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i.e.
f is continuous at x = c
if Limit f(c
h 0
h) = Limit
f(c+h) = f(c).
h 0
If a function f (x) is continuous at x = c, the graph of f (x) at the corresponding point ( c, f (c)) will not be
broken. But if f (x) is discontinuous at x = c, the graph will be broken when x = c
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
((i), (ii) and (iii) are discontinuous at x = c)
((iv) is continuous at x = c)
(iv)
(ii)
(iii)
Limit f(x)
x c
Limit
x c f (x)
f (c)
[figure (i)]
[figure (iii)]
x
sin
, x 1
Example # 1 : If f(x) =
, then find whether f(x) is continuous or not at x = 1, where
2
[ x]
, x 1
[ . ] is greatest integer function.
Solution :
f(x) = sin 2 , x 1
[ x]
, x 1
"manishkumarphysics.in"
MATHS
For continuity at x = 1, we determine f(1), xlim
f(x) and xlim
f(x).
1
1
Now,
f(1) = [1] = 1
x 1
and
x 1
so
f(1) = xlim
f(x) = xlim
f(x) = 1
1
1
f(x) is continuous at x = 1
1 sin x
,
x
1 cos 2 x
2
,
x
2
f(x) =
2x
, x
2
4 2x 2
(2)
; 0x
x a 2 sin x
4
f ( x ) 2x cot x b
;
x
4
2
a cos 2x b sin x ;
x
(3)
is continuous at x =
and x =
4
2
(1 ax )1/ x
; x0
b
; x 0 , then find the values of a, b, c, for which f(x) is continuous at x = 0
If f ( x )
1/ 3
(x c) 1
; x0
Answers :
(1)
discontinuous
(3)
a = n 3, b =
(2)
a=
,b=
6
12
1
,c=1
3
Types of Discontinuity :
(i)
Discontinuity of 1 st kind :
If both xLim
f(x) and xLim
f(x) exist finitely, then the function f is said to have discontinuity of
c
c
1st kind at x = c
"manishkumarphysics.in"
MATHS
If both the limits i.e. xLim
f(x) and xLim
f(x) are equal, then the discontinuity is called removable
c
c
discontinuity of 1st kind.
if
f ( x )
In this case if we define a function g(x) such that g(x) = Lim f ( x ) if
x c
continuous at x = c
xc
x c , then g(x) will be
e.g. f(x) =
(b)
(1 x ) (9 x 2 )
has a missing point discontinuity at x = 1. [figure (ii) Page 1]
(1 x )
Where Limit
f(x) exists & f(a) also exists but Limit
x a f(x)
x a
x 2 16
if
e.g. f(x) = x 4
9
if
x4
x4
f(a).
If xLim
f(x) & xLim
are not equal, then it is said to non removable discontinuity of 1st kind
c
c
and in this case |R.H.L L.H.L.| is called jump of the discontinuity.
NOTE : A function having a finite number of jumps in a given interval is called a Piece Wise Continuous
or Sectionally Continuous function in this interval. For e.g. {x} , [x]
(ii)
Discontinuity of 2 nd kind
If either L.H.L. or R.H.L or both do not exist, then the function f is said to have
discontinuity of 2nd kind
e.g. f(x) =
or
1
1
or g(x) =
( x 4) 2
x4
f(x) = sin
at x = 4 (Infinite discontinuity)
1
at x = 0. (Oscillatory discontinuity)
x
x
f(x) = 2
x
x 1
x 1
"manishkumarphysics.in"
MATHS
lim f(x) = lim x = 1
x1
x1
and
x1
x1
and
f(1) is not defined.
So f(x) is discontinuous at x = 1 and this discontinuity is of 1st type (removable).
Self practice problems :
(4)
x , x 1
2
If f(x) = x , x 1 , then identify the type of discontinuity..
2 , x 1
(5)
x; x 1
If f(x) =
, then identify the type of discontinuity..
2 x ; 1 x
Answers :
st type (removable)
(4)
(5)
1
cos {cot x}, x 2
Example # 3 : If f(x) =
. Find jump of discontinuity, where [ . ] is greatest integer function
[ x] 1,
x
2
Solution :
1
cos cot x if
f(x) =
[x] 1
if
lim
f(x) =
lim
x
2
x
cos 1 {cot x}
lim
f(x) =
lim
[x] 1 = 1
jump of discontinuity
= | 1
| =
1
2
2
Theorems on continuity :
(i)
If f & g are two functions which are continuous at x = c, then the functions defined by:
F1(x) = f(x) g(x) ; F2(x) = K f(x), K is any real number ; F3(x) = f(x).g(x) are also continuous at
f (x)
x = c. Further, if g (c) is not zero, then F 4(x) = g( x ) is also continuous at x = c.
(ii)
(x) = f(x). g(x) may or may not be continuous but sum or difference function (x) = f(x) g(x)
will necessarily be discontinuous at x = a.
sin
x
e.g. f (x) = x & g(x) =
0
x0
x0
"manishkumarphysics.in"
MATHS
(iii)
If f (x) and g(x) both are discontinuous at x = a, then the product function(x) = f(x). g(x) is not
necessarily be discontinuous at x = a.
1 , x0
e.g. f (x) = g(x) =
1 , x 0
and atmost one out of f(x) + g(x) and f(x) g(x) is continuous at x = a.
1
2
+1
2
As g(x) is continuous at x =
+1
2
+1
2
lim
x
1
2
f(x) and f 1 .
2
(6)
1 x 3 , x 0
f ( x) 2
and
x 1 , x 0
( x 1) 3
g( x )
1
2
(
x
1
)
, x0
, x0
Continuity in an Interval :
(a)
(b)
(iii)
"manishkumarphysics.in"
(a, b).
MATHS
(c)
All Polynomial functions, Trigonometrical functions, Exponential and Logarithmic functions are
continuous at every point of their respective domains.
On the basis of above facts continuity of a function should be checked at the following
points
(i)
(ii)
Continuity of {f(x)} and [f(x)] should be checked at all points where f(x) becomes integer.
(iii)
Continuity of sgn (f(x)) should be checked at the points where f(x) = 0 (if f(x) = 0 in any
open interval containing a, then x = a is not a point of discontinuity)
In case of composite function f(g(x)) continuity should be checked at all possible points
of discontinuity of g(x) and at the points where g(x) = c, where x = c is a possible point
of discontinuity of f(x).
(iv)
; 0 x 1
[sin x ]
3
4
[ . ] is greatest integer function, then comment on the continuity of function in the interval [0, 2].
Solution :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
x = 0,
1
2
5
2
5
i.e.
x=
2
5
and when x
3
4
5
(as {x} is discontinuous when x )
3
i.e.
x=
1
5 5
, 1, ,
and 2
2
4 3
Example # 6 : If f(x) =
Solution :
1
5 5
,1 ,
2
4 3
x 1
1
and g(x) =
, then discuss the continuity of f(x), g(x) and fog (x).
x 1
x2
x 1
x 1
f(x) is a rational function it must be continuous in its domain
and f is not defined at x = 1
f is discontinuous at x = 1
f(x) =
1
x2
g(x) is also a rational function. It must be continuous in its domain and g is not defined at
x=2
g(x) =
"manishkumarphysics.in"
MATHS
g is discontinuous at x = 2
Now fog (x) will be discontinuous at
(i)
x=2
(point of discontinuity of g(x))
(ii)
g(x) = 1
(when g(x) = point of discontinuity of f(x))
if
g(x) = 1
1
=1
x2
x=3
1
1
x2
fog (x) = 1
1
x2
fog (2) is not defined
x 2
1
1
x2
1 x 2
= xlim
=1
1
2 1 x 2
1
x2
1
1
x2
=
1
1
x2
1
1
x2
=
1
1
x2
x 3
x 3
(6)
1
[n x ] . sgn x ; 1 x 3
If f(x) =
.
2
{ x 2 }
; 3 x 3.5
should be checked, where [ . ] is greatest integer function and {.} fractional part function.
Answer :
{ 1,
3 5
, , e, 3 ,
2 2
10 , 11 ,
12 , 3.5 }
(i)
If f(a) & f(b) possess opposite signs, then there exists at least one solution of the equation
f(x) = 0 in the open interval (a, b).
(ii)
If K is any real number between f(a) & f(b), then there exists at least one solution of the
equation f(x) = K in the open interval (a, b).
"manishkumarphysics.in"
MATHS
Example # 7 : Given that a > b > c > d, then prove that the equation (x a) (x c) + 2(x b) (x d) = 0
will have real and distinct roots.
Solution :
(x a) (x c) + 2 (x b) (x d) = 0
f(x) = (x a) (x c) + 2 (x b) (x d)
f(a) = (a a) (a c) + 2 (a b) (a d) = + ve
f(b) = (b a) (b c) + 0 = ve
f(c) = 0 + 2 (c b) (c d) = ve
f(d) = (d a) (d c) + 0 = +ve
hence (x a) (x c) + 2(x b) (x d) = 0
have real and distinct roots
Self practice problem :
(7)
If f(x) = xex 2, then show that f(x) = 0 has exactly one root in the interval (0, 1).
Solution :
f
4
= nlim
1
1 n sin2 x
1
1 n sin2 x
1
1 n . sin2
4
= nlim
1
=0
1
1 n
2
Now
f(0) = nlim
1
n . sin (0) 1
2
1
=1
1 0
1
lim f(x) = lim lim
=0
x 0
x 0 n 1 n sin 2 x
{here sin2x is very small quantity but not zero and very small quantity when multiplied with
becomes }
f(x) is not continuous at x = 0
If f(x) = Lim
(1 + x)n.
n
1
(1 x ) x e .
Comment on the continuity of f(x) at x = 0 and explain Lim
x 0
Answer :
Discontinous (non-removable)
Example # 9 : f(x) = maximum (sin t, 0 t x), 0 x 2discuss the continuity of this function at x=
Solution :
if x 0, ,
2
f(x) = sin x if x 0,
2
"manishkumarphysics.in"
MATHS
if x , 2 and t [0, x]
2
Now
f(x) = sin
= 1 if x , 2
2
sin x , if x 0,
2
f(x) =
, if x , 2
1
2
f =1
2
lim
lim
lim
f(x) =
f(x) =
lim
sin x = 1
1=1
as
f(x) is continuous at x =
(ii)
f(a h)f(a)
, provided the limit exists.
h
f(a h)f(a )
, provided the limit exists.
h
A function f(x) is said to be differentiable at x = a if f (a+) = f (a) = finite
L.H.D. = f (a ) = Limit
h 0
f(a h)f(a)
By definition f (a) = Limit
h 0
h
x ,
Example # 10 : Comment on the differentiability of f(x) = 2
x ,
Solution :
x 1
x 1
at x = 1.
f (1 h) f (1)
R.H.D. = f (1+) = Limit
h 0
h
2
(1 h)2 1
Limit 1 h 2h 1 = Limit (h + 2) = 2
= Limit
=
h 0
h 0
h 0
h
h
f (1 h) f (1)
1 h 1
= Limit
= Limit
=1
h 0
h 0
h
h
As L.H.D. R.H.D. Hence f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.
L.H.D. = f(1)
"manishkumarphysics.in"
MATHS
A Bx 2
,
Example # 11 : If f(x) =
3 Ax b 2 ,
Solution :
f(1+)
x 1
x 1
f (1 h) f (1)
= hlim
0
h
3 A (1 h) B 2 3 A B 2
3 Ah
= hlim
= hlim
= 3A
0
0
h
h
f(1)
2
f (1 h) f (1)
lim A B(1 h) 3A B 2
= hlim
=
0
h0
h
h
0
h
hence for this limit to be defined
2A + 2B 2 = 0
B=A+1
= hlim
0 (Bh 2B) = 2B
f(1)
[cos x ],
Example # 12 : If f(x) =
2{ x } 1,
x 1
x 1
f (1 h) f (1)
f(1) = h lim
0
h
[cos( h)] 1
1 1
= h lim
= h lim
=0
0
0
h
h
2h
f (1 h) f (1)
2{1 h} 1 1
f(1+) = h lim
= h lim
= h lim
=2
0
0
0
h
h
h
f(1+) f(1)
f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.
[2x] x ,
If f(x) =
{x} 1 ,
x 1
x 1
(10)
x tan 1 1/ x, x 0
If f(x) =
, then comment on the derivability of f(x) at x = 0.
0
,
x0
Answers :
(9)
(10)
"manishkumarphysics.in"
10
MATHS
Concept of tangent and its association with derivability :
Tangent :- The tangent is defined as the limiting case of a chord or a secant.
f (a h ) f ( a )
h
f (a h ) f (a )
Slope of tangent at P = f(a) = Lim
h 0
h
The tangent to the graph of a continuous function f at the point P(a, f(a)) is
(i)
the line through P with slope f(a) if f(a) exists ;
(ii)
the line x = a if L.H.D. and R.H.D. both are either or .
If neither (i) nor (ii) holds then the graph of f does not have a tangent at the point P.
In case (i) the equation of tangent is y f(a) = f(a) (x a).
In case (ii) it is x = a
Note : (i)
tangent is also defined as the line joining two infinitesimally close points on a curve.
(ii)
A function is said to be derivable at x = a if there exist a tangent of finite slope at that point.
f(a+) = f(a) = finite value
(iii)
y = x 3 has x-axis as tangent at origin.
(iv)
At x = 1
L.H.D = f(1)
1/ 3
f (1 h) f (1)
lim (1 h) 1 = 1
= h lim
=
0
h0
3
h
h
1/ 3
f (1 h) f (1)
lim (1 h) 1 = 1
R.H.D. = f(1+) = h lim
=
0
h0
3
h
h
As R.H.D. = L.H.D. =
1
3
slope of tangent =
y f(1) =
y1=
1
3
1
(x 1)
3
1
(x 1)
3
(0 h)1/ 3 0
L.H.D. = f(0) = h lim
=+
0
h
(0 h)1/ 3 0
R.H.D. = f(0+) = hlim
=+
0
h
As L.H.D. and R.H.D are infinite.y = f(x) will have a vertical tangent at origin.
"manishkumarphysics.in"
11
MATHS
Self Practice Problems :
(11)
If possible find the equation of tangent to the following curves at the given points.
(i)
y = x 3 + 3x 2 + 28x +1 at x = 0.
(ii)
y = (x 8)2/3 at x = 8.
Answers :
(i)
y = 28x + 1
(ii)
x=8
(ii)
If f(x) is differentiable at every point of its domain of definition, then it is continuous in that
domain.
Note : The converse of the above result is not true i.e. "If 'f' is continuous at x = a, then 'f' is differentiable at
x = a is not true.
e.g. the functions f(x) = x 2 is continuous at x = 2 but not differentiable at x = 2.
If f(x) is a function such that R.H.D = f(a+) = and L.H.D. = f(a) = m.
Case -
If = m = some finite value, then the function f(x) is differentiable as well as continuous.
Case -
if m = but both have some finite value, then the function f(x) is non differentiable but it is continuous.
Case -
If at least one of the or m is infinite, then the function is non differentiable but we can not say about
continuity of f(x).
(i)
continuous and differentiable
(ii)
continuous but not differentiable
(iii)
neither continuous nordifferentiable
f(a+) =
lim f (a h) f (a) =
h
h0
h0
lim f (a + h) = f(a).
h0
Similarly hlim
[f(a h) f(a)] = h
0
h0
h0
"manishkumarphysics.in"
12
MATHS
x 2 sgn[ x] { x } , 0 x 2
Example # 15 : If f(x) =
, comment on the continuity and differentiability of f(x),
sin x | x 3 | , 2 x 4
Solution :
x 1
lim
x 1
2
f(x) = xlim
1 (x sgn [x] + {x})
=1 sgn (0) + 1 = 1
f(1) = 1
f (1 h) f (1)
R.H.D. = f(1+) = hlim
0
h
(1 h)2 sgn[1 h] {1 h} 1
= hlim
0
h
(1 h)2 h 1
1 h 2 2h h 1
h2 3h
lim
lim
= hlim
=
=
=3
0
h0
h0
h
h
h
f (1 h) f (1)
and L.H.D. = f(1) = hlim
0
h
(1 h)2 sgn[1 h] 1 h 1
= hlim
=1
0
h
f(1+) f(1).
Hence f(x) is non differentiable at x = 1.
Now at
x=2
x 2
x 2
(12)
e [ x ] | x | 1
x0
If f(x) = [ x ] {2x }
, comment on the continuity at x = 0 and differentiability at
1
/
2
x
If f(x) & g(x) are differentiable at x = a, then the functions f(x) g(x), f(x). g(x) will also be
differentiable at x = a & if g (a) 0, then the function f(x)/g(x) will also be differentiable at x = a.
(ii)
If f(x) is not differentiable at x = a & g(x) is differentiable at x = a, then the product function
F(x) = f(x) . g(x) can still be differentiable at x = a
e.g. f(x) = x and g(x) = x 2.
If f(x) & g(x) both are not differentiable at x = a, then the product function
F(x) = f(x) . g(x) can still be differentiable at x = a e.g. f(x) = x & g(x) = x.
(iii)
"manishkumarphysics.in"
13
MATHS
(iv)
If f(x) & g(x) both are non-differentiable at x = a, then the sum function F(x) = f(x) + g(x) may be
a differentiable function. e.g. f(x) = x & g(x) = x.
(v)
f (a g(h)) f (a p(h))
= f(a), where
g(h) p(h)
h0
Solution :
Non-differentiable at x = 0.
Example # 17 : Discuss the differentiability of f(x) = x|x|
Solution :
x 2 , x 0
f(x) = 2
x , x 0
Differentiable at x = 0
Example # 18 : If f(x) is differentiable and g(x) is differentiable, then prove that f(x) . g(x) will be differentiable.
Solution :
lim
h 0
f (a h ) f ( a )
= f(a)
h
g(x) is differentiable
lim
g(a h) g(a )
= g(a)
h
i.e.
h 0
let
Now,
h 0
= h lim
0
lim
p(a h) p(a )
f (a h).g(a h) f (a).g(a)
= h lim
0
h
h
g (a)( f (a h) f (a))
f (a h) ( g (a h) g(a))
= h lim
0
h
h
g(a h) g(a )
f ( a h) f ( a )
f (a h).
g(a).
= h lim
= f(a) . g(a) + g(a) f(a) = p(a)
0
h
h
"manishkumarphysics.in"
14
MATHS
x 3
Example # 19 : If f(x) = 2
x 3x 2
, x0
, x0
If f(|x|) and |f(x)| are continous, then g(x) is continuous. At x = 0 f(|x|) is continuous, and |f(x)| is
discontinuous therefore g(x) is discontineous at x = 0.
"manishkumarphysics.in"
15
MATHS
Note : Derivability should be checked at following points
(i)
At all points where continuity is required to be checked.
(ii)
At the critical points of modulus and inverse trigonometric function.
1
x [sin x] , 0 x 1
3
Example # 20 : If f(x) =
, find those points at which continuity and differentiability
[2x ] sgn x 4 , 1 x 2
3
should be checked, where [ . ] is greatest integer function and {.} is fractional part function.
Also check the continuity and differentaibility of f(x) at x = 1.
Solution :
1
x [sin x] , 0 x 1
3
f(x) =
The points, where we should check the continuity and
[2x ] sgn x 4 , 1 x 2
differentiability are x = 0,
4 3
1 2
, , 1, , , 2
3 2
2 3
At x = 1
1
lim x [sin x] = 0
L.H.L. = xlim
f(x) =
1
x 1
3
(14)
| 1 4 x 2 | , 0 x 1
If f(x) = 2
, then draw the graph of f(x) and comment on the
[ x 2x] , 1 x 2
f ( x h) f ( x )
f(x) = hlim
0
h
f ( x ) f (h ) f ( x ) f ( 0 )
= hlim
0
h
( f(0) = 0)
f (h) f (0)
= hlim
= f(0)
0
h
f(x) = 2
"manishkumarphysics.in"
16
MATHS
f(x) dx 2 dx
f(x) = 2x + c
f(0) = 2.0 + c
as
f(0) = 0
c=0
f(x) = 2x
Second Method :
Since f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) is true for all values of x and y is independent of differentiating both sides
w.r.t x (here y is constant with respect to x).
f(x + y) = f(x)
put x = 0
f(y) = f(0)
f(y) = 2y + c
c=0
f(y) = 2y
f(y) dy 2 dy
f(0) = 0 + c = 0
f(x) = 2x.
Example # 22 : f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y) x, y R and f(x) is a differentiable function and f(0) = 1, f(x) 0 for
any x. Find f(x)
Solution :
f(x) is a differentiable function
f ( x h) f ( x )
= hlim
0
h
f(x)
( f(0) = 1)
f(x) = f(x)
f ( x) dx = 1 dx
n f(x) = x + c
c=0
f(x) = ex
f ( x )
n 1 = 0 + c
n f(x) = x
xy
f(x) f (y)
=
Example # 23 : f
x, y R and f(0) = 1 and f(0) = 1 and function is differentiable for
2
2
Solution :
f(x)
2x 2h
2x 0
f
f
2
2
= hlim
0
h
= hlim
0
2
2
h
f (2h) f (0)
= hlim
= f(0) = 1
0
2h
f(x) = 1
integrating both sides, we get
f(x) = x + c
c = + 1 (as f(0) = 1)
f(x) = x + 1 = 1 x
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MATHS
Self Practice Problem:
(15)
x
f y = f(x) f(y) x , y R+ and f(1) = 1 , then show that f(x) = nx.
Important formula :
f (a g(h)) f (a p(h))
For finding limit hlim
= f(a),
0
g(h) p(h)
if hlim
p(h) = hlim
g(h) = 0 and f(x) is differentiable at x = a
0
0
f (a 2h) f (a 3h)
Example # 24 : Evaluate hlim
, if f(a) = 3
0
h
Solution :
h0
= f(a) 5 = 3 5 = 15
Self Practice Problems :
(16)
If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable, then prove that f(x) g(x) will be differentiable.
(17)
Answers :
(17)
f (2 h) f (2 sinh)
.
h. sinh . tanh
2/3
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