Analysis of variance for multiple factors.

Analysis of variance of 2 fixed factors.

The general factorial design with two factors.
The simplest type of factorial designs are those involving only two factors, where there are

levels of factor A

and b levels of factor B with nij2 replicates (experimental runs) for each combination of levels of the two
factors. The design matrix is as follow:
Factor A
1
2
:
a

Factor B
2
y121, y122,
y12n
y221, y222,
y22n
:
ya21, ya22,
ya2n

1
y111, y112,
y11n
y211, y212,
y21n
:
ya11, ya12,
ya1n

b
y1b1, y1b2,
y1bn
y2b1, y2b2,
y2bn
:
yab1, yab2,
yabn

In this case it is considered that the observations are values from a variable Y , which can be expressed by the
model:
y ijk i j ( ) ij ijk donde i 1,2,...., a
j 1,2,..., b
k 1,2,..., n

: It is the overall mean.

i : It is the effect of the i level of factor A with respect to the overall mean.
th
j

: It is the effect of the jth level of factor B with respect to the overall mean.

ij
ijk

: It is the effect of interaction between the level i of factor A and level

j of factor B with respect to the overall mean.

: It is the component of random error or noise inherent to the process, present in each observation.

Estimation of the model parameters

y ( )

i
j
ij
We can use the model to predict any observation: ijk
We can see that it does not have the noise component, this is because the natural variation in the process can not be predicted,
because it is expected to have a random pattern.

Taking into account the actual value and the value predicted by the model, the noise component is

ijk yijk y ijk yijk ( i j ( )ij )

a

Getting the sum of squared errors

SS E ijk2
i 1 j 1 k 1

Using the method of least squares to estimate the model parameters that minimize the sum of these squared errors
the estimations of the model parameters are:

Y ...

i Yi .. Y ...

j Y. j . Y...

( ) ij Yij. Yi .. Y. j . Y...

With these estimate values, we can estimate the value of any observation as:

y ijk i j ( )ij y... ( yi.. y... ) ( y. j. y... ) ( yij. yi .. y. j. y... ) yij.

Whence it follows that

eijk yijk y ijk yijk yij .

1

The natural variability of the process occurs internally within each combination of levels of the 2 factors.

The hypotheses tests, to test with analysis of variance of two factors, are:
On the equality of the means or the effects of levels of factor A.

H o : 1 2 ... a

H 1 : i i for at least one i j

On the equality of the means or the effects of levels of factor B

H o : 1 2 ... b 0

Whether the levels of factor A and factor B interact.

H o : ( ) ij 0

H 1 : at least one j 0

H 1 : at least one ( ) ij 0

These hypothesis testing can be performed using an analysis of variance, considering that again the total sum of
squares can be decomposed as:
SST SS A SS B SS AB SS E
The sums of squares are obtained by the expressions:
a

nij

SS A Yi.. Y...
i 1 j 1 k 1

nij

SS AB Yij. Y...
a

i 1 j 1 k 1

nij

i 1 j 1

SS E e
i 1 j 1 k 1

2
ijk

nij

Y
i 1 j 1 k 1

2
ijk

Yij2.
nij

nij

SS B Y. j. Y...
a

Y2 Y2
i.. ...
N
i 1 ni
a

i 1 j 1 k 1

Y...2
SS A SS B
N

nij

i 1 j 1 k 1

Y
a

Yij2.

i 1 j 1

Var (Yijk )

nij

Factor B
Interaction
Error
Total

Sum of
squares

SS A

SSB
SS AB
SSE
SST

These hypotheses are rejected if

f ((a 1)(b 1), ab(n 1))

Degrees of
Freedom

a 1
b 1

( a 1) * (b 1)

ab( n 1)

i 1 j 1 k 1

ijk

Y...2

nj N

Y...2
Y
N
i 1
b

Y....

2
ijk

N 1

And the ANOVA table is constructed as:

Source of
Variation
Factor A

Y. 2j.

i 1

SST Yijk Y...

a

Mean Square

Fm-Ratio

MSA SS A / a 1

MSA / MSE

MSB SSB / b 1
MSAB SS AB /[(a 1)(b 1)]
MSE SSE /[ ab(n 1)]

MSB / MSE
MS AB / MSE

abn 1
f m is greater than

f (a 1, ab( n 1))

f (b 1, ab( n 1))

Respectively.

Again, the Anova analysis is valid only if the assumptions referred to Analysis a one factor are met.
Multiple comparisons of means.
If in the analysis of variance Ho for the interaction is rejected, multiple comparisons for interaction should
be performed considering all combinations of levels of the two factors analyzed.
If Ho for the interaction is not significant, multiple comparisons for each individual significant factor
should be performed.

R2

SS A SS B SS AB
SS total

Coefficient of determination of the ANOVA model:

It is a measure about the percentage at which the Anova model can explain the variability in Y, considering the
variability or changes on factor levels..
Response surface. It is the graphical representation of multiple linear regression model or nonlinear regression
involving the 2 analyzed factors.
Basic assumptions in the analysis of variance and checking.
3

 Analysis of variance of three fixed factors.

Yijkl i j k ( ) ij ( ) ik ( ) jk ( ) ijk ijk
In this case, the model to be used is:

i 1, 2, a

j 1, 2, b

k 1, 2, c

l 1, 2, nijk

And the analysis of variance table is:

Source of
Variation
Factor A

Sum of
squares

Degrees of Freedom

Mean Square

Fm-Ratio

Factor C

SSC

a 1
b 1
c 1

Interaction AB

SS AB

( a 1) * (b 1)

MSAB SS AB /[( a 1)(b 1)]

MSAB / MSE

Interaction AC

SS AC

( a 1) * ( c 1)

MS AC SS AC /[( a 1)( c 1)]

MS AC / MS E

Interaction BC

SS BC

(b 1) * ( c 1)

MS BC SS BC /[( b 1)( c 1)]

MS BC / MS E

Interaction ABC

SS ABC

( a 1) * (b 1) * ( c 1)

MS ABC SS ABC /[( a 1)( b 1)( c 1)]

MSAB / MSE

Error

SSE

abc( n 1)

Total

SST

abcn 1

SS A
SSB

Factor B

MS A SS A / a 1
MSB SSB / b 1

MSA / MSE
MSB / MSE

MSC SSC / c 1

MS C / MS E

MS E SS E /[ abc( n 1)]

For a balanced experiment, the sums of squares of the main effects are based on the totals of factor A (y i), B
(y.j...) and C (y..k.) as follows (y..k.)
2
1 a 2 y....
SS A
y i...
bcn i 1
N

SS B

2
y....
1 b 2
y

. j ..
acn j 1
N

SSC

1 c 2
y....2
y

.. k . N
abn k 1

To compute the two-factor interaction sums of squares, the total A x B, A x C and B x C are needed. The sums of
squares are:

SS AB
SS BC

y2
1 a b 2
y ij .. .... SS A SS B
cn i 1 j 1
N

SS AC

y2
1 a c 2
y i.k . .... SS A SS C
bn i 1 k 1
N

y ....2
1 b c 2
y

. jk . N SS B SSC
an j 1 k 1

The sum of squares of the interaction of three factors is calculated from the three-way cell totals {yijk.} as:
y2
1 a b c
SS ABC yijk2 . .... SS A SS B SSC SS AB SS AC SSBC
n i 1 j 1 k 1
N
Only if there are at least two replicas for combination.
The sum of squares of the error can be found by subtracting the sum of the squares of each main effect and
interaction of the total sum of squares.
The parameters of the Anova model are estimated as:

Y ...

i Yi .. Y ...

j Y. j .. Y....

Yijk . Yij .. Yi. j. Y. jk . Yi... Y. j.. Y..k . Y....

( ) yij . yi .. y. j . y...
eijkl Yijkl Yijk .

Three-factor Anova with one of them as a blocking factor.

In this case, the order in which the combinations of the other two factors must be completely randomized inside each
block.
Considering that the 3rd factor is the blocker factor model for this design is

y ijk i j ( ) ij k ijk i 1, 2, a

j 1, 2, b

k 1, 2, n

Where k is the effect of the k-th block and the random component includes other interactions.
In this case the blocking factor interactions can not be separated from error.
If there is only one replica per combination and the number of levels of factor C is set as n, the analysis of variance
table is:
Source of
Variation
Factor A
Factor B
Blocker C
Interaction AB
Error
Total

Sum of
squares
SSA
SSB
SSC
SSAB
SSerror
SSTotal

Degrees of
Freedom
a-1
b-1
n-1
(a-1)(b-1)
(ab-1)(n-1)
abn-1

Mean Square
MSA = SSA / (a-1)
MSB = SSB / (b-1)
MSC = SSC / (n-1)
MSAB = SSAB / ((a-1)(b-1))
MSE = SSE / ((ab-1)(n-1))

Fm-Ratio
MSA / MSE
MSB / MSE
MSC / MSE
MSAB / MSE

The sums of squares of the main effects are based on the totals factor A (y i), B (y.j...) and C (y..k.) as follows
(y..k.)
1 a 2 y...2
SS A
yi.. N
bn i 1

y...2
1 b 2
SS B
y. j . N
an j 1

y...2
1 n 2
SS C
y.. k N
ab k 1

To calculate the sum of squares of the interaction, the totals of the cells, in a table AxB, are needed.

SS AB

1 a b 2 y...2
yij. N SS A SS B
n i 1 j 1

1. The performance of a chemical process is studied. It is thought that the 2 most important variables are the
pressure and temperature. 3 levels of each factor were selected and carried out the experiment with 2
replicates. Use = 0.04.
Pressure (psi)
Temperature (C)
200
215
230
150
90.4
90.7
90.2
90.2
90.6
90.4
160
90.1
90.5
89.9
90.3
90.6
90.1
170
90.5
90.8
90.4
90.7
90.9
90.1
SI
a. Perform the ANOVA, only set the hypothesis for the interaction, but conclude for the 3 hypotheses.
b. Determine the effect of using the combination (temperature, pressure) = (160,200).
c. Construct a graph of interaction and conclude.
d. Using Tukey method determine the optimum levels at which the process must be operated.
e. Determine and interpret a confidence interval, when the combination (Temp, Press) = (160,200) is used.
f. Determine if the assumption of normality of the errors is met, perform the Anderson Darling test.
g. Set a regression model that relates the performance of the process pressure and temperature, with and
without interaction.
2. An experiment was performed to determine if the firing temperature or the position in the oven affect the
thickness (m) of a carbon anode. A small thickness is desired.
Temperature (C)
Position
800
825
850
1
570
1063
565
565
1080
540
583
1043
590
2
528
988
526
547
1026
538
SI
521
1004
532
a. Perform the ANOVA, only set the hypothesis for the interaction, but conclude for the 3 hypotheses.
b. Determine the effect of using the combination (position, temperature) = (1, 825).
c. Construct a graph of interaction and conclude.
d. Determine and interpret a confidence interval, when the combination (Pos, Temp) = (2,800) is used.
e. Graphically determine if the errors are independent. Consider that the runs were labeled in the standard
order. Use a graph et vs t.
f. Get scatter diagrams to show the type of relationship between the dependent variable and each of the
independent variables, using such information construct a regression model.
3. A mechanical engineer studies the push force developed by a drill. Suspected drill speed and feed speed of the
material are the most important factors. He selected four feed speeds and uses a high-speed drilling and
another low, they were chosen to represent extreme conditions. Use = 0.03.
B: Feed Speed
0.015
0.03
0.045
0.06
2.7
2.45
2.6
2.75
2.78
2.49
2.72
2.86
200
2.83
2.85
2.86
2.94
2.86
2.8
2.87
2.88
Is there a significant interaction effect? Perform the appropriate analysis of variance.
Construct a graph of interaction and conclude.
Using Tukey method determine the optimum levels at which the process must be operated.
Determine if there are outliers.
Perform the appropriate test to determine whether the variances are constant at different levels of feed
rate.
Fit a regression model relating the appropriate push force to the speeds. Compare with the model without
the constant term.
A:Drill Speed
125

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

4. An experiment was performed to study the influence of the operating temperature and three types of glass
cover plates, in the light output of an oscilloscope tube. High light output is desired.

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Temperature
Type of plate
100
125
150
1
580
1090
1392
568
1087
1380
570
1085
1386
2
950
1070
1328
930
1035
1312
979
1000
1299
3
846
845
867
875
853
904
899
866
889
Perform the appropriate analysis of variance.
Set an appropriate regression model that relates the light output with plate type and temperature.
Get an interaction graph, In the horizontal axis use the plate type.
Using Tukey determine the optimum levels at which the process must be operated.
Determine if there are atypical or extreme observations.
Get a chart on normal probability paper for errors and conclude.

5. In the article Journal of Testing and evaluation (vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 508-515), it is described an experiment
where the effects of cyclic loading sequence and environmental conditions on the growth of fatigue cracks
with a constant effort of 22 MPa for a particular material were investigated. The experiment data are
presented below, the dependent variable is the growth of fatigue cracks. Use = 0.05. Small cracks desired.
Frequency of
cyclic loading
10

Enviroment condictions
Air

HO

H O seawater

2
2
a. Just set the
hypothesis for interaction,
3.29
2.06
1.9
make the
corresponding analysis of
3.47
2.05
1.93
variance and
conclude over all the
3.48
2.23
1.75
components.
3.12
2.03
2.06
b. Get a graph
interaction and conclude.
7.5
2.65
3.2
3.1
c. Using multiple
comparisons of means with
2.68
3.18
3.24
Tukey's method,
determine the optimum levels
2.76
3.96
3.98
at which the process
should be operated.
2.38
3.64
3.24
d. Get a confidence
interval for average crack,
5
2.24
4.51
3.96
when the
combination (FCC, MA) =
2.71
4.12
3.01
(10, H2O) is used.
2.81
4.6
3.36
e. Determine if there
are outliers.
2.08
4.35
3.45
f. Perform the
appropriate hypothesis test to
determine if the variances are constant at different frequency levels.
g. Fit a multiple regression model relating the crack growth with the frequency of the cyclic loading, the
environmental conditions and their interaction, note that Dummy variables are required. Evaluate the
adequacy of the model using the standard error of estimate and the adjusted coefficient of determination.

6. The lifetime of tire wear was determined by measuring the surface wastage (in thousandths), for each of 5
different brands of compact cars (factor A) in combination with each of each of 4 different brands radial tire
(factor B), doing one replicate for each combination. Obtained SSA=40.6, SSB=64.1 y SSE=59.2.
a.
What factor should be considered as a blocking factor?
b.
Set Hypothesis tests, do the Anova analysis and concluded.
7. Johnson and Leone (Statistics and Experimental Design in Engineering and the Physical Sciences, John
Wiley) describe an experiment conducted to investigate the copper plates twist. The two factors studied were
temperature and the copper content of plates. The response variable was a measure of the amount of twist of
the plates. The data were as follows:
Copper Content (%)
Temperature (C)
40
60
80
100
50
17, 16
19, 21
24, 22
28, 27
75
10, 9
18, 17
14, 12
27, 31
100
14, 12
18, 21
25, 23
30, 28
SI
125
21, 17
23, 21
23, 22
30, 31
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

Analyze the data, assuming that the replicas were made in different shifts (blocks).
Construct a graph of temperature vs. interaction copper content and complete.
Use Tukey to determine which factor levels should use.
Is the assumption of normality of the errors met?
Check the homoscedasticity assumption for temperature levels.
Determine if the experiment was properly randomized.
Construct two regression models, one linear and another quadratic, compare and conclude.

8. Un ingeniero sospecha que el acabado superficial de una pieza metlica se afecta por la velocidad de
alimentacin y la profundidad de corte. Selecciona tres velocidades de alimentacin y cuatro profundidades
de corte. Despus realiza un experimento factorial y obtiene los siguientes datos:
Velocidad de
alimentacin (pulg/min)
0.2
0.25
0.3

Profundidad de corte (pulg)

0.15
74
64
60
92
86
88
99
98
102

0.18
79
68
73
98
104
88
104
99
95

0.2
82
88
92
99
108
95
108
110
99

0.25
99
104
96
104
110
99
114
111
107

a. Realice el correspondiente anlisis de varianza completo (solo plantee la hiptesis de la interaccin).

b. Obtener un grfico de interaccin de velocidad vs profundidad y concluir.
c. Obtener e interpretar estimaciones puntuales del acabado superficial promedio con cada velocidad de
alimentacin.
d. Determinar si existen observaciones atpicas utilizando los errores.
e. Obtener un I.C. para la diferencia en el acabado promedio cuando se utilizan las velocidades de 0.20 y
0.25.
f. Genere las correspondientes grficas y determine si se cumple el supuesto de homocedasticidad en el
factor de velocidad, y en el factor de profundidad.
g. Determine utilizando una grfica de probabilidad normal si se cumple el supuesto de normalidad.
h. Determine grficamente si se cumple el supuesto de independencia.

9. An engineer is investigating the effects on paper strength that produce the percentage of the concentration of
the pulp fiber, the tank pressure and the cooking time of the pulp. 3 levels for the concentration of fiber, 3
pressure levels and 2 levels for the selected cooking time. A general factorial experiment was performed
getting the following results. It is desired a greater resistance.
Run Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

A.
Concentration
(%)
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8

Factors
B.
Pressure (psi)

Resistance: Replicates
C.
cooking time
(hours)
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4

400
400
500
500
600
600
400
400
500
500
600
600
400
400
500
500
600
600

196.6
198.4
197.7
199.6
199.8
200.6
198.5
197.5
196.0
198.7
198.4
199.6
197.5
197.6
195.6
197.0
197.0
198.5

196.0
198.6
196.0
200.4
199.4
200.9
197.2
198.1
196.9
198.0
197.6
199.0
196.6
198.4
196.2
197.8
198.1
199.8

a. In Minitab perform the randomization of the experiment, report combinations of factor levels and the
order in which they must perform the experiment, for the first 5 runs.
b. Perform and conclude about the corresponding variance analysis. Set the hypothesis of factor and
interaction that are most significant.
c. Construct and conclude about the most meaningful interaction. (obs: it is only 2 factors).
d. Determine the optimal levels for the 3 factors. Use Tukey.
e. Determine and interpret the effect of using the optimal combination.
f. Obtain and interpret a confidence interval using the optimal combination.
g. Build your regression model for the effects that were significant and plot on the same graph the actual
value and the predicted value. What is your conclusion?
h. Determine if there are outliers.
i. Perform the Hypothesis test of Anderson Darling.
10. Conteste las siguientes preguntas.
a. Qu es un experimento factorial completo?
b. En caso de no cumplirse los supuestos de normalidad y varianza constante, Qu se puede hacer para
evitar problemas con el anlisis y resultados obtenidos?
c. Cuntos efectos se pueden estudiar con un factorial 4x3x2?
d. Mencione al menos tres ventajas de la experimentacin factorial sobre la estrategia de mover un factor a
la vez.
e. Cul es la implicacin prctica de utilizar tres niveles de pruebas en lugar de dos en un factor dado?
f. Por qu no tiene sentido utilizar el modelo de regresin cuando los factores son cualitativos? Si fueran
cuantitativos, qu se gana con el modelo de regresin en relacin al modelo de efectos?
g. De los tres supuestos del modelo, Cul puede afectar ms el anlisis en caso de no cumplirse?
h. Cules son los supuestos del modelo en un diseo factorial y con cules grficas de residuos se puede
verificar cada uno de estos supuestos?
i. En la pregunta anterior, cmo se vera en las grficas un punto muy alejado o aberrante?
j. Qu significa que el modelo estadstico sea de efectos aleatorios?
k. En que cambian las hiptesis de inters en un diseo de factores aleatorio respecto al diseo de factores
fijo?
9

11. An Engineer wants to investigate the effect of type of suspension (A), opening of the mesh (B) and temperature
cycling (C); over the% sedimentation of a mechanical suspension. For this a 3x2x2 factorial experiment was run
with 4 replicates, using factor A as blocking factor. Test levels were A: suspension type A1, A2 and A3; The mesh
opening B: 50 and 60; C Temperature: 0 to 30 degrees Celsius. Obtaining the results
A1
C1

C2

B1
60
70
75
70
55
53
53
54

A2
B2
67
73
68
68
52
57
54
54

B1
62
68
67
65
44
45
48
45

A3
B2
71
75
80
80
60
65
67
67

B1
71
73
75
76
52
51
48
50

B2
75
75
76
77
56
55
57
59

a. Perform the corresponding analysis of variance, only set the hypothesis test of the interaction and the
most significant factor.
b. Construct a graph where the most significant interaction is illustrated and conclude. A low percentage of
sedimentation is desired.
c. Tukey used to determine which levels should use for type suspension 3.
d. Determine if there are outliers.
e. Is the assumption of normality of the errors met?
f. Is the assumption of independence of errors met? For the type of suspension 2. Number vertically errors.
g. Build your regression model for the effects or terms that were significant and plot on the same graph the
actual value and the predicted value. What is your conclusion?
12. The shrimp spawn in the sea and the eggs hatch into larvae while being transported to the coast, past

the larval stage the shrimp go into the estuaries where they grow rapidly and become pre-adults
migrating back to the sea where they reach maturity.During their migration and life cycle the shrimp
face a wide variation in temperature, density and salinity, between other factors, so it is very
important to know how these factors affect their growth. A designed experiment was performed with
these three factors, temperature using 2 levels 15C, 25C, Salinity using 3 levels 10%, 25% and
40% and density of shrimp in the tank 80 shrimps/40 liters, 120 shrimps/40 liters. For each
combination of levels, three tanks in the same conditions were used to get the average weight gain
for shrimp in 4 weeks.

a.
b.
c.
d.

T
D
S
Weight gained (mg)
20C
80
10%
86
52
73
20C
80
25%
544
371
482
20C
80
40%
390
290
397
20C
120
10%
53
73
86
20C
120
25%
393
398
208
20C
120
40%
249
265
243
25C
80
10%
439
436
349
25C
80
25%
249
245
330
25C
80
40%
247
277
205
25C
120
10%
324
305
364
25C
120
25%
352
267
316
25C
120
40%
188
223
281
Using minitab, perform the randomization of the experiment, report combinations of levels of factors
and the order in which they must perform the experiment. Only report the first 5 runs.
Only set the corresponding test hypotheses about the interaction of the 3 factors, perform the
corresponding analysis of variance and concluded on all components of Anova model.
Construct a graph to show how the interaction of temperature and salinity affects the average gained
weight by the shrimps.
Use Tukey to determine which factor levels should use. Note that the interaction of three factors is
significant, therefore multiple comparisons should be done on level combinations of the three factors.
10

e. Build your regression model according to the terms in the ANOVA model were significant and plot on
the same graph the actual value and the predicted value, which concludes.
13. The quality control department in a textile plant studies the effect of various factors on dyeing cotton fabric
and synthetic fibers used to make shirts for men. 3 operators, 3 cycle lengths and two temperatures were
selected; and three small samples of fabric under each set of conditions were dyed. The finished fabric was
compared with a standard, and also it was assigned a numerical evaluation. The data are shown below.
Considering the ability of operators as a blocking factor. Use = 0.08.
Temperature
300
350
Cycle
Operator
Operator
time
1
2
3
1
2
3
40
23
27
31
24
38
34
24
28
32
23
36
36
25
26
29
28
35
39
50
36
34
33
37
34
34
35
38
34
39
38
36
36
39
35
35
36
31
60
28
35
26
26
36
28
24
35
27
29
37
26
a. Perform the appropriate analysis of variance, only set the hypothesis test of the interaction and the most
significant factor.
b. Construct a graph where the average dyed fabric for the most significant factor is illustrated and
conclude. High average staining is desired.
c. Construct a graph where the interaction is illustrated and conclude.
d. Determine which levels should use. Use Tukey.
e. Is the assumption of normality of the errors met?
f. Determine if properly randomized experiment for Operator 1.
g. Build your regression model with the significant terms. Note that the operator requires 2 Dummy
variables.

14. Se estudia el rendimiento de un proceso qumico. Los dos factores de inters son la temperatura y la
presin. Se seleccionan tres niveles de cada factor; sin embargo, solo es posible hacer nueve corridas en
un da. El experimentador corre una rplica completa en cada da. Los datos se muestran en la tabla
siguiente. Analizar los datos, considerando que los das son bloques. Use 0.05
Da 1
Da 2
Presin
Presin
Temperatura
250
260
270
250
260
270
150
86.3
84.0
85.8
86.1
85.2
87.3
160
88.5
87.3
89.0
89.4
89.9
90.3
170
89.1
90.2
91.3
91.7
93.2
93.7
a. Utilice Minitab para establecer las corridas experimentales del 1er da, solo reporte las
combinaciones de las primeras 5 corridas y su orden estndar.
b. Plantee las respectivas hiptesis del factor perturbador y de la interaccin y realice el
correspondiente anlisis de varianza, concluya.
c. Utilice Tukey para determinar que niveles de los factores se deben de utilizar.
d. Se cumple el supuesto de normalidad de los errores?
e. Determine si se aleatorizo correctamente el experimento para el da 2.
f. Determine si se cumple el supuesto de varianza constante para el factor ms significativo.
g. Construya y compare los modelos de regresin siguientes, para compararlos use S y R 2adj. Cul
modelo considera mejor? Describa su desempeo.
i.
Con los trminos simples de temperatura y presin sin considerar el da, porque no se debe
utilizar el da como variable de prediccin?
ii.
Adems adicional considerando la interaccin de temperatura y presin.
iii.
Adicional al caso anterior considerando los trminos cuadrticos de temperatura y presin

11

15. Una empresa de refrescos est interesada en obtener alturas de llenado ms uniformes en las botellas. La
mquina de llenado est bajo control estadstico y en promedio llena las botellas a la altura objetivo, pero
existe variacin en torno a este objetivo, al ingeniero del proceso le gustara entender mejor las fuentes de
variabilidad y, en ltima instancia reducirla.
Se pueden controlar 3 variables durante el proceso de llenado el % de carbonacin (A) la cual se manej a 3
niveles 10, 12 y 14%, la presin de operacin en el llenador (B) se manej a 2 niveles 25 y 30 psi y las
botellas producidas por minuto o rapidez de la lnea (C) a 2 niveles (200 y 220 bpm). El ingeniero corri un
experimento con dos replicas completamente aleatorizado. La variable respuesta es la desviacin promedio
de la altura del llenado objetivo que se observa en una corrida de produccin con cada conjunto de
combinaciones de niveles de los factores.
Las desviaciones positivas son alturas de llenado arriba del objetivo, mientras que las desviaciones negativas
son alturas de llenado abajo del objetivo.

Orden de las Orden

corridas en el estndar
tiempo
1
8
2
20
3
17
4
6
5
3
6
16
7
12
8
1
9
4
10
2
11
24
12
7
13
15
14
14
15
9
16
22
17
21
18
10
19
18
20
13
21
11
22
5
23
19
24
23

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

Factores
A: Porcentaje B: Presin
de
(psi)
carbonacin.
12
30
12
30
12
25
12
25
10
30
10
30
14
30
10
25
10
30
10
25
14
30
12
30
10
30
10
25
14
25
14
25
14
25
14
25
12
25
10
25
14
30
12
25
12
30
14
30

C: Rapidez
de la lnea.

Desviacin

220
220
200
220
200
220
220
200
220
220
220
200
200
220
200
220
200
220
220
200
200
200
200
200

6
5
1
2
-1
1
10
-3
1
-1
11
2
0
0
5
6
4
7
1
-1
7
0
3
9

Usando 0.06 excepto en d use 0.05

Realice el correspondiente anlisis de varianza. Solo plantee las hiptesis del factor y de la interaccin ms
significativa.
Construya e interprete una grfica donde se ilustre la desviacin promedio respecto al llenado objetivo, para el
factor ms significativo.
Construya una grfica donde se ilustre la interaccin ms significativa y concluya.
Utilice Tukey para determinar a qu niveles se debe de operar el proceso.
Obtenga e interprete un intervalo al utilizar la combinacin ptima.
Construya su modelo de regresin segn los efectos que resultaron significativos, recomienda el modelo con
el termino constante igual a cero?, grafique en una misma grafica el valor real y el valor pronosticado, que
concluye.
Determine si se cumple el supuesto de Normalidad de los errores, realice la prueba de Anderson Darling.
Determine si se cumple el supuesto de independencia de los errores respecto al tiempo.
Determine si se cumple el supuesto de Homocedasticidad para el trmino ms significativo en el Anova.

12

16. El artculo Towards Improving the propierties of Plasters Moulds and Castings (J. Engr Manuf., 1991,
pp265-269) describe un estudio de como la cantidad de fibra de carbono y adiciones de arena afectan la
dureza de las piezas fundidas. Obtenindose los siguientes datos
Adicin de arena
%
0

Adicin de fibra de carbono %

0
25
50

61
69
67
63
69
69
15
67
69
69
69
74
74
30
65
74
74
74
72
75
a. Plantee las correspondiente hiptesis, obtenga su tabla Anova y concluya
b. A que nivel de operase el proceso para que las piezas sean lo mas duras posible. Use Duncan.
c. Determine grficamente si los errores son independientes entre si.

13