwaxbuildupinoillines.
Itisnottheworstcaseforexpansion,however.Thatcaseisthehighestflowrate,atthehighestinlettemperatureandpressure,and
atthehighestambienttemperature.Itislikelythatthereferencetemperatureforexpansionwillbedifferentfromtheambient
temperatureforthethermalhydraulicanalysis.
Thetemperatureinteractionmaybeillustratedwiththecaseofawinterorspringinstallation,establishingalowreference
temperature,thenlateroperatingthepipelineinthesummer,withahighambienttemperature.
Thisscenariorepresentstheworstcaseforexpansion.Itcanbeseenthatitmaybebeneficialtoinstallhightemperaturepipelinesin
thesummertominimizethedifferencebetweenthereferenceandoperatingtemperatures.
Enclosuredesign

Withthesizerequirementsfortheexpansionloopsestablished,onlydesignoftheenclosureremained.Throughoutthesystem
optimizationprocess,theexpansionloopdesignwasconsideredbasedonweight,fabrication,groundshippinglimitations,and
installation.
Withtheseconsiderationsalreadyinvestigated,theenclosuredesignwaslefttoconsideruninhibitedexpansionloopmovement,
structuralintegrityduringhandlingandinstallation,easeoffabrication,liftingmethods,andeaseofburial.
Fromtheseconsiderations,thedesignwasdevelopedwiththeuseofindustryrecognizedstructuralsoftware.
Themajorconcernsinthestructuraldesignoftheenclosurewere:

Todesigntheshellplatingtoresistthesoilpressureloadsintheburiedcondition
Toensuretheshellwasadequatefordifferentialhydrostaticpressureduringthefloodingoperation,forretrievalattheendof
life,orunplannedretrievalduringtheinstallationoperation
Toavoidhighshockloadsintheliftslings.
Theparticularconcernwithshockloadingwasaresultoftherelativelylargemassofenclosedwaterandhydrodynamicaddedmass
incomparisontothelowsubmergedweight,especiallybeforeinstallationfloodingwascomplete.
Ifupwardhydrodynamicaccelerationresultedinforcesgreaterthanthesubmergedweight,theslingswouldgoslackandthe
structurewouldfreefallduringthedownwardacceleration.
Themaindesignfeaturesoftheenclosureincludethefollowing:

Teflonpaddedsupportsaboveandbelowtheexpansionlooptoprovideforfreemovement
Moneloverlayontheexpansionloopattheentranceandexitoftheenclosureforabrasionresistance
Bafflestominimizesoilthatenterstheenclosurefromaccumulatingneartheexpansionloop
Stiffenerstoreduceplatethickness
Largeandnumerousventswithcapsforrapidflooding
Opencentertominimizeweightandaidinburial
Installationcollarsaroundthepipeontheinsideoftheenclosuretoresistinstallationtensionontheexpansionloop.
Fig.1showstheenclosureonthedeckoftheinstallationbarge,presentingthegeneralconfigurationoftheenclosure.
Installation

Amonginstallationoptionsconsideredwerethefollowing:

Installingtheexpansionloopinthepipestringonthebarge
Pickingupthepipelineafterinstallation,cuttingoutalengthofpipe,andinstallingtheexpansionloop
Usingaspoolpieceflangedinthepipestringduringinstallationandpickingupthepipelineafterinstallationtoreplacethespool
piecewiththeexpansionloop.
Thefirstoptionwasselected.Itwouldrequirecarefulplanningandcoordinationwithasecondvessel,butitwasseenasthemost
efficientmeansofinstallation.
Thesecondvesselwastobeajackuptoprovidestabilityfortheexpansionloopduringinterfacewiththesurf.Thelaybargewould
passtheexpansionlooptothejackupandcontinuelayingawayasthejackuplowerstheexpansionlooptotheseabed.
Thesecondoptionwasselectedasthealternatemethod.Expansionloopinstallationrequirescalmerweatherthannormallaying.
Therefore,ifweatherweredelayinginstallationbutnormallaycouldoccur,thelaybargecouldlatercomebackandinstallthe
expansionloops.
Ifthisoptionwereemployed,considerationofanygaininthepipelineduringtheliftingwouldhavetobecompensatedforbyplacing
theexpansionloopawayfromtheoriginalpositionofthepipeline.Ifslackweretakenupbytheexpansionloop,itseffectiveness
wouldbediminishedoreliminated.
Thethirdoptionwasnotconsideredviablebecauseofthehighpressure,sourgas.Potentialleakingoftheflangewasan
unacceptablerisk.Inothercases,thismaybethemostefficientmethodofinstallation.Aswiththesecondoption,gaininthepipe
mustbeconsideredandaccountedfor.
ConstructionwascarriedoutinDecember1997throughFebruary1998.Installationprocedureswerecarefullyplannedtominimize
delay.
Theprocedureforinstallingtheenclosedexpansionloopsinvolvedthefollowingsteps:

1. Usinga"dogoff"clamptosecurethepipelineandreleasethetensioners(Fig.2)
2. Cuttingthepipeandpushingthecutpipebackuptheweldingstall
3. Positioningtheenclosureinthepipestring
4. Liningupthepipelineandexpansionloopwithabearclampforwelding(Fig.3)
5. Oncethepipelineandexpansionloopweresecured,removingtheclampandfinishingtheweld
6. RepeatingSteps4and5fortheothersideoftheexpansionloop
7. Passingtheenclosurefromthebargecranetothejackupcrane
8. Pullingthebargeforwardwhileloweringtheenclosurewiththejackup(Figs.4and5).
Thisprocedurewasfollowedduringinstallationandworkedwithoutdelayorincident.
Thefinaltaskforconstruction,buryingtheenclosures,wasperformedwithhandjetting.Itwentwell,withtheexceptionofweather
downtime.
References

1. Lanan,G.A.,andBarry,D.W.,"MobileBayFairwayFieldFlowlineProject,"24thAnnualOffshoreTechnologyConference,May
1992,Houston.
2. Audibert,J.M.E.,etal.,"DesignofPipelinestoResistSeafloorInstabilitiesandhydrodynamicForces,"ASMEEnergy
TechnologyConferenceandExhibition,Houston,November1978.
3. Palmer,A.C.,etal.,"DesignofSubmarinePipelinesAgainstUpheavalBuckling,"22ndAnnualOffshoreTechnology
Conference,May1990,Houston.
TheAuthors

SharonK.RichisaprojectengineeratIntecEngineeringInc.,Houston,with6years'experienceininternationaloffshorepipeline
projectsfortheoilandgasindustry.RichholdsaBSinmarineengineeringfromTexasA&MUniversityandisamemberofthe
SocietyforNavalArchitects&MarineEngineers.

AlvinG.AlleyneisaseniorprojectmanageratIntec,currentlyonassignmenttoIntecEngineeringBV,Leiden.Hehas33years'
experienceininternationaloffshoredesignandconstruction.AlleyneholdsaBSfromtheUniversityoftheWestIndies,Trinidad,an
MBAfromtheUniversityofHouston,andisaregisteredprofessionalengineerinTexas.

Copyright1998Oil&GasJournal.AllRightsReserved.

MoreOil&GasJournalCurrentIssueArticles
MoreOil&GasJournalArchivesIssueArticles

RELATED ARTICLES
Chineseplantcommissionspropyleneunit
01/30/2015SanyuanPetrochemicalCo.Ltd.(SPCL),asubsidiaryofZhejiangFulingHoldingGroup,hascommissioneda450,000tonne/year
propanedehydrogenation...

BHI:Texasanchors90unitplungeinUSrigcount
01/30/2015TheUSdrillingrigcountplunged90unitsamajorityofwhichwereinTexastosettleat1,543rigsworkingduringtheweekended
Jan.30,BakerH...

BHPtodrillfirstdeepwaterwelloffTrinidadin2016,energyministersays

01/30/2015BHPBillitonanditspartnerBPPLCwilldrilltheirfirstwellinTrinidadandTobagosdeepwaterin2016accordingtotheCaribbean
twinisland...

Shellcuts$15billioninspendingfor201517
01/30/2015RoyalDutchShellPLChascurtailedmorethan$15billioninpotentialspendingoverthenext3years,butisnotnotoverreactingto
currentlow...

Victoriaextendsdrilling,fracingban
01/30/2015ThenewVictorianLaborgovernmentofpremierDanielAndrewshasextendedthecoalseamgas(CSG)explorationandhydraulic
fracturingbaninthes...

Chevrons$35billioncapitalbudgetdown13%fromlastyear
01/30/2015ChevronCorp.willallocate$35billioninitscapitalandexploratoryinvestmentprogramfor2015,including$4billionofplanned
expendituresby...

ShellcancelsArrowLNGproject
01/30/2015RoyalDutchShellPLChasabandoneditsplansforwhatwouldhavebeenafourthcoalseamgasLNGprojectatGladstonein
Queensland.

USSenatepassesbillapprovingKeystoneXLpipelineproject
01/30/2015TheUSSenatehaspassedabillapprovingconstructionoftheproposedKeystoneXLcrudeoilpipelinebya6236voteafter3weeks
ofdebate.Nine...

Oxycutscapitalbudgetbyathird
01/30/2015Inthemidstoffallingoilprices,OccidentalPetroleumCorp.,Houston,expectstoreduceitstotalcapitalspendingfor2015to$5.8
billionfrom...
More Articles >>

WHITE PAPERS

AVEVAsDigitalAssetApproachDefininganeweraofcollaborationincapitalprojectsandassetoperations
Thereisconstant,intensivechangeinthecapitalprojectsandassetlifecyclemanagement.Newchall...
Sponsoredby AVEVAInc

TransformingtheOilandGasIndustrywithEPPM
Withbudgetsinthebillions,timelinesspanningyears,andlifecyclesextendingoverdecades,oilan...
Sponsoredby ORACLE

AssetDecommissioninginOil&Gas:TransformingBusiness
AssetintensiveorganizationslikeOilandGashavetheirownindustryspecificchallengeswhenitcom...
Sponsoredby ORACLE

SqueezingtheGreen:HowtoCutPetroleumDownstreamCostsandOptimizeProcessingEfficiencieswithEnterpriseProject
PortfolioManagementSolutions
Asthedownstreampetroleumindustrygrappleswithchangeineverysectorandateverylevel,includin...
Sponsoredby ORACLE

7StepstoImproveOil&GasAssetDecommissioning
Globalcompetitionandvolatilemarketsarecreatingachallengingbusinessclimateforprojectbased...
Sponsoredby ORACLE

Theimpactofaginginfrastructureinprocessmanufacturingindustries
Processmanufacturingcompaniesintheoilandgas,utilities,chemicalsandnaturalresourceindustri...
Sponsoredby ORACLE

WhatisSystemLevelThermoFluidAnalysis?
ThispaperwillexplainsomeofthefundamentalsofSystemLevelThermoFluidAnalysisanddemonstrate...

Sponsoredby MentorGraphicsMechanicalAnalysisDivision

AccurateThermoFluidSimulationinRealTimeEnvironments
ThecruxofanytaskundertakeninSystemLevelThermoFluidAnalysisisstrikingabalancebetweenti...
Sponsoredby MentorGraphicsMechanicalAnalysisDivision
More White Papers >>

AVAILABLE WEBCASTS

Prevention,DetectionandMitigationofpipelineleaksinthemodernworld
WhenThu,Apr30,2015
Preventing,detectingandmitigatingleaksorcommodityreleasesfrompipelinesareatoppriorityforallpipelinecompanies.Thispresentationwilllook
atvariousaspectsrelatedtopreventing,detectingandmitigatingpipelinecommodityreleasesfromagenericandconceptualpointofview,whileatthe
sametimelookatthevarietyofofferingsavailablefromSchneiderElectrictomeetsomeoftherequirementsassociatedwithpipelineintegrity
management.

OnDemand

GlobalLNG:AdjustingtoNewRealities
Fri,Mar20,2015
Oil&GasJournalsMarch20,2015,webcastwilllookathowglobalLNGtradewillbeaffectedoverthenext1224monthsbyfallingcrudeoilprices
andchangingpatternsandpressuresofdemand.WillUSLNGproductionplayaroleinbalancingmarkets?Orwillitaddtoagrowingglobal
oversupplyofLNGformarketsremotefromeasiernaturalgassupply?Willnewbuyerswithmarginalcredit,smallerrequirements,orgreatneedfor
flexibilitybegintolookattractivetosuppliers?Howwillhighcost,megaprojectsinAustraliarespondtonewconstructioncosttrends?

USMidstreamataCrossroads
Fri,Mar6,2015
Oil&GasJournalsMar.6,2015,webcastwillfocusonUSmidstreamcompaniesataninflectionpointintheirdevelopmentinresponsetomorethan6
yearsshaleoilandgasproductiongrowth.Majorinfrastructuregasplants,gatheringsystems,andtakeawaypipelineshavebeenbuilt.Major
fractionationhubshaveexpanded.Giventheradicallychangedpricingenvironmentsincemid2014,wheredoprocessorsgofromhere?Whatisthe
fateoflargeprojectscaughtinmiddevelopment?Howtoproducersandprocessorscooperatetoensureasustainableandprofitablefuture?This
eventwillservetosetthediscussiontablefortheannualGPAConventioninSanAntonio,Apr.1316,2015.
ThiseventissponsoredbyLeidosEngineering.

TheFutureofUSRefining
Fri,Feb6,2015
Oil&GasJournalsFeb.6,2015,webcastwillfocusonthefutureofUSrefiningasvariousforcesthisyearconspiretopulltheindustryindifferent
directions.Loweroilpricesgenerallyreducefeedstockcosts,buttheyhavealsoloweredrefinersreturns,as2015beginswithrefinedproductspriced
atlowsnotseeninyears.Iflowerperbarrelcrudepricesdampenproductionoflightercrudesamongshaleplays,whatwillhappentorefinersplans
toexportmorebarrelsoflightercrudes?Andasalways,refinerswillbeaffectedbygovernmentregulations,particularlythosethatsuppressdemand,
increasecosts,orlimitaccesstomarketsorsupply.

Prev 1 2 3 4 5 Next
Lookingforpastissues?Clickhere.

Oil&GasJournal
DigitalMagazine

LookInside>

CurrentIssue
BscanosenFacebook

Oil&GasJournalOnline
Megusta 32596

Oil&GasJournalOnline
20min

Ourreadersknowtheindustrybetter
thananyone.Yourfeedbackonasurvey
willhelpusbetterunderstandthe
informationthatyouwant,andtheway
youwantit.Uponcompletingthe
survey,youllbeenteredforachanceto
winoneoffour(4)$100American
Expressgiftcards.TakeSurvey:
https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/CN77
PGQ

PluginsocialdeFacebook

CAREERS AT TOTAL

Morethan600jobopeningsarenowonline,watchvideosandlearnmore!

ClickHeretoWatch

OTHER OIL & GAS INDUSTRY JOBS

BP
Country:
JobtitleInstrumentTechnicianReqID62143BRJob
categoryTechniciansSubcategoryOperations
Countries(State/Region)AngolaLocationOffshore:
GreaterPlutonio,Offshore:PSVMRoleSynopsis
Licensingofthedeepwaterandultradeepwater
Angolablocksduringthe1990ssignaledBPsentry
tooff...

2015SummerInternshipMaterialProcess
Engineer
DresserRand
Country:UnitedStates
Internship/CoOpsPositionLevelIndividual
ContributorMoreinformationaboutthisjob:
PositionOverview/Summary:TheDresserRand
SearchMoreJobListings>>

Home

Events

Advertise

AboutUs

GeneralInterest

Training

NewsletterSubscription

PennWell

Exploration&Development

MarketConnection

BookStore

ViewAllPennwellWebsites

Drilling&Production

WhitePapers

PrivacyPolicy

ViewAllPennwellEvents

1455WestLoopSouth

Processing

Webcasts

Terms&Conditions

SiteMap

Houston,Texas77027

Transportation

PennEnergyJobs

ContactUs

Webmaster

(713)6219720

Unconventional

Equipment

MagazineSubscription

GISData&Maps

Research

Mobile

RSS

OTC

Copyright2013:PennWellCorporation
AllRightsReserved.