IB Physics Option - Electro Magnetic Waves

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N00/430/H(3)
Option H Optics
H1. A student is given two converging lenses, A and B, and a tube in order to make a telescope.
(a)
Describe a simple method by which she can determine the focal length of each lens.
[2]
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(Question H1 continued)
(b)
She finds the focal lengths to be as follows:

Focal length of lens A
Focal length of lens B
10 cm
50 cm
Draw a diagram to show how the lenses should be arranged in the tube in order to make a
telescope. Your diagram should include:
(i) labels for each lens;
(ii) the focal points for each lens;
(iii) the position of the eye when the telescope is in use.
[4]
(c)
On your diagram, mark the location of the intermediate image formed in the tube.
[1]
(d)
Is the image seen through the telescope upright or upside-down?
[1]
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(e)
Approximately how long must the telescope tube be?
[1]
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H2. Optical fibres allow light to be transmitted along their length with almost no loss, even if the fibre
is bent.
(a)
With the aid of the diagram below, explain how light can be transmitted along an optical
fibre even when bent.
[2]
End A
End B
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(b)
Explain, with the aid of a diagram, why this method will not work if the curve is too extreme.
[3]
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(c)
[1]
State one practical use for optical fibres.

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H3. In an experiment, monochromatic light of wavelength 400 nm is incident on a single slit of width
1600 nm. Fringes are viewed on a screen as shown in the diagram below.
laser
single
slit
screen
(a)
Calculate the first two angles at which the light intensity is at a minimum.
[2]
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(b)
Use the axes below to sketch a graph of how the intensity of the light varies as a function of
angle up to = 30! .
[3]
Intensity
30 25 20 15 10
10
15
20
25
30 angle,
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The slit is now replaced by two slits separated by 3200 nm (centre to centre). Each slit is identical
in width to the single slit (1600 nm).
(c)
Calculate all the angles up to 30! at which interference maxima will occur.
[2]
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(d)
Use your answers to sketch a graph, on the axes below, of how the intensity of the light varies
as a function of angle up to = 30! .
[3]
Intensity
30 25 20 15 10
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15
20
25
30 angle,
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H4. A thin lens for use in spectacles is shown below.

12.5 cm
7.5 cm
The lens surfaces are ground to have a radii of curvature 7.5 cm and 12.5 cm as marked.
(a)
Is this a converging or diverging lens?
[1]
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(b)
Would this type of lens be used by people who suffer from short sightedness or long
sightedness? Explain your answer.
[2]
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(c)
Given that the lens is made out of glass with a refractive index of 1.51, calculate its focal
length.
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OPTION H OPTICS
H1. This question is about the refraction of light.
The diagrams below show two different situations in which a monochromatic ray of light is
incident on the boundary between two surfaces. In Diagram 1 the boundary is between air and
glass and in Diagram 2 the boundary is between water and glass.
glass
normal
water
glass
Diagram 1
air
normal
Diagram 2
The refractive index of glass is greater than that of water.

(a)
On each diagram sketch the reflected and refracted rays.
[3]
(b)
The refractive index for glass is 1.5 and for water 1.3. Calculate the critical angle for the
glass-water boundary.
[1]
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(c)
A ray is incident at the glass-water boundary as shown on the diagram below. Sketch the
subsequent path(s) of the ray.
[2]
water
glass
(d)
normal
65
The core of an optical fibre is made of material of refractive index 1.55. Cladding made of
material of refractive index 1.54 surrounds the core.
Show that rays that cross the axis of the core at an angle greater that 8! will not be internally
reflected at the core-cladding boundary.
[2]
The situation is shown in the diagram below.
cladding n = 1.54
. . core
. . . . n. .=. 1.55
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8. . . . . . .
!
cladding n = 1.54
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H2. This question is about diffraction.

In the diagram below (not to scale) a monochromatic beam of light of wavelength 500 nm is
incident on a single slit of width 0.1 mm. After passing through the slit the light is brought to a
focus (the focusing lens is not shown) on a screen placed at a distance of 1.0 m from the slit.
0.1 mm
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . P
1.0 m
screen
slit
(a)
On the axes below sketch a diagram showing how the intensity of the light varies at different
points along the screen. (Note that this is a sketch graph; no values are required).
[3]
intensity
P
(b)
distance along screen
Calculate the width of the central maxima.
[3]
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H3. This question is about the compound microscope.

(a)
The diagram below shows a convex lens, the position of the principal foci (focal points), F,
of the lens, and an object which is to be viewed by the lens.
object
axis
(i)
Redraw the object at an appropriate location on the principal axis such that the lens will
form a magnified, virtual image of the object.
[1]
(ii)
Construct a ray diagram that enables the position of the image to be located.
[2]
(iii) Mark on the diagram a position where the eye could be placed in order to view the image.
(b)
[1]
The lens above is to be used as the eyepiece of a compound microscope. The diagram below
shows the objective lens, its two principal foci (focal points), Fo , and the object that is to be
viewed.
object F
o
Fo
axis
objective lens
Mark the following on the axis:
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(i)
the approximate position, X, of the image formed by the objective lens;
[1]
(ii)
the approximate position, C, of the eyepiece lens;
[1]
(iii) the principal foci (focal points), F, of the eyepiece lens;
[1]
(iv) the approximate position, Y, of the final image.
[1]
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H4. This question is about optical resolution

Abigail looks at a particular star with her naked eye and she sees the star as a point of light. When
she looks at the star through a telescope she sees that there are two points of light. The star Abigail
is looking at is actually two stars close together.
(a)
Explain, assuming that Abigails eyes are functioning normally,

(i)
why she is unable to distinguish the two stars with her naked eye.
[3]
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(ii)
how the telescope enables her to distinguish the two stars.
[2]
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(b)
The system that Abigail is observing is 4.2 1016 m from the Earth and the two stars are
separated by a distance of 2.6 1011 m. Assuming that the average wavelength of the light
emitted by the stars is 500 nm, estimate the minimum diameter of the objective lens of a
telescope that will just enable the two stars to be distinguished.
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OPTION H OPTICS
H1. A student uses a single converging lens of focal length 12 cm to produce a magnified virtual image.
(a)
Show the approximate arrangement of object, lens and eye in order to produce this type of
image. Add rays to the diagram, and label the
(i)
object.
(ii)
image.
[4]
(iii) eye.
(b)
Lens
If the object height is 1.5 cm and linear magnification is +2.0, calculate

(i)
the height of the image.
[1]
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(ii)
the distance from the lens to the object.
[2]
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(c)
If the lens was slowly moved away from the object, would the magnification increase or
decrease initially? Explain.
[2]
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(d)
Where would the image be formed if the object were placed at the focal length? Explain.
[2]
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H2. Caroline is looking into a pond as shown below. A tree is located on the far side of the pond.
When she looks in one particular direction, she can see the bottom of the pond as well as the
reflection of the top of a tree on the far side of the pond.
(a)
Add rays to the diagram to show how light arrives at her eyes from
(i)
the tree top.
(ii)
the bottom of the pond.
[2]
She notices that the bottom of the pond becomes clearer when she puts on Polaroid sunglasses.
(b)
Explain why.
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H3. Light can behave both as a particle and as a wave. Outline an experiment that demonstrates
(a)
the particle nature of light.
[2]
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(b)
the wave nature of light.
[2]
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H4. A telescope is used to produce a photographic image of a star in the night sky. Light from a single
star enters the lens aperture and is focussed by the lens on to the film as shown below.
focal length of lens = 90 cm
light from a star
film
30 cm
The light from the star is brought to a focus by the circular lens.
(a)
Sketch and describe the appearance of the image of the star on the film as a result of
diffraction at the lens aperture. Assume that the star is effectively a point source of light.
[3]
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(b)
If the wavelength of light received from the star is 450 nm, calculate the angle at which the
first minimum of the diffraction pattern is found.
[2]
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(c)
Calculate the diameter in m of the central maximum on the photographic film.
[2]
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(d)
The telescope is used to view a binary star (i.e. two separate stars that orbit each other). The
two stars are just resolved as separate images by the telescope.
(i)
State the Rayleigh criterion for the stars to be just resolved.
[1]
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(ii)
If the stars are 1020 m from the Earth, what is the separation of the stars?
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OPTION H OPTICS
H1. This question is about an astronomical telescope.
(a)
Light from a star is incident on a bi-convex lens, AB. The diagram below shows three rays of
light from the star incident on the lens. The image of the star is formed at the point marked *.
A
Light from
star
*
B
(i)
Explain why the light rays from the star are essentially parallel.
[1]
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(ii)
Complete the ray diagram by showing the path of the three rays after they have passed
through the lens.
(iii) Mark on the axis XY the position of the principal focus F of the lens.
[1]
[1]
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(b)
The lens, AB, in part (a) is used as the objective lens of an astronomical telescope. The
diagram below shows the relative positions of the objective and eyepiece lens, CD, and the
position of the * image formed by the objective lens when the telescope is used to view the
star.
A
Light from
star
*
B
Objective lens
(i)
If the final image of the star is formed at infinity, mark on the axis XY the positions of
the principal focus FE of the eyepiece lens and the principal focus FO of the objective
lens.
[1]
Complete the ray diagram to determine the direction in which the final image is
formed.
[3]
(iii) Show on the above diagram where the eye should be placed in order to view the final
image.
[1]
(ii)
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Eyepiece lens
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H2. This question is about a diffraction grating.
The diagram below shows some of the slits of a diffraction grating upon which a parallel beam of
monochromatic light is incident at 90D to the grating. The light diffracted by the slits at an angle is
also shown.
(a)
After passing through the slits the light is brought to a focus on a screen.
(i)
Mark on the diagram the path difference between any two adjacent rays.
[1]
(ii)
Hence show that light diffracted at will form a principal maximum if the condition
dsin = n is satisfied where d is the separation between the slits.
[2]
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(b)
The wavelength of the incident light is 500 nm and the diffraction grating has 800 slits per mm.
(i)
Determine the angle at which the first principal maximum is formed.
[3]
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(ii)
Determine the number of principal maxima that will be produced on the screen on
either side of the central maximum when parallel light is incident on the grating as
shown in the diagram opposite.
[3]
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(iii) Using the axes below sketch a diagram to show the intensity distribution of the light on
the screen. (Note that this is a sketch graph; there is no need to add values to the axes).
[3]
Intensity
Distance
along screen
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of the central maximum
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H3. This question is about short-sightedness and its correction.
Diagram 1 shows light from a distant object incident on the pupil of one eye of a short-sighted
person.
Eye lens
0.02 m
0.02 m
Retina
Diagram 1
A
Diagram 2
(a)
On diagram 1 show the approximate point P where the rays will be brought to a focus.
[1]
(b)
In order to correct short-sightedness in a particular person a contact lens maker has to make a
diverging meniscus lens of focal length 1.00 m. The inner surface A of this lens as shown in
diagram 2 has the same radius of curvature as the eye. The refractive index of the material
used to make the lens is 1.49 and the radius of curvature of the persons eye is 0.02 m.
Determine the radius of curvature of the other surface B of the lens.
[4]
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H4. This question is about optical resolution.
Light of wavelength from two monochromatic point sources S1 and S2 is incident on a narrow
slit. After passing through the slit the light is incident on a screen. Both the sources and screen are
a long way from the slit. The situation is shown in the diagram below.
S1
Screen
S2
Slit of width d
The diagram below shows part of the intensity distribution of the image produced on the screen by
the source S1 .
Light
intensity
Distance along screen

(a)
(b)
Using the diagram above sketch the intensity distribution of the image produced on the
screen by the source S2 when the images of each source are just resolved according to the
Rayleigh criterion.
[2]
The two point sources each emit light of wavelength 500 nm and are at distance of 1.0 m
from the slit. The width of the slit is 1.0 mm. Determine the separation of the sources when
their respective images are just resolved.
[3]
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Option H Optics
H1. This question is about refraction.
(a)
With the aid of a suitable diagram define the term refractive index as applied to an optical
material.
[2]
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The diagram below shows the path followed by a ray of red light that is incident on one face of a
glass prism at an angle to the normal.
Normal
(ii)
(i)
(b)
Incident beam
The red light is now replaced by blue light. On the diagram sketch the corresponding
path followed by a ray of blue light incident at the same angle .
[3]
State and explain whether the refractive index for red light in the glass is greater than,
equal to or less than the refractive index for blue light.
[1]
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H2. This question is about a concave (diverging) lens.

The diagram below shows four rays of light from an object O that are incident on a thin concave
(diverging) lens. The focal points of the lens are shown labelled F. The lens is represented by the
straight line XY.
X
Y
(a)
Define the term focal point.
[2]
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(b)
On the diagram,
(i)
(ii)
(c)
complete the paths of the four rays in order to locate the position of the image formed
by the lens.
[4]
show where the eye must be placed in order to view the image.
[1]
[2]
State and explain whether the image is real or virtual.

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(d)
The focal length of the lens is 50.0 cm. Determine the linear magnification of an object
placed 75.0 cm from the lens.
[3]
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(e)
Half of the lens is now covered such that only rays on one side of the principal axis are
incident on the lens. Describe the effects, if any, that this will have on the linear
magnification and the appearance of the image.
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H3. This question is about single slit diffraction.

The diagram below shows an experimental arrangement for observing Fraunhofer diffraction by a
single slit. After passing through the convex lens L1, monochromatic light from a point source P is
incident on a narrow, rectangular single slit. After passing through the slit the light is brought to a
focus on the screen by the lens L 2 . The point source P is at the focal point of the lens L1.
X
P
L1
L2
single slit
screen
The point X on the screen is directly opposite the central point of the slit.
(a)
Explain qualitatively how Huygens principle accounts for the phenomenon of single slit
diffraction.
[2]
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(b)
Using the axes below draw a graph to show how the intensity of the pattern varies with
distance along the screen. The point X on the screen is shown as a reference point. (This is a
sketch graph; you do not need to add any numerical values.)
[3]
intensity
distance along screen

(c)
In this experiment the light has a wavelength of 500 nm and the width of the central
maximum of intensity on the screen is 10.0 mm. When light of unknown wavelength is
used, the width of the central maximum of intensity is 13.0 mm. Determine the value of .
[2]
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The lens L1 is now removed and another point source Q emitting light of the same wavelength as P
(500 nm) is placed 5.0 mm from P and the two sources are arranged as shown below.
P
1.50 m
5.0 mm
Single slit
The distance between the sources and the slit is 1.50 m.
(d)
(i)
State the condition for the image of P and the image of Q formed on the screen to be
just resolved.
[1]
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(ii)
Determine the minimum width b of the slit for the two images to be just resolved.
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OPTION H OPTICS
H1. This question is about optical dispersion.
The graph below shows the variation with wavelength of the speed v of light in one type of glass.
1.9700
1.9650
1.9600
1.9550
v / 108 m s 1 1.9500
1.9450
1.9400
1.9350
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
/ nm
(a)
Use data from the graph to determine, to the correct number of significant digits, the
refractive index for blue light of wavelength 400 nm in this type of glass (free space speed of
light c = 2.9979 108 m s 1 ).
[2]
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(b)
The refractive index of red light of wavelength 650 nm in this type of glass is about 1.52.
Use this fact and your answer in (a) to explain optical dispersion.
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H2. This question is about real and apparent depth.

Jody looks straight down on to the surface of the water in a swimming pool. A small coin is lying
on the bottom of the swimming pool. The situation is represented in the diagram below.
Water surface
Bottom of the
swimming pool
(a)
(b)
Direction from which

Jody looks
Small coin
On the diagram above, draw appropriate rays to show the position of the image of the coin as
seen by Jody.
[2]
Explain whether the image that Jody observes is real or virtual.
[1]
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The real depth d and the apparent depth a are related by the expression
refractive index of the water.
d
= n where n is the
a
The refractive index of the water in the swimming pool is 1.3 and the coin is at a depth of 3.0 m.
(c)
Determine the position of the image, relative to the bottom of the pool, as observed by Jody.
[3]
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H3. This question is about the simple magnifying glass.

An object O is placed in front of a converging lens in the position shown in the diagram below.
The principal foci of the lens are marked F.
converging lens
(a)
principal axis
On the diagram,
(i)
construct rays to locate the position of the image.
[1]
(ii)
draw in the image and label it I.
[1]
(iii) show on the diagram where the eye must be placed in order to view this image.
[1]
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For a particular lens, the focal length is 10.0 cm and the distance of O from the lens is such that the
image is formed at the near point of the eye. The distance of the lens from the eye is 3.0 cm.
(b)
(i)
Explain what is meant by the term near point.
[1]
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(ii)
Calculate the distance of the object from the lens if the near point is 25.0 cm from the
eye.
[4]
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(iii) State, and explain, where the object should be placed if the image is to be formed at the
far point.
[2]
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H4. This question is about the formation of coloured fringes when white light is reflected from thin
films.
(a)
Name the wave phenomenon that is responsible for the formation of regions of different
colour when white light is reflected from a thin film of oil floating on water.
[1]
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(b)
A film of oil of refractive index 1.45 floats on a layer of water of refractive index 1.33 and is
illuminated by white light at normal incidence.
Illumination
Air
Oil
Water
When viewed at near normal incidence a particular region of the film looks red, with
an average wavelength of about 650 nm. An equation relating this dominant average
wavelength , to the minimum film thickness of the region t, is = 4nt.
(i)
State what property n measures and explain why it enters into the equation.
[2]
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(ii)
Calculate the minimum film thickness.
[1]
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(iii) Describe the change to the conditions for reflection that would result if the oil film was
spread over a flat sheet of glass of refractive index 1.76, rather than floating on water.
[2]
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H5. This question is about resolution.

(a)
State the name of the wave phenomenon that limits the resolution of any optical instrument.
[1]
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(b)
Explain with the aid of a diagram, the Rayleigh criterion.
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Option H Optics
H1. This question is about refractive index and critical angle.
The diagram below shows the boundary between glass and air.
glass
(a)
air
On the diagram, draw a ray of light to illustrate what is meant by critical angle. Mark the
critical angle with the letter c.
[3]
A straight optic fibre has length 1.2 km and diameter 1.0 mm. Light is reflected along the fibre as
shown below.
1.2 km
1.0 mm
At each reflection, the angle of incidence is equal in value to the critical angle. The refractive
index of the glass of the fibre is 1.5.
(b)
Deduce that the length of the light path along the optic fibre is about 1.8 km.
[4]
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................

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M04/431/H(3)+
The speed of light in the fibre is 2.0 108 ms 1 .
(c)
Calculate the time for a pulse of light to travel the length of the fibre when its path is
(i)
along the axis of the fibre.
[1]
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
(ii)
as calculated in (b).
[1]
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
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M04/431/H(3)+
H2. This question is about lenses.

A parallel beam of light is incident on a convex lens of focal length 18 cm. The light is focused at
point X as shown below.
(a)
State the value of the distance PX.
[1]
.........................................................................
A diverging lens of focal length 24 cm is now placed 12 cm from the convex lens as shown below.
12 cm
(b)
(i)
Explain why point X acts as a virtual object for the diverging lens.
[1]
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
(ii)
Calculate the position of the image as produced by the diverging lens.
[3]
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
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M04/431/H(3)+
(c)
A lens combination, such as a diverging and a convex lens, is referred to as a telephoto lens.
Suggest why a telephoto lens is considered to have a longer focal length than that of a single
convex lens.
[2]
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
H3. This question is about spherical aberration.

The diagram below shows the image of a square grid as produced by a lens that does not cause
spherical aberration.
(a)
(b)
In the space below, draw a possible shape of this image, as produced by a lens that causes
[2]
Describe one way in which spherical aberration can be reduced.
[2]
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
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30
M04/431/H(3)+

(a)
Light from a point source is brought to a focus by a convex lens. The lens does not cause
spherical or chromatic aberration.
(i)
State why the image of the point source will not be a point image.
[1]
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
(ii)
Describe the appearance of the image.
[2]
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
Two light receptors at the back of the eye are 4.0 m apart. The distance of the receptors from the
convex lens at the front of the eye is 17.0 mm, as shown below.
light receptor
eye lens
4.0 m
17.0 mm
Light of wavelength 550 nm from two point objects enters the eye. The centres of the images of
the two objects are focused on the light receptors.
(b)
(i)
Calculate the angle in radians subtended by the two receptors at the centre of the eye
lens.
[2]
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................

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M04/431/H(3)+
(ii)
Use the Rayleigh criterion to calculate the diameter of the pupil of the eye so that the
two images are just resolved.
[2]
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
H5. This question is about oil films.

Explain briefly the formation of coloured images when white light is reflected at a film of oil on
water.
..............................................................................
..............................................................................
..............................................................................
..............................................................................
..............................................................................
..............................................................................
..............................................................................
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M04/432/H(3)+
Option H Optics
H1. This question is about a spectrum.
(a)
Describe what is meant by the spectrum of white light.
[2]
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
A student used the apparatus illustrated below in order to show the spectrum of white light.
red
red light
screen
prism
white light
(b)
Complete the diagram to show the path of blue light through the prism and to the screen.
[3]
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
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M04/432/H(3)+
H2. This question is about refractive index.

Light from a laser is directed at a semi-circular glass block. The light passes undeviated through
the block and on to a screen, forming a spot at A as shown.
Laser
B
The semi-circular block is rotated about the point P. The spot of light on the screen is seen to
move downwards. When the spot reaches point B, it disappears.
(a)
Complete the diagram below to show the position of the semi-circular block when the spot is
at point B. The original position of the block is shown as a dotted line.
Laser
[1]
In a particular experiment, the distance PA is 120 cm and distance AB is 138 cm.

(b)
Calculate the refractive index of the glass of the block.
[3]
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
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M04/432/H(3)+
The laser is changed for one emitting light of higher frequency. The experiment is then repeated.
(c)
State and explain whether the distance AB will be greater or less than 138 cm.
[3]
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
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M04/432/H(3)+
H3. This question is about a telescope.

The diagram below shows two lenses arranged so as to form an astronomical telescope. The two
lenses are represented as straight lines.
objective lens
eye lens
focal length f O
focal length f E
The focal lengths of the objective lens and of the eye lens are f O and f E respectively. Light from
a distant object is shown focused in the focal plane of the objective lens. The final image is to be
formed at infinity.
(a)
Complete the ray diagram to show the formation of the final image.
[2]
(b)
(i)
[1]
State what is meant by angular magnification.

.....................................................................
.....................................................................
(ii)
Using the completed ray diagram above, derive an expression in terms of f O and f E
for the angular magnification of an astronomical telescope. Assume that the final
image is at infinity.
[4]
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
(c)
When specifying an astronomical telescope, the diameter of the objective lens is frequently
quoted. Suggest a reason for quoting the diameter.
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
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M04/432/H(3)+
H4. This question is about thin film interference.

Two flat glass plates are in contact along one edge and are separated by a piece of thin metal foil
placed parallel to the edge, as shown below.
light of wavelength
5.89 107 m
metal foil
glass plate
line of contact
Diagram not drawn to scale
Air is trapped between the two plates. The gap between the two plates is viewed normally using
reflected light of wavelength 5.89 107 m.
A series of straight fringes, parallel to the line of contact of the plates is seen.
(a)
State what can be deduced from the fact that the fringes are straight and parallel.
[1]
.........................................................................
(b)
Explain why a dark fringe is observed along the line of contact of the glass plates.
[3]
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
(c)
The distance between the line of contact of the plates and the edge of the metal foil is 9.0 cm.
The dark fringes are each separated by a distance of 1.4 mm. Calculate the thickness of the
metal foil.
[3]
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
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M04/432/H(3)+
The lenses used in astronomical telescopes are frequently bloomed. This means that a thin film
is deposited on the lens in order to reduce the intensity of unwanted light reflected by the lens.
Destructive interference occurs between the light reflected from the upper and the lower surfaces
of the film. The reflections at both surfaces for one incident ray are shown in the diagram.
air
film
glass
(d)
(i)
State why complete destructive interference of all the reflected light does not occur.
[1]
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
(ii)
With reference to your answer in (i), suggest why the film appears to be coloured.
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
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[2]
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M05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
Option H Optics
H1. This question is about light and the electromagnetic spectrum.
(a)
[2]
Outline the electromagnetic nature of light.

......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
(b)
The diagram below is a representation of the electromagnetic spectrum.

visible
light
increasing frequency
In the diagram the region of visible light has been indicated.
Indicate on the diagram above the approximate position occupied by
(i)
infrared waves (label this I).
[1]
(ii)
microwaves (label this M).
[1]
(iii) gamma rays (label this G).
[1]
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H2. This question is about converging lenses.

(a)
The diagram shows a small object O represented by an arrow placed in front of a

converging lens L. The focal points of the lens are labelled F.
(i)
Define the focal point of a converging lens.
[2]
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
(ii)
On the diagram above, draw rays to locate the position of the image of the object
formed by the lens.
[3]
[1]
(iii) Explain whether the image is real or virtual.

.................................................................
.................................................................
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(b)
A convex lens of focal length 6.25 cm is used to view an ant of length 0.80 cm that is
crawling on a table. The lens is held 5.0 cm above the table.
(i)
Calculate the distance of the image from the lens.
[2]
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
(ii)
Calculate the length of the image of the ant.

.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
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[2]
27
H3.
This question is about a compound microscope.

A compound microscope consists of two convex lenses of focal lengths 1.20 cm (lens A) and
11.0 cm (lens B). The lenses are separated by a distance of 23.0 cm as shown below. (The
diagram is not drawn to scale.)
1.30 cm
23.0 cm
Lens A
f =1.20 cm
Lens B
f =11.0 cm
An object O is placed 1.30 cm from lens A. An image of O in lens A is formed a distance of

15.6 cm from A.
(a)
[1]
This image forms an object for lens B. Calculate the object distance for lens B.
......................................................................
(b)
[2]
Calculate the distance from lens B of the image as produced by the lens B.
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
(c)
[2]
Calculate the magnification of the microscope.

......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
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H4. This question is about diffraction at a single slit.

Plane wavefronts of monochromatic light are incident on a narrow, rectangular slit whose
width b is comparable to the wavelength of the light. After passing through the slit, the light
is brought to a focus on a screen.
Q
ZW
slit
screen
The line XY, normal to the plane of the slit, is drawn from the centre of the slit to the screen and
the points P and Q are the first points of minimum intensity as measured from point Y.
The diagram also shows two rays of light incident on the screen at point P. Ray ZP leaves one
edge of the slit and ray XP leaves the centre of the slit.
The angle is small.
(a)
On the diagram, label the half angular width of the central maximum of the diffraction
pattern.
[1]
(b)
State and explain an expression, in terms of for the path difference ZW between the rays
ZP and XP.
[2]
......................................................................
......................................................................
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(c)
Hence deduce that the half angular width is given by the expression
.
b
......................................................................
=
[3]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
(d)
In a particular demonstration of single slit diffraction, = 450 nm, b = 0.15 mm and the
screen is a long way from the slits.
Calculate the angular width of the central maximum of the diffraction pattern on the
screen.
[2]
......................................................................
......................................................................
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30
Using light of the same wavelength as above (450 nm), an arrangement is set up to demonstrate
diffraction by a double slit. Each slit has the same width as that above (0.15 mm) and the slit
separation is d. The graph below shows the variation with the angle of diffraction of the
intensity I of the diffraction pattern on the screen.
I / arbitary units
10
.0 310
rad3
5 =3./0=310
10
From the graph it can be seen that a maximum is missing at the angle = 3.0 103 rad.
(e)
Calculate the slit separation d.
[2]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
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26
Option H Optics
H1. This question is about refraction and critical angle.
The diagram below shows a stick that is partially immersed in water.
observer
stick
water surface
(a)
(b)
On the diagram above,

(i)
draw rays to locate the position of the image of the end P of the stick.
[2]
(ii)
draw the apparent shape of the stick as seen by the observer.
[1]
On the diagram below, draw the path of a ray of light that comes from end P of the stick
and is incident on the water surface at the critical angle. On your diagram, label with a
letter C, the critical angle for this ray of light.
[2]
stick
water surface

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27
(c)
A fish is swimming at a depth of 2.0 m below the water surface. Determine the radius
of the circular field of view that the fish has of the world above the water surface.
(Refractive index of water = 1.3)
[4]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
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28

(a)
[2]
Define the focal point of a convex (converging) lens.

......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
The diagram below shows two rays of light from a distant star incident on the objective lens
of an astronomical telescope. The paths of the rays are also shown after they pass through the
objective lens and are incident on the eyepiece lens of the telescope.
objective lens
eyepiece lens
light from
a distant star
FO
The principal focus of the objective lens is FO .

(b)
(c)
On the diagram above, mark

(i)
the position of principal focus of the eyepiece lens (label this FE ).
[1]
(ii)
the position of the image of the star formed by the objective lens (label this I).
[1]
State where the final image is formed when the telescope is in normal adjustment.
[1]
......................................................................
(d)
Complete the diagram above to show the direction in which the final image of the star is
formed for the telescope in normal adjustment.
[2]
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29
The eye ring of an astronomical telescope is a device that is placed outside the eyepiece lens
of the telescope at the position where the image of the objective lens is formed by the eyepiece
lens. The diameter of the eye ring is the same as the diameter of the image of the objective lens.
This ensures that all the light passing through the telescope passes through the eye ring.
(e)
A particular astronomical telescope has an objective lens of focal length 98.0 cm and an
eyepiece lens of focal length 2.00 cm (i.e. f 0 = 98.0cm, f e = 2.00 cm ). Determine the
position of the eye ring.
[4]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
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30

The two point sources shown in the diagram below (not to scale) emit light of the same
frequency. The light is incident on a rectangular, narrow slit and after passing through the slit,
is brought to a focus on the screen.
A
B
light sources
slit
screen
Source B is covered.
(a)
Using the axes below, draw a sketch graph to show how the intensity I of the light from A
varies with distance along the screen. Label the curve you have drawn A.
[2]
distance along the screen

Source B is now uncovered. The images of A and B on the screen are just resolved.
(b)
Using the same axes as in (a), draw a sketch graph to show how the intensity I of the light
from B varies with distance along the screen. Label this curve B.
[1]

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The bright star Sirius A is accompanied by a much fainter star, Sirius B. The mean distance
of the stars from Earth is 8.11016 m. Under ideal atmospheric conditions, a telescope with an
objective lens of diameter 25 cm can just resolve the stars as two separate images.
(c)
Assuming that the average wavelength emitted by the stars is 500 nm, estimate the
apparent, linear separation of the two stars.
[3]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
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32
H4. Monochromatic parallel light is incident on two slits of equal width and close together. After
passing through the slits, the light is brought to a focus on a screen. The diagram below shows
the intensity distribution of the light on the screen.
I
A
(a)
distance along the screen
Light from the same source is incident on many slits of the same width as the widths of
the slits above. Draw on the above diagram, a possible new intensity distribution of the
light on the screen between the points A and B on the screen.
[2]
A parallel beam of light of wavelength 450 nm is incident at right angles on a diffraction

grating. The slit spacing of the diffraction grating is 1.25 106 m.
(b)
Determine the angle between the central maximum and first order principal maximum
formed by the grating.
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
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26
N05/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
Option H Optics
H1. This question is about electromagnetic waves.
(a)
[3]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
(b)
Suggest why it is better to specify the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of
a frequency range rather than a wavelength range.
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
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[2]
26
Option H Optics
H1. This question is about electromagnetic waves.
(a)
[3]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
(b)
Suggest why it is better to specify the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of
a frequency range rather than a wavelength range.
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
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[2]
27

An observer looks vertically downward on to a small object. A rectangular glass block is placed
on the object, as shown below.
observer
glass block
8.0 cm
object
(a)
[2]
On the diagram, draw two rays to show the apparent position of the object.
The refractive index of the glass of the block is 1.48 and the thickness of the block is 8.0 cm.
(b)
[3]
Determine the apparent position of the object.

......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
(c)
Suggest why your answer in (b) is correct only when the object is viewed from vertically
above it.
[1]
......................................................................
......................................................................
Turn over
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27

An observer looks vertically downward on to a small object. A rectangular glass block is placed
on the object, as shown below.
observer
glass block
8.0 cm
object
(a)
[2]
On the diagram, draw two rays to show the apparent position of the object.
The refractive index of the glass of the block is 1.48 and the thickness of the block is 8.0 cm.
(b)
[3]
Determine the apparent position of the object.

......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
(c)
Suggest why your answer in (b) is correct only when the object is viewed from vertically
above it.
[1]
......................................................................
......................................................................
Turn over
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H3. This question is about a combination of lenses.

The diagram below shows rays of light incident on a thin converging (convex) lens of focal
length 25 cm. The rays are parallel to the principal axis of the lens.
scale: 1 cm represents 5 cm
(a)
Using a scale of 1 cm to represent 5 cm, draw the rays on the diagram above, after passing
through the lens.
[1]
A thin diverging (concave) lens of focal length 30 cm is placed 10 cm from the converging lens
on the opposite side to the light incident on the converging lens (to the right of the converging
lens). The principal axes of the two lenses coincide.
(b)
(i)
On the diagram above, draw the position of the diverging lens as a straight-line.
Label this line with the letter D.
[1]
(ii)
Calculate the position where the rays cross the principal axis after passing through
the diverging lens. On the diagram above, mark this position with the letter I.
[2]
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
(iii) On the diagram above, draw the rays of light emerging from the diverging lens to
the point where they cross the principal axis at I.
[1]
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H3. This question is about a combination of lenses.

The diagram below shows rays of light incident on a thin converging (convex) lens of focal
length 25 cm. The rays are parallel to the principal axis of the lens.
scale: 1 cm represents 5 cm
(a)
Using a scale of 1 cm to represent 5 cm, draw the rays on the diagram above, after passing
through the lens.
[1]
A thin diverging (concave) lens of focal length 30 cm is placed 10 cm from the converging lens
on the opposite side to the light incident on the converging lens (to the right of the converging
lens). The principal axes of the two lenses coincide.
(b)
(i)
On the diagram above, draw the position of the diverging lens as a straight-line.
Label this line with the letter D.
[1]
(ii)
Calculate the position where the rays cross the principal axis after passing through
the diverging lens. On the diagram above, mark this position with the letter I.
[2]
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
(iii) On the diagram above, draw the rays of light emerging from the diverging lens to
the point where they cross the principal axis at I.
[1]
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29
(c)
Extend the rays drawn in (b) (iii) until they meet the incident parallel rays. Estimate the
effective focal length of the lens combination.
[2]
......................................................................
(d)
Suggest how the effective focal length of the lens combination may be made longer.
[2]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
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29
(c)
Extend the rays drawn in (b) (iii) until they meet the incident parallel rays. Estimate the
effective focal length of the lens combination.
[2]
......................................................................
(d)
Suggest how the effective focal length of the lens combination may be made longer.
[2]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
Turn over
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30

(a)
State the Rayleigh criterion for the images of two point sources to be just resolved.
[2]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
A man is walking along a straight path at night towards two light sources as shown below.
light
sources
path
man
not drawn to scale
When the man is 150 m from the sources, the images of the two sources are just resolved by his
eye. The wavelength of the light from each source is 590 nm and the diameter of the aperture
of his eye is 5.0 mm.
(b)
Estimate the distance between the two sources.

......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
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[3]
30

(a)
State the Rayleigh criterion for the images of two point sources to be just resolved.
[2]
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
A man is walking along a straight path at night towards two light sources as shown below.
light
sources
path
man
not drawn to scale
When the man is 150 m from the sources, the images of the two sources are just resolved by his
eye. The wavelength of the light from each source is 590 nm and the diameter of the aperture
of his eye is 5.0 mm.
(b)
Estimate the distance between the two sources.

......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
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[3]
31

Monochromatic light is incident on a thin film of transparent plastic as shown below.
monochromatic
light
B
film
The plastic film is in air.

Light is partially reflected at both surface A and surface B of the film.
(a)
State the phase change that occurs when light is reflected from
(i)
[1]
surface A.
.................................................................
(ii)
[1]
surface B.
.................................................................
The light incident on the plastic has a wavelength of 620 nm. The refractive index of the plastic
is 1.4.
(b)
Calculate the minimum thickness of the film for the light reflected from surface A and
surface B to undergo destructive interference.
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
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[3]
31

Monochromatic light is incident on a thin film of transparent plastic as shown below.
monochromatic
light
B
film
The plastic film is in air.

Light is partially reflected at both surface A and surface B of the film.
(a)
State the phase change that occurs when light is reflected from
(i)
[1]
surface A.
.................................................................
(ii)
[1]
surface B.
.................................................................
The light incident on the plastic has a wavelength of 620 nm. The refractive index of the plastic
is 1.4.
(b)
Calculate the minimum thickness of the film for the light reflected from surface A and
surface B to undergo destructive interference.
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
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[3]
20
Option H Optics
H1. This question is about image formation by lenses.

The diagram below shows the positions of two convex lenses L1 and L2 used in an optical
instrument. F1 and F2 are the principal foci of L1 and L2 respectively. The object O is viewed
through the two lenses.
L1
L2

F1
F1
I1
F2
The diagram also shows two rays from the object O to the position of the image I1 produced in
the lens L1.
(a)
(i)
Mark the position of the other principal focus of lens L2. Label this position F2.
(ii) The image I1 acts as an object for the lens L2. Draw two construction rays to locate
the position of the image I2 formed by lens L2. Label this image I2.
[1]
[3]
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21

[1]
(b) State and explain whether the image I2 is real or virtual.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c)
[1]
State the name of this optical instrument.

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(d) State
(i)
the change, if any, in the positions of the lenses so that the final image in (a) (ii) is
formed at infinity.
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[2]
[1]
(ii) why the image, formed at infinity, is magnified.
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Turn over
2206-6509
2125
22
H2. This question is about refraction and total internal reflection.

(a)
Light travels from one optical medium to another. State the conditions necessary for total
internal reflection to occur at the boundary between the two media.
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[2]
(b) Light is incident on a small scratch in the surface of an optical fibre of refractive index 1.5.
The angle between a ray of incident light and the surface of the scratch is 68 as shown
below.
optic fibre
refractive index 1.5
68
(i)
Calculate the angle of refraction of the ray at the surface of the scratch.
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(ii) On the diagram, draw a sketch of the path of the ray as it emerges from the surface
of the scratch.
[2]
[1]

2206-6509
2225
23

(c)
By reference to (b) (ii), suggest and explain one reason why, in practice, optical fibres
have an outer covering.
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(d) State and explain two reasons why lasers are used as light sources for optical fibres.
1.
[4]
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2.
[2]
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Turn over
2206-6509
2325
24
H3. This question is about two-source interference.

A double slit is illuminated normally with coherent light. The interference pattern is observed
on a screen. The apparatus is shown below.
not to scale
coherent light

screen
The width of both slits in the double slit arrangement is increased without altering the
separation s.
Describe and explain the effect, if any, of this change on
(a)
[2]
the number of fringes observed.
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[3]
(b) the intensity of the fringes.
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2206-6509
2425
25

A thin film of colourless oil floats on water. Light is reflected from the upper and the lower
surfaces of the film as shown below.

observer
ray A
ray B
air
d
oil
water
The refractive index for light in the oil is greater than the refractive index for light in the air.
The refractive index for light in the oil is less than the refractive index for light in the water.
The light has wavelength in the oil.
(a)
State, in terms of , a value for the thickness d that causes rays A and B to interfere
destructively when viewed as shown. Assume that the incident light is approximately
normal to the film. Explain your answer.
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(b) White light is now incident on the oil film. Explain why, for one thickness d of the oil
film, the film appears to have a purple (magenta) colour.
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2206-6509
2525
[3]
[2]
27
Option H Optics
H1. This question is about dispersion and refractive index.

(a)
State and explain what is meant by the dispersion of white light.
[2]
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(b) A narrow beam of light is incident from glass on a boundary between glass and air as
shown below.
glass
air
The beam consists of a mixture of red and blue light.
(i)
On the diagram above, draw labelled rays to show the path of the red and blue light
in air.
[2]
(ii) The refractive index of glass for the red light is 1.52. Calculate the maximum angle
of incidence on the glass air boundary for the red light to pass into the air.
[2]
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(iii) Explain whether the blue light would pass into the air for the angle calculated in (ii).
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[2]
Turn over
8806-6503
2732
28

(a)
Angular magnification M of a lens or system of lenses may be defined using the expression
M=
i
.
o
[2]
Explain what is represented by the angles i and o.
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(b) The diagram below represents the objective lens and the eyepiece lens of an astronomical
telescope in normal adjustment (final image formed at infinity). The point FO is in the
focal plane of the objective lens.
Two parallel rays from a distant point source are shown incident on the objective lens.

objective lens
eyepiece lens
FO
On the diagram above
(i)
(ii) construct rays to locate the position of the final image.
[3]
(iii) draw the position of the eye (label this with the letter E).
[1]
(iv) label the angles i and o.
[1]
draw the positions of the principal foci of the eyepiece lens (label these points FE).
[1]

8806-6503
2832
29

(c)
A telescope is used to view a distant flat, square shaped object on which a cross has been
drawn. The outline of the object is shown below.
Describe the appearance of the image of the object, including the cross, due to the lens
having
(i)
[2]
spherical aberration only.
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[2]
(ii) chromatic aberration only.
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Turn over
8806-6503
2932
30

Monochromatic light from two identical point sources is incident on a narrow slit as shown
below (not to scale). After passing through the slit, the light is brought to a focus on a screen.
point sources
slit
screen
The images of the two sources on the screen are just resolved according to the Rayleigh
criterion.
8806-6503
3032
31

The diagram below shows the intensity distribution on the screen of the light from one of the
point sources.

intensity / arbitrary units
distance along screen / arbitrary units
(a)
On the diagram above, draw the intensity distribution on the screen of the light due to the
second source.
(b) The planet Pluto is 4.51012m from Earth and the diameter of Pluto is 2.3106m. The
average wavelength of the light received by the Earth from Pluto is 500nm.
Deduce, whether the human eye should be able to see Pluto as a disc or only as a point
source of light.
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[2]
[3]
Turn over
8806-6503
3132
32
H4. This question is about a wedge film.

In an experiment to measure the thickness d of a piece of adhesive tape, the tape is used to
separate two flat plates of glass as shown below. This forms a wedge shaped air film.
microscope
monochromatic light = 480nm
half-silvered mirror
glass plate
d
adhesive tape
5.0102m
glass plate
A beam of monochromatic light is incident on the wedge film. The light that is reflected at right
angles to the wedge, is viewed using the microscope. A system of parallel fringes of equal
spacing is observed in the field of view of the microscope.
(a)
Outline how the fringe system is formed.
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(b) The spacing between the fringes is 1.2104m. The distance from where the two plates
of glass touch and the edge of the adhesive tape is 5.0102m. The wavelength of the
light is 480nm. Estimate the thickness d of the adhesive tape.
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8806-6503
3232
[2]
[3]
26
Option H Optics
H1. This question is about refraction and dispersion.

(a)
State what is meant by dispersion.
[1]
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(b) A thin beam of white light is incident on one surface of a glass prism as shown below.
On the diagram above, draw lines to show the approximate paths of the red and of the
blue light as it passes through the prism and back into the air.
[3]
State and explain, with reference to your diagram, whether the refractive index of glass
for blue light is greater or less than that for red light.
[3]
(c)
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2207-6509
2631
27

(d) A second similar prism is placed close to the first prism in (b) as shown below.
Suggest the appearance and the direction of the light that emerges from the
second prism.
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[2]
Turn over
2207-6509
2731
28
H2. This question is about lenses.

The diagram below shows a thin converging lens and an object O.
O
F
The principal foci of the lens are at F.
(a)
(b) Describe fully the nature of the image formed.
Construct rays to locate the position of the image of the object.
[3]
[2]
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2207-6509
2831
29

(c)
The diagram below shows the relative positions of the objective lens and eyepiece lens
used in a compound microscope in normal adjustment.
objective lens
eyepiece lens
An object O is placed in front of the objective lens.

On the diagram above, draw the approximate positions of

(i)
the principal foci of the objective lens (label these with the letter A),
(ii) the image formed by the objective lens (label this with the letter B),
(iii) the principal foci of the eyepiece lens (label these with the letter C),
(iv) the position of the final image (label this with the letter D).
(d) Suggest why, for large magnifications, a compound microscope is used, rather than a
single lens.
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[4]
[2]
Turn over
2207-6509
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30
H3. This question is about a diffraction grating.

Light of wavelength 590nm is incident normally on a diffraction grating, as shown below.

grating
6.0 105 lines per metre
first order
light wavelength

zero order
590nm
first order
The grating has 6.0 105 lines per metre.
(a)
Determine the total number of orders of diffracted light, including the zero order, that can
be observed.
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(b) The incident light is replaced by a beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 590nm
and 589nm.
State two observable differences between a first order spectrum and a second order
spectrum of the diffracted light.
1.
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2.
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2207-6509
3031
[4]
[2]
31
H4. This question is about thin films.

A thin film of oil is floating on some water. White light is reflected from the oil film. A series
of coloured fringes is seen.
(a)
State the name of the wave phenomenon that gives rise to the formation of the
coloured fringes.
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(b) Describe why the oil film appears to change colour when viewed from different
angles of incidence.
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2207-6509
3131
[1]
[3]
24
M07/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/XX
Option H Optics

(a)
A small object rests at the bottom of a swimming pool of depth d. Viewed from directly
above, the object appears to be 5.0m below the surface of the water.
eye
not to scale
small object
(i)
On the diagram above, draw rays to locate the image of the object as seen from
above.
(ii) The refractive index of water=1.3.
Determine the depth d of the swimming pool.
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[2]
[2]
2207-6515
2429
25

(b) A diver views the surface of the water from point O as shown in the diagram below.
eye
O
object
not to scale
(i)
On the diagram above, draw two rays to locate the image of the object as seen by
the diver at O.
[3]
(ii) Explain why the surface of the water needs to be undisturbed for the image to be
seen.
[1]
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Turn over
2207-6515
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26
H2. This question is about image formation by a converging lens.

An object P is placed close to a converging lens as shown in the diagram below. The principal
foci F of the lens are marked.
lens
(a)
(b) The near point of an observers eye is 25.0cm from the eye. The lens in the diagram is
positioned 4.0cm from the lens in the observers eye so as to form an image of the object
P at the near point. The focal length of the lens is 8.0cm.
On the diagram above, draw rays to locate the position of the image formed by the lens.
Label this image with the letter I.
(i)
Define the term near point.
[1]
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[3]
(ii) Determine the distance from the object to the lens.
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[3]
2207-6515
2629
27

(c)
(i)
Lenses are subject to chromatic aberration and spherical aberration.

[4]
Describe and explain chromatic aberration and spherical aberration.
Chromatic aberration: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Spherical aberration:
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[1]
(ii) Suggest how the effects of spherical aberration can be reduced.
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Turn over
2207-6515
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28
H3. This question is about diffraction and resolution.

Blue light of wavelength 450nm from a star passes through a telescope with a circular aperture
of 0.25m and forms an image on a photographic plate 0.75m from the focussing lens.
(a)
(i)
In the space provided below, draw a labelled sketch to show the diffraction fringe
pattern produced on the photographic plate.
(ii) Calculate the diameter of the central maximum on the photographic plate.
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[2]
[2]
2207-6515
2829
29

(b) The telescope in (a) is now pointed at two stars.
The maximum separation of the stars is d and they are both 1.51017m from the
telescope.
(i)
Determine the separation d of the stars such that the images of the stars are just
resolved in light of wavelength 450nm.
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(ii) Over a period of time the separation of the stars varies from
d
to 2d.
2
Describe and explain the changes to the image produced by the telescope during
this time. You should include diagrams to illustrate your answer.
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2207-6515
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[3]
[3]
21
Option H Optics

(a)
Define refractive index.
[1]
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(b) In a certain medium, the speed of light of a particular frequency is 2.1108ms1.

Calculate the refractive index of the medium for this frequency.
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(c)
[2]
[3]
With reference to your answer in (b), describe what is meant by optical dispersion.
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Turn over
8807-6503
2129
22
h2. This question is about image formation by a plane mirror.

(a)
State the two laws of refl ection of light.

1.
[2]
..................................................................
..................................................................
2.
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..................................................................
(b)
In the diagram below, the line labelled HF represents a person standing in front of a
vertical mirror labelled M. The position of the persons eye is labelled E.
M
F
On the diagram above draw
(i)
the position of the image of the person, formed by the mirror.
[2]
(ii)
a ray from the foot F, and a ray from the top of the head H, to show the refl ection
of these rays into the eye E.
[2]
8807-6503
2229
23

(c)
The height of the person is 1.50 m and her eye is 1.35m above the floor. The length and
height of the mirror above the floor are adjusted so that she can just see the whole of her
image in the mirror.
By reference to your ray diagram in (b)(ii), deduce
(i)
[1]
the minimum length of the mirror.

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[1]
(ii) the height of the lower edge of the mirror above the floor.
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(d) The person now stands further away from the mirror. State the effect, if any, that this
has to your answers in (c)(i) and (ii).
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[1]
Turn over
8807-6503
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24
H3. This question is about a compound microscope.

The diagram below shows two lenses of a compound microscope. L1 is the objective lens and
L2 is the eyepiece lens.
L1
I2
L2
I1
I1 is the image of the object O formed by the objective lens L1. The final image formed is
in the plane shown by the dotted line labelled I2.
(a)
On the diagram above, construct a ray or rays to determine the position of the principal
focus of the eyepiece. Label this position with the letter F.
[2]
8807-6503
2429
25

(b) By using the grid, take measurements to determine the linear magnification of
(i)
[1]
the objective lens.
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[1]
(ii) the eyepiece.
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(c)
Use your answer to (b) to determine the total linear magnification of the microscope.
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[1]
Turn over
8807-6503
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26

Plane wavefronts of monochromatic light of wavelength are incident on a rectangular slit

of width b. After passing through the slit, the light is brought to a focus on a screen
distance D from the slit as shown below. The width of the slit is comparable to the
wavelength of the incident light and b D. The point P on the screen is opposite the
centre of the slit.
D
slit
screen
8807-6503
2629
27

The sketch graph below shows that the variation with angle of the intensity of the light on
the screen.
intensity
(a)
= 0
[3]
Explain qualitatively, this intensity distribution.
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(b) The angle = 0 is the angular half-width of the central maximum of the intensity
distribution and is given by the expression = . Derive an expression in terms of D,

b
and b for the half-width d of the central maximum.
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[2]
Turn over
8807-6503
2729
28
(c)
The single slit is replaced by two rectangular slits of width b. The distance between the
centre of the slits is equal to 2b.
On the axes below, draw a sketch of the of the intensity distribution on the screen.
(The intensity distribution of a single slit is shown by the dotted line.)
intensity
=0
8807-6503
2829
[2]
29
H5. A wedge shaped film of air is made by separating two thin, flat glass plates by a spacer.

eye
monochromatic
light source
P
spacer
flat glass plates
It is arranged for light from a monochromatic source to be incident on the plates by reflection
from another glass plate P. The light reflected from the wedge is viewed from above as shown
in the diagram. A system of equally spaced, parallel fringes is observed. (The diagram is not
to scale.)
(a)
State what happens to the phase of the light waves reflected from the upper surface of the
plate labelled A in the diagram.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The wavelength of the light is 560nm. Calculate by how much the width of the wedge
changes between one bright fringe and the next bright fringe.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8807-6503
2929
[1]
[2]
28
Option H Optics

(a)
[1]
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(b) The diagram below shows the path of a ray of red light incident on a 45 prism.
C
45
glass
prism
red light
air
normal
A
90
The light undergoes total internal reflection at face BC.
(i)
45
B
State the value of the angle of incidence on face BC.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Determine the minimum refractive index of the glass of the prism for total internal
reflection of the ray at face BC.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[1]
(c)
The red light is replaced by blue light. Explain why the path of blue light is the same as
that of the red light.
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2208-6509
2832
[3]
[2]
29

(a)
Define the principal focus (focal point) of a converging lens.
[2]
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(b) An object is placed 30 cm in front of a converging lens of focal length 15 cm. The object
is moved 5.0 cm closer to the lens. Determine the displacement of the image.
[4]
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Turn over
2208-6509
2932
30

The diagram shows two converging lenses adjusted to form an astronomical telescope.

objective lens
eyepiece lens
The objective lens has a focal length fo and the eyepiece lens has a focal length fe. The objective
lens forms an image of a distant object at I. The final image is formed at infinity.
(a)
State, in terms of fo and fe, the separation of the objective lens and the eyepiece lens.
[1]
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(b) On the diagram, draw rays to show the formation of the image produced by the
eyepiece lens.
[4]
(c)
(i)
Define angular magnification.
[1]
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(ii) State, in terms of fo and fe, , the angular magnification of the telescope.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2208-6509
3032
[1]
31

Monochromatic light is incident on a single slit of width 1.2 104 m .
incident light
1.2 104 m
screen
Diagram
not to scale
The graph shows the variation with angle of the intensity of the light on the screen.
relative
intensity
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
6
(a)
/ 103 rad
[1]
Use the graph to estimate the wavelength of the light.
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(b) Monochromatic light is incident on two parallel slits. After passing through the slits, the
light is incident on a screen. The separation of the slits is approximately twice the slit
width. On the axes above draw a graph to show the intensity distribution of the light on
the screen.
[2]
Turn over
2208-6509
3132
32

The diagram shows monochromatic light in air, that is incident on a thin film of silicon oxide of
thickness d.
normal
A B
incident ray
air
d
silicon oxide
air

The light is incident at an angle to the normal to the surface. Light is reflected along
directions A and B.
(a)
State why light waves along A and B are coherent.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) The wavelength of the light in the silicon oxide film is 452 nm. The light is incident
normally on the surface so that = 0. Calculate the minimum thickness of the film such
that light along A and B undergoes destructive interference.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(c)
The light incident on the film is replaced by white light. State and explain the appearance
of the film in this case.
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2208-6509
3232
[1]
[4]
[2]
26
M08/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ2XX+
Option H Optics
H1. The table below relates to the electromagnetic spectrum. Complete the table by stating
the name of the region of the spectrum and the name of a possible source of the radiation
associated with the given frequency.
Name of associated region
Frequency / Hz
Possible source
gamma radiation
1018
radioactive decay
1013
106
2208-6515
2631
[4]
27

(a)
The diagram below shows a ray of monochromatic light incident on the boundary between
two media. The dotted line is the normal to the boundary.
normal

medium 1
boundary
medium 2
The refractive index of medium 1 is n1 and that of medium 2 is n2 and n1>n2. The ray
is incident at an angle to the normal that is less than the critical angle.
(i)
[2]
Explain what is meant by critical angle.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) On the diagram above, draw lines to show the paths of the ray after it is incident
on the boundary.
(b) Derive a relationship between n1, n2 and the critical angle c.
[2]
[2]
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Turn over
2208-6515
2731
28
H3. This question is about image formation.

(a)
A converging lens L has principal foci at F. An object O is placed in front of the lens
as shown below.
(i)
principal
axis
Define principal axis and principal foci.
[2]
Principal axis:
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Principal foci:
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(ii) On the diagram above, construct rays to locate the position of the image formed
by the lens.
[2]
[2]
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2208-6515
2831
29

(b) The image is formed at a distance of 25cm from the lens. The angular magnification
produced is 6.0.
(i)
[3]
Determine the distance of object O from the lens.
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(ii) State the advantage of using the lens with the image formed at the near point of
the eye.
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[1]
Turn over
2208-6515
2931
30
H4. This question is about single-slit diffraction.

(a)
Explain, by reference to secondary wavelets, the diffraction of light at a single slit.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) Light from a helium-neon laser passes through a narrow slit and is incident on
a screen 2.4m distance from the slit. The graph below shows the variation with
intensity I of the light on the screen of distance x along the screen.
[2]
10

(i)
10
x / mm
The wavelength of the light emitted by the laser is 630nm. Use data from the graph
above to determine the width of the slit.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) State two changes to the intensity distribution of the central maximum when the
single slit is replaced by one of greater width.
1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
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2208-6515
3031
[3]
[2]
31

Outline the reason why, when white light is reflected from the surface of an oil film, a system
of coloured fringes is observed.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2208-6515
3131
[3]
28
Option H Optics

(a)
[1]
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(b) The diagram below shows the path of a ray of red light incident on a 45 prism.
C
45
glass
prism
red light
air
normal
A
90
The light undergoes total internal reflection at face BC.
(i)
45
B
State the value of the angle of incidence on face BC.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Determine the minimum refractive index of the glass of the prism for total internal
reflection of the ray at face BC.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[1]
(c)
The red light is replaced by blue light. Explain why the path of blue light is the same as
that of the red light.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2208-6509
2832
[3]
[2]
29

(a)
Define the principal focus (focal point) of a converging lens.
[2]
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(b) An object is placed 30 cm in front of a converging lens of focal length 15 cm. The object
is moved 5.0 cm closer to the lens. Determine the displacement of the image.
[4]
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Turn over
2208-6509
2932
30

The diagram shows two converging lenses adjusted to form an astronomical telescope.

objective lens
eyepiece lens
The objective lens has a focal length fo and the eyepiece lens has a focal length fe. The objective
lens forms an image of a distant object at I. The final image is formed at infinity.
(a)
State, in terms of fo and fe, the separation of the objective lens and the eyepiece lens.
[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) On the diagram, draw rays to show the formation of the image produced by the
eyepiece lens.
[4]
(c)
(i)
[1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) State, in terms of fo and fe, , the angular magnification of the telescope.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2208-6509
3032
[1]
31

Monochromatic light is incident on a single slit of width 1.2 104 m .
incident light
1.2 104 m
screen
Diagram
not to scale
The graph shows the variation with angle of the intensity of the light on the screen.
relative
intensity
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
6
(a)
/ 103 rad
[1]
Use the graph to estimate the wavelength of the light.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) Monochromatic light is incident on two parallel slits. After passing through the slits, the
light is incident on a screen. The separation of the slits is approximately twice the slit
width. On the axes above draw a graph to show the intensity distribution of the light on
the screen.
[2]
Turn over
2208-6509
3132
32

The diagram shows monochromatic light in air, that is incident on a thin film of silicon oxide of
thickness d.
normal
A B
incident ray
air
d
silicon oxide
air

The light is incident at an angle to the normal to the surface. Light is reflected along
directions A and B.
(a)
State why light waves along A and B are coherent.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) The wavelength of the light in the silicon oxide film is 452 nm. The light is incident
normally on the surface so that = 0. Calculate the minimum thickness of the film such
that light along A and B undergoes destructive interference.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(c)
The light incident on the film is replaced by white light. State and explain the appearance
of the film in this case.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2208-6509
3232
[1]
[4]
[2]
26
Option H Optics
H1. The table below relates to the electromagnetic spectrum. Complete the table by stating
the name of the region of the spectrum and the name of a possible source of the radiation
associated with the given frequency.
Name of associated region
Frequency / Hz
Possible source
gamma radiation
1018
radioactive decay
1013
106
2208-6515
2631
[4]
27

(a)
The diagram below shows a ray of monochromatic light incident on the boundary between
two media. The dotted line is the normal to the boundary.
normal

medium 1
boundary
medium 2
The refractive index of medium 1 is n1 and that of medium 2 is n2 and n1>n2. The ray
is incident at an angle to the normal that is less than the critical angle.
(i)
[2]
Explain what is meant by critical angle.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) On the diagram above, draw lines to show the paths of the ray after it is incident
on the boundary.
(b) Derive a relationship between n1, n2 and the critical angle c.
[2]
[2]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Turn over
2208-6515
2731
28
H3. This question is about image formation.

(a)
A converging lens L has principal foci at F. An object O is placed in front of the lens
as shown below.
(i)
principal
axis
Define principal axis and principal foci.
[2]
Principal axis:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Principal foci:
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) On the diagram above, construct rays to locate the position of the image formed
by the lens.
[2]
[2]
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2208-6515
2831
29

(b) The image is formed at a distance of 25cm from the lens. The angular magnification
produced is 6.0.
(i)
[3]
Determine the distance of object O from the lens.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) State the advantage of using the lens with the image formed at the near point of
the eye.
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[1]
Turn over
2208-6515
2931
30
H4. This question is about single-slit diffraction.

(a)
Explain, by reference to secondary wavelets, the diffraction of light at a single slit.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) Light from a helium-neon laser passes through a narrow slit and is incident on
a screen 2.4m distance from the slit. The graph below shows the variation with
intensity I of the light on the screen of distance x along the screen.
[2]
10

(i)
10
x / mm
The wavelength of the light emitted by the laser is 630nm. Use data from the graph
above to determine the width of the slit.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) State two changes to the intensity distribution of the central maximum when the
single slit is replaced by one of greater width.
1.
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2.
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2208-6515
3031
[3]
[2]
31

Outline the reason why, when white light is reflected from the surface of an oil film, a system
of coloured fringes is observed.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2208-6515
3131
[3]
16
Option G Electromagnetic waves

G1. This question is about the colour of the sky.

Outline why the sky appears blue during the day and red during a sunset.
Blue sky: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Red sky: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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G2.

[2]
This question is about image formation in a convex lens.

(a)
Define near point.
[1]
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[2]
(b) A small object is placed in front of a converging lens that will act as a magnifier.
The focal points of the lens are labeled with the letter F.
object
converging lens

On the diagram construct rays to locate the image of the object.
[2]

2209-6509
1640
17
(Question G2 continued)

(c)
A particular lens has a focal length of 9.0cm and the image is formed at the near point
which is 25cm from the lens.
Assuming that the eye is very close to the lens determine the
(i)
[2]
distance of the object from the lens.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[1]
(ii) angular magnification of the lens.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(d) The angular magnification of the lens increases with decreasing focal length.
State one disadvantage of using very short focal length lenses.
[1]
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Turn over
2209-6509
1740
18
G3. This question is about interference.

Monochromatic, coherent light is incident on two narrow parallel slits whose widths are small
compared to their separation. After passing through the slits the light is brought to a focus on a
screen producing interference fringes. Point X is the midpoint of the slits.
light
slit
X
slit
screen
The angular position of a point on the screen is determined by the angle .
(a)
(i)
Explain why the intensity of light at = 0 will be a maximum.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) The wavelength of light is 6.80 107 m and the separation of the slits is
1.13 104 m . Show that for the first order maximum = 6.02 103 rad .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[2]
[1]
2209-6509
1840
19

(iii) On the axes below draw a graph to show how the intensity of light observed on the
screen varies with angle . (You do not have to put numbers on the vertical axis.)
[3]
Intensity
20 15 10 5
0
0
10
15
20
/ 103 rad
(b) The two slits are replaced by a large number of slits whose widths and separation are the
same as in (a).
State the changes, if any, in the intensity pattern you drew in (a)(iii) with reference to
(i)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

[1]
the value of the intensity at = 0 .
[1]
(ii) the angular position of the points of maximum intensity.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[1]
(iii) the angular width of the fringes.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turn over
2209-6509
1940
20
G4. This question is about X-ray spectra and X-ray diffraction.

(a)
Electrons are accelerated from rest by a potential difference. They strike a metal target
and the resulting X-ray spectrum is shown below.
Intensity
(i)
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0 / 10-10 m

State and explain what may be deduced about the energy levels of the atoms of the
metal from the fact that this spectrum does not contain any characteristic lines.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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10
(ii) Outline the mechanism by which the photons of wavelength 2.0 10 m are
produced.
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(iii) Calculate the potential difference through which the electrons have been
accelerated.
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[2]
[2]
[2]
2209-6509
2040
21

(b) X-rays are incident on a crystal surface making an angle 1 with the surface. The scattered
X-rays make an angle 2 with the surface. In the diagram below the circles, that are
separated by a distance d, represent lattice ions of the crystal.
scattered
X-rays
incident
X-rays
1
d
The path difference between the two scattered rays is d (cos 1 cos 2 ) .
(i)
State and explain the condition for constructive interference between the two
scattered rays shown.
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[2]
(ii) The wavelength of the X-rays is 4.20 1010 m . A maximum in the intensity of
the scattered X-rays is first observed at an angle = 34.5 . Determine the separation
[2]
of the atomic planes that give rise to this maximum.
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Turn over
2209-6509
2140
15

G1. This question is about the electromagnetic spectrum.

(a)
The transmission from a television station has a frequency of 100MHz. It is known that
the electromagnetic waves associated with this transmission produce a magnetic field.
State one reason why a compass does not respond to this field.
[1]
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(b) It is proposed that instead of using radio waves for television transmission gamma-rays
are used.
(i)
[1]
State a typical gamma-ray frequency.

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(ii) Suggest one disadvantage of using gamma-rays for television transmission.
[1]
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Turn over
8809-6503
1536
16
G2. This question is about chromatic aberration and a lens.

(a)
Two parallel rays of white light are incident on a convex lens.

white light
convex lens
principal axis
white light
On the diagram, after refraction in the lens, draw the paths for the rays of red light and
blue light present in the white light.
(b) Use your diagram in (a) to explain chromatic aberration.
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(c)
State one way in which chromatic aberration may be reduced.
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[2]
[3]
[1]
8809-6503
1636
17

(d) An object is placed 5.0cm from the lens and is illuminated with red light. The focal
length of the lens for red light is 8.0cm. Calculate the
(i)
[2]
position of the image.
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[1]
(ii) linear magnification.
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Turn over
8809-6503
1736
18
G3. This question is about two-source interference.

(a)
Light from a laser is incident on two identical parallel slits whose width is small
compared to their separation.

double slit
screen
0.50mm

2.0m
(diagram not to scale)
After passing through the slits the light is incident on a screen. The separation of the
slits is 0.50mm and the distance between slits and screen is 2.0m. The wavelength of
the light is 700nm.
(i)
State why a laser is used as the light source.
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(ii) Determine the separation of points of maximum intensity on the screen.
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(iii) Describe the effect that increasing the number of slits would have on the intensity
pattern on the screen.
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[1]
[2]
[2]
8809-6503
1836
19

(b) The slits in (a) are replaced with a diffraction grating that has 3.5105 lines per metre.
Determine the number of positions of maximum intensity that will be observed on
[3]
the screen.
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Turn over
8809-6503
1936
20
G4. This question is about thin film interference.

A transparent thin film is sometimes used to coat spectacle lenses as shown in the diagram
below.
a ir, refractive
index=1.00
coating, refractive
index=1.30
g lass lens, refractive

index=1.53
incoming
light
boundary A
boundary B
(a)
State the phase change which occurs to light that
(i)
[1]
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is transmitted at boundary A into the film.
[1]
(ii) is reflected at boundary B.

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(iii) is transmitted at boundary A from the film into the air.
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(b) Light of wavelength 570nm in air is incident on the coating. Determine the smallest
thickness of the coating required so that the reflection is minimized for normal incidence.
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8809-6503
2036
[1]
[2]
21
G5. This question is about X-rays.

(a)
The diagram below is a sketch that shows the X-ray spectra produced by electrons of
energy 25keV and of energy 20keV striking a molybdenum target.
25keV
X-ray intensity

20keV
wavelength

Suggest why no characteristic spectra are produced by the 20keV electrons.
[2]
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(b) Show that the minimum X-ray wavelength produced by the 25keV electrons in (a) is
0.050nm.
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(c)
The wavelengths of the X-rays in (a) are measured by scattering them from the surface
of a crystal that has a cubic lattice structure. The spacing of the lattice ions is 0.28nm.
Calculate the wavelength of the X-rays that produce a first order Bragg angle of 21.
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[2]
[1]
Turn over
8809-6503
2136
11

G1. This question is about a compound microscope, spherical aberration and chromatic aberration.

(a)
An object O is placed in front of the objective lens of a compound microscope as

shown below.
objective lens

eye lens
The focal points of the objective lens are at F. The microscope is in normal adjustment.
Without drawing a ray diagram, label the approximate positions, on the principal axis, of
[1]
(i)
the image produced by the objective lens (label this position X).
(ii) the focal points of the eye lens (label these points E).
[1]
(iii) the final image (label this image Y).
[1]
(b) An object is viewed through a convex lens that has been corrected for spherical aberration.
For a particular object distance, the image of the object is as shown below.
Turn over
2210-6509
1128
12

Another convex lens of the same focal length, but not corrected for spherical aberration,
is now used to view the object. The object distance is unchanged.
In the space below, draw the image as it would be seen through this second lens.
The image as seen through the corrected lens is shown as a broken line.
[2]
(c)
Explain how chromatic aberration arises when an object is viewed through a single lens.
[2]
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G2. This question is about the scattering of light.

(a)
State an approximate wavelength for
(i)
[1]
red light.
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[1]
(ii) blue light.

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(b) With reference to your answers in (a), explain why the setting Sun appears reddish
[3]
in colour.
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2210-6509
1228
13

A double slit is arranged so that its plane is normal to a beam of laser light, as shown below.
2.4 m
laser light
wavelength
640 nm
0.85 mm
double
slit
screen
The wavelength of the light is 640nm. The slit separation in the double slit arrangement
is 0.85mm. Coherent light emerges from the slits and an interference pattern is observed on
a screen. The screen is parallel to the plane of the double slits. The distance between the slits
and the screen is 2.4m.
(a)
(i)
[1]
State what is meant by coherent light.
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[3]
(ii) Explain how an interference pattern is formed on the screen.
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[2]
(b) Calculate the separation of the fringes in the interference pattern on the screen.
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Turn over
2210-6509
1328
14

(c)

The interference pattern in (b) consists of a series of alternate light and dark fringes.
The intensity of the light from one slit is now reduced. Suggest the effect on the appearance
of the fringes.
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[2]

(a)
In an X-ray tube having a tungsten target, electrons are accelerated from rest through a
potential difference of 45kV.
Calculate the range of wavelengths that will be observed in the X-ray spectrum produced
by this bombardment.
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(b) Explain the origins of the features of a characteristic X-ray spectrum.
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2210-6509
1428
[3]
[3]
15
G5. This question is about thin film interference.

(a)
The diagram below shows a ray of monochromatic light incident on a thin film in air.
thin
film
On the diagram, draw the paths of rays that would give rise to interference as seen by
an eye in the region near E.
[2]
(b) White light is incident on a soap bubble. Explain why the soap film appears coloured.
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[2]
Turn over
2210-6509
1528
14

G1. This question is about laser light.

(a)
[3]
Outline how laser light is produced.
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(b) State two ways in which light emitted by a laser differs from light emitted from an
ordinary filament lamp.
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2210-6515
1439
[2]
15
G2. This question is about a compound microscope.

The diagram (not to scale) is of a compound microscope.

objective lens
eyepiece lens

F
20mm
60mm
F
24mm

The focal length of the objective lens is 20mm and that of the eyepiece lens is 60mm. A small
object is placed at a distance of 24mm from the objective lens. The microscope produces a
final virtual image of the object at a distance of 240mm from the eyepiece lens.
(a)
(i)
Determine, by calculation, the distance from the objective lens of the image
formed by the objective lens.
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[1]
(ii) Explain why the image in (a)(i) is real.
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(iii) Determine the distance of the image formed by the objective lens from the
eyepiece lens.
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[2]
[2]
[2]
(b) Determine the overall magnification of the microscope.
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Turn over
2210-6515
1539
16
G3. This question is about interference.

(a)
Light from a laser is incident on two very narrow slits A and B.
A

B
screen
Point C on the screen is directly opposite the midpoint of the slits.
(i)
On the axes below, sketch the variation with angle of the intensity of the light on
the screen.

[2]
intensity
(ii) The separation of the slits is 0.120mm and the wavelength of the light is
6.80 107m. The distance between the slits and the screen is 1.40m. Calculate the
separation of the bright fringes on the screen.
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[2]

2210-6515
1639
17

(b) Slit A is covered with a transparent piece of glass. The effect of the glass is to increase
the path length of the light from the slit to the screen by half a wavelength. It may be
assumed that the amount of light absorbed by the glass is negligible. State and explain
the effect(s), if any, of the glass on the
(i)
[2]
intensity pattern you have drawn in (a)(i).
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[2]
(ii) separation of the bright fringes calculated in (a)(ii).
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Turn over
2210-6515
1739
18

In an X-ray tube electrons are accelerated from rest through a potential difference and strike
a metal target.
(a)
On the axes below draw and annotate a typical X-ray spectrum.
[2]
intensity
wavelength
(b) Identify the mechanism by which the different regions of the X-ray spectrum are
produced.
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(c)
[3]
In a particular X-ray tube the electrons are accelerated from rest through a potential
difference of 24kV. The minimum wavelength of the X-rays produced is 4.8 1011m.
[3]
Determine a value for the Planck constant.
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(d) X-rays of wavelength 2.25 1010m are directed towards the surface of a crystal. A strong
first order reflected X-ray beam is observed when the X-rays make an angle of 28.1 with
the crystal surface. Determine the separation of the atomic planes in the crystal.
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2210-6515
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[2]
14
N10/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX

G1. This question is about lasers.

(a)
With reference to the light waves emitted by a laser, state what is meant by the terms
(i)
[1]
monochromatic.
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[1]
(ii) coherent.
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8810-6503
1434
15

(b) The diagram (not to scale) shows three of the energy levels of a substance used to produce
laser light.
E0+2.3eV
excited state
E0+1.8eV
metastable state
energy

E0
The energy of the ground state is E0.
(i)
ground state
[1]
State what is meant by population inversion.
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(ii) Draw an arrow on the diagram to indicate the transition that results in a
population inversion. Label the arrow P.
[1]
(iii) Draw an arrow on the diagram to indicate the transition that results in a pulse
of laser light. Label the arrow L.
[1]
(iv) Deduce that the wavelength of the emitted laser light is 690nm.
[1]
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Turn over
8810-6503
1534
16
G2. This question is about an astronomical telescope.

The diagram (not to scale) shows the arrangement of the two convex lenses in an astronomical
telescope in normal adjustment.

objective lens
eyepiece lens
light from
distant star
FE
The telescope is used to observe a distant star. One of the focal points of the eyepiece lens is
labelled FE.
(a)
(i)
(ii) label, with the symbol FO, the position of the focal point of the objective lens that is
in between the two lenses.
[1]
(iii) construct rays to locate the final image of the star.
[3]
(b) In a particular astronomical telescope, the eyepiece lens has a power of 40 dioptres and
the objective lens a power of 0.80 dioptres. Determine the angular magnification of the
telescope in normal adjustment.
label, with the symbol FE, the position of the other focal point of the eyepiece lens.
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(c)
In an astronomical telescope the objective is often made up from a diverging and a

converging lens, whereas the aperture of the eyepiece lens is usually restricted such that
only rays close to the principal axis are viewed. State the reasons for this.
Objective lens: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eyepiece lens:
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8810-6503
1634
[1]
[2]
[2]
17
G3. This question is about a diffraction grating.

(a)
A parallel beam of monochromatic

After passing through the grating
The diagram shows a few of the
light that is diffracted at an angle

d
incident beam
light is incident normally on a diffraction grating.

it is brought to a focus on a screen by a lens.
slits of the diffraction grating and the path of the
to each slit.
slits
lens
screen
The distance between the slits is d and the wavelength of the light is .
(i)
On the diagram, construct a line that enables the path difference between the rays
from two adjacent slits to be shown. Label the path distance L.
[1]
(ii) Use your answer to (a)(i) to derive the condition, in terms of d and , for there
to be a maximum of intensity at the point P on the screen.
[2]
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(b) For a particular grating, the distance between adjacent slits is 2.0106m. Determine, for
light of wavelength 520nm, the maximum theoretical order of diffraction.
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[2]
Turn over
8810-6503
1734
18
G4. This question is about X-ray diffraction.

(a)
The diagram represents some of the atoms in two layers of a cubic crystal lattice.
Use the diagram to outline how diffraction arises from the scattering of X-rays by
a crystal.
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(b) X-rays of wavelength 87pm are scattered by a crystal whose atoms are arranged in a
cubic lattice. The smallest scattering angle for which a maximum of the scattered X-ray
is observed is 18. Calculate the spacing between adjacent atoms in the crystal.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8810-6503
1834
[3]
[2]
19
G5. This question is about thin-film interference.

The diagram (not to scale) represents an experimental set-up designed to measure the diameter
of a human hair.

monochromatic light
travelling microscope
microscope slides
glass plate
human hair
A hair is used to separate two microscope slides. A monochromatic beam of light is reflected
onto the two slides by the glass plate. The light is then reflected from the two slides and
transmitted through the glass plate and is viewed by the travelling microscope.
(a)
State why the light reflected from the two microscope slides produces a system of
interference fringes.
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(b) The condition that a bright fringe is observed in the field of view of the travelling
microscope is given by the relationship
[1]
2t = (m + 12 )
where t is the thickness of the air film formed by the wedge at the point where the
bright fringe is observed, m is an integer and is the wavelength of the incident light.
State the reason for the factor
1
2
[1]
in the relationship.
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(c)
In the diagram, the length of the slides is 5.00cm. The wavelength of the monochromatic
light is 5.92107m. Using the travelling microscope it is observed that 50 fringes
occupy a length of 0.940cm. Show that the diameter of the hair used to separate the
slides is about 80m.
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[3]
Turn over
8810-6503
1934
16

G1. This question is about dispersion.

(a)
State an approximate value for the wavelength of visible light.
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[1]
[2]
(b) Describe what is meant by dispersion.

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1648
17

(c)
A narrow beam, consisting of a mixture of red and blue light, is incident upon a rectangular
glass block. The normal to the incident surface is shown.
incident red
and blue beams
normal
air
glass
On the diagram above, draw labelled lines to show the paths of the red and blue beams,
as they pass through the glass block and out to the air on the other side.
[2]
Turn over
1748
18
G2. This question is about a convex lens.

The diagram below, drawn to scale, shows a small object O placed in front of a thin convex
(converging) lens. The focal points of the lens are shown, labelled F. The lens is represented by
the straight line XY.
O
F
(a)
(i)
Define the term focal point.
[2]
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(ii) On the diagram above, construct the paths of two rays in order to locate the position
of the image formed by the lens. Label the image I.
[3]
[1]
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1848
19

(b) A converging lens, of focal length 5.0cm, is used as a simple magnifying glass to view
an object of length 0.80cm. The observers eye is very close to the lens. The image is
formed at the near point (25cm).
[2]
(i)
Determine the distance of the object from the lens.
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[2]
(ii) Determine the length of the image.

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Turn over
1948
20
G3. This question is about using a diffraction grating to view the emission spectrum of sodium.

Light from a sodium discharge tube is incident normally upon a diffraction grating having
8.00 105 lines per metre. The spectrum contains a double yellow line of wavelengths 589nm
and 590nm.
(a)
Determine the angular separation of the two lines when viewed in the second order
spectrum.
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(b) State why it is more difficult to observe the double yellow line when viewed in the first
order spectrum.

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2048
[4]
[1]
21

Electrons are accelerated through a potential difference of 25kV and strike a molybdenum target.
The resulting X-ray spectrum is shown below.
5
4
3
intensity /
relative units
2
1
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
WAVELENGTH
wavelength //1010 m.
The accelerating potential difference is changed to 15kV.
(a)
Calculate the minimum wavelength of the X-rays produced.
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(b) On the graph above, sketch the X-ray spectrum that would be produced.
[2]
[3]
Turn over
2148
22
G5. This question is about wedge film interference.

One flat, glass slide is placed at an angle on top of a second identical slide. The slides are
in contact along one short edge and are separated at the other edge by a thin piece of paper,
as shown below.
light
glass slide
air
paper
L
A thin wedge of air of variable thickness, t, is trapped between the two slides. The arrangement
is viewed normally from above, using light of wavelength 590nm. The glass plates are coated,
so that reflection only takes place at the bottom surface of the top plate and the top surface of
the bottom plate.
A series of straight bright and dark fringes, equally separated and parallel to the short edge of the
slides, is seen.
(a)
Deduce that the thickness of the air wedgetthat gives rise to a bright fringe, is given
by 2t = (m + 12 ).
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[2]
2248
23

(b) The length of the air wedge, L, is 8.2cm. The bright fringes are each separated by a
distance of 1.2mm. Calculate the thickness of the paper.

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[3]
Turn over
2348
16

G1. This question is about properties of electromagnetic waves.

(a)
State two properties that are common to all electromagnetic waves.
1.
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2.
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(b) A single lens is used to form a magnified real image of an object. Explain, with reference
to the dispersion of light, why the image has coloured edges.

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(c)
Outline why a clear sky is blue in colour.
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1640
[2]
[3]
[2]
17
G2. This question is about a converging lens.

(a)
[2]
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(b) A thin converging lens of focal length 4.5cm is to be used as a magnifying glass.
The observer places the lens close to her eye. The least distance of distinct vision
is 24cm.
[1]
(i)
Show that the distance of the object from the lens is 3.8cm.
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[4]
(ii) Determine the angular magnification produced by the lens.

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Turn over
1740
18

(c)
Suggest two reasons why, for high magnifications, a combination of lenses is used
rather than a single lens.
1.
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2.
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[2]
G3. This question is about interference of light.

Two coherent narrow beams of light pass through two identical evacuated tubes, as shown below.

evacuated tube
lens
c oherent narrow
beams of light
screen
evacuated tube
The two coherent narrow beams are brought to a focus at point P on a screen.
(a)
State what is meant by coherence.
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[1]
1840
19

(b) State, with reference to the wavelength, the condition that must be satisfied for a
bright fringe to be formed on the screen at point P.

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(c)
Air is allowed to enter gradually into one of the evacuated tubes. The brightness of
the light at point P is seen to decrease and then increase again repeatedly.
(i)
State the effect on the wavelength of the light in the evacuated tube as the air
is introduced.
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[1]
[1]
[1]
(ii) Suggest why there is a variation in the brightness of the light at point P.

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Turn over
1940
20

An X-ray tube fitted with a copper target emits radiation with a characteristic wavelength
of 1.54 1010m.
(a)
Explain why the characteristic wavelength is dependent on the target material.
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(b) The X-ray beam is incident on a sodium chloride crystal. The minimum angle at which
the X-rays of wavelength 1.54 1010m reinforce constructively when scattered from a
plane of atoms in the crystal is 15.9, as shown below.
X-ray beam
[3]
(i)
Calculate the distance d between neighbouring planes of atoms.
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[3]
2040
21

(ii) Determine any other values of at which maximum intensity occurs for the
X-ray beam scattered from the crystal.

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(c)
State why it is preferable to measure more than one angle in order to determine the
spacing of the planes of atoms.
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[2]
[2]
Turn over
2140
16

G1. This question is about the electromagnetic spectrum.

[2]
(a)
Outline the nature of electromagnetic waves.
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(b) Explain why the ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

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[2]
G2. This question is about the compound microscope.

(a)
A convex lens used as a magnifying glass has a focal length of fe. Derive an
expression for the angular magnification when the image is at the near point D.
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[3]
1640
17

(b) The convex lens in (a) is used as the eyepiece of a compound microscope.
objective lens
eyepiece lens
object
fo
fo
fe
fe
The focal length fo of the
An object is placed 1.5cm from the objective lens.

objective lens is 1.0cm.
(i)
(ii) Calculate the distance of the intermediate image from the objective lens.
Draw rays on the diagram to show the formation of the intermediate image.
[2]
[2]
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Turn over
1740
18

(c)
Lenses used in the compound microscope are subject to spherical aberration and
chromatic aberration.
Explain what is meant by
(i)
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[2]
[2]
(ii) chromatic aberration.

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1840
19

Coherent light is incident at right angles to a double slit. An interference pattern is observed
on a distant screen.
(not to scale)
coherent light
(a)
double slit
screen
The width of both slits is now increased without altering their separation. State and
explain the effect, if any, of this increase on the intensity of the bright fringes and the
appearance of the dark fringes.
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(b) The number of slits is now increased. State and explain the effect, if any, this has on the
appearance of the bright fringes.

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[3]
[2]
Turn over
1940
20
G4. This question is about wedge films.

The diagram shows two thin glass plates used to form a thin air wedge.

monochromatic light
thin glass plates

A beam of monochromatic light is incident on the air wedge. The reflected light is observed
through a microscope and a pattern of equally spaced parallel fringes is observed.
(a)
Outline how the fringes are formed.
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[3]
(b) State and explain how the fringe separation changes if the angle of the wedge is
increased slightly.

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2040
[2]
21

The diagram shows the X-ray spectrum produced by the collision of electrons with a
molybdenum target.
intensity
wavelength
[3]
(a)
Explain the formation of the characteristic spectra.
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(b) The accelerating potential is 50kV.
Calculate the minimum wavelength of X-rays produced.
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[2]
Turn over
2140
18

G1. This question is about a magnifying glass.

(a)
(i)
Define the angular magnification of a magnifying glass.
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(ii) Derive an equation for the angular magnification of a magnifying glass with the
image at infinity.

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[1]
[3]
1848
19

(b) An object is positioned 8.00cm from a magnifying glass of focal length 15.0cm.
[2]
(i)
Calculate the position of the image.
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[1]
(ii) Calculate the linear magnification.

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[1]
(iii) The image is upright and magnified. State a further property of the image.

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Turn over
1948
20
G2. This question is about lasers and diffraction gratings.

(a)
(i)
State two ways that laser light differs from light emitted by an ordinary filament
lamp.
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2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) Outline the main mechanisms in the production of laser light.
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[2]
[4]
2048
21

(b) (i)
Describe the pattern produced on a screen by a red laser beam incident on a

diffraction grating.
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(ii) Laser light of wavelength 632nm is incident on a diffraction grating having

600 lines per mm. Determine the angular separation between the first and second
order maxima.

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[2]
[4]
Turn over
2148
22
G3. This question is about production and diffraction of X-rays.

(a)
The diagram shows some of the main components of an X-ray tube.
anode / target
electron beam
cathode
X-ray beam
(i)
Draw a correctly connected power supply on the diagram.
(ii) The energy spectrum of the X-rays shows characteristic lines. Explain the origin of
these lines.

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[1]
[3]
2248
23

(iii) Deduce the minimum wavelength of X-rays produced when a beam of electrons of
energy 25.0keV is incident on the target of the X-ray tube.

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[2]
Turn over
2348
24

(b) The diagram shows X-rays scattering in a crystal.

incident beam
of X-rays
scattered beam
crystal planes
d
(i)
For certain scattering angles a very intense scattered beam is detected.

Explain this observation.
[2]
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(ii) X-rays of wavelength 4.00 1011m produce the first maximum with a scattering
angle of 26.4. Calculate the spacing of the crystal planes d.

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2448
[2]
14

G1. This question is about the nature of electromagnetic waves.

(a)
Outline what is meant by an electromagnetic wave.
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(b) State two cases in which electrons may produce electromagnetic waves.

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1444
[2]
[2]
15
G2. This question is about an astronomical telescope.

A particular astronomical telescope is being used to observe the Moon. The ray diagram
shows the position P of the intermediate image of the Moon formed by the objective lens.
rays from
the Moon
90cm
objective lens

eyepiece lens
The telescope is in normal adjustment.
(a)
(i)
(ii) draw rays to determine the location of the final image of the Moon.
label with the letter F the two focal points of the eyepiece lens.
(not to scale)
[1]
[3]
Turn over
1544
16

(b) The diameter of the Moon subtends an angle of 8.7 103rad at the unaided eye.
(i)
Determine the diameter of the image of the Moon formed by the objective lens.
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(ii) The focal length of the eyepiece is 30cm. Calculate the angle that the final image
of the Moon subtends at the eyepiece.

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1644
[2]
[2]
17

(a)
Light from a monochromatic source is incident at right angles to two slits. After passing
through the slits the light is incident on a distant screen. Point M is the mid-point of
the screen.
Q
monochromatic
light source
slits
screen
(not to scale)
The separation of the slits is large compared to their width. A pattern of light and
dark fringes is observed on the screen.
(i)
State the phenomenon that enables light to reach point M on the screen.
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[1]
(ii) On the axes below, sketch the intensity of light as observed on the screen as a
function of the angle . (You do not have to put any numbers on the axes.)
[3]
intensity
0
M

Turn over
1744
18

(iii) The distance of the screen from the slits is 1.8m and the slit separation is 0.12mm.
The wavelength of the light is 650nm. Point Q on the screen shows the position of
the first dark fringe.
Calculate the distance MQ.
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[2]
(b) Suggest why, even though there are dark fringes in the pattern, no energy is lost.

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1844
[2]
19

X-rays are incident on a single crystal of quartz. The diagram shows two adjacent atomic
planes and X-rays that are incident at an angle to the crystal planes.
d
d
(a)
An intense scattered beam is observed for certain values of the angle . Explain, with
reference to the diagram, this observation.
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(b) The smallest angle for which an intense scattered beam is observed is = 11.2.
The wavelength of the X-rays is 8.24 1010m.
Calculate the distance d between the atomic planes.
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[3]
[2]
Turn over
1944
20
G5. This question is about thin-film interference.

A piece of glass of refractive index 1.62 is covered with a thin film of magnesium fluoride of
thickness t and refractive index 1.38. The diagram shows a ray of monochromatic light incident
on the film at an angle to the normal.

normal
magnesium fluoride, n = 1.38
glass, n = 1.62
X is a ray reflected from the surface of the film and Y is reflected from the surface of the glass.
(a)
Show that when = 0 the condition for destructive interference between rays X and Y is
2t = (m + 12 )
where m is an integer and is the wavelength of light in the magnesium fluoride film.
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[2]
2044
21

(b) Light of wavelength 640nm in air is incident normally on the glass surface.
[1]
(i)
Show that the wavelength of light in the magnesium fluoride film is 464nm.
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(ii) Calculate the minimum thickness of the film for which no light will be reflected
back into the air.

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[2]
Turn over
2144
20

G1. This question is about interference of light at two parallel slits.

(a)
State the condition necessary to observe interference between two light sources.
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(b) The diagram below shows an arrangement for observing a double slit interference pattern.
A parallel beam of coherent light of wavelength 410nm is incident on two parallel
narrow slits separated by 0.30mm. A screen is placed 1.60m beyond the slits.
incident light
0.30mm
[1]
1.60m
double slit
screen
(not to scale)
[2]
Calculate the fringe spacing on the screen.
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2048
21

(c)
The slits in (b) are replaced by a large number of slits of the same width and separation
as the double slit. Describe the effects that this change will have on the appearance of the
fringes on the screen.
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[3]
Turn over
2148
22
G2. This question is about the simple magnifying glass and the compound microscope.

(a)
Define, for the unaided eye, the term near point.
[1]
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(b) A converging lens is used as a magnifying glass. On the diagram draw rays to construct
the image of the object, o.
[3]
converging lens
2248
23

(c)
The lens has a focal length f. When the image is formed at the near point, the distance u
of the object from the lens is given by
u=
fD
D+ f
where D is the near point distance.
Deduce that the angular magnification M is given by

M = 1+
D
.
f
[2]
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Turn over
2348
24

(d) A compound microscope consists of an eyepiece lens of focal length 6.0cm and an
objective lens of focal length 2.8cm. An object is placed 3.4cm from the objective lens
and the final image of the object is formed by the microscope at the near point.
Determine the
(i)
angular magnification of the eyepiece. Take the near point distance to be 25cm.
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(ii) distance from the objective lens of the intermediate image formed by this lens.

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(iii) overall magnification of the compound microscope.

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2448
[1]
[2]
[2]
25
G3. This question is about the scattering of light.

[3]
Explain, with reference to the scattering of light, why the sky appears red at sunset.
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Turn over
2548
26

(a)
X-rays are produced in an X-ray tube.
(i)
State and explain how the continuous and characteristic X-ray spectra are produced.
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(ii) Outline how the intensity of the X-rays produced is controlled.

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[4]
[2]
2648
27

(b) (i)
Some X-rays are produced by an accelerating potential of 25kV. Show that the
minimum wavelength of these X-rays is 5.01011m.
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(ii) X-rays of wavelength 5.01011m are incident on a crystal. An intense scattered

beam is observed at an angle of 19 to a set of lattice planes in the crystal.
incident
X-rays
scattered
X-rays
19
19
d
[2]
Calculate the lattice spacing d of these planes.
[2]
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2748

IB Physics Option - Electro Magnetic Waves

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26

(This question continues on the following page)

She finds the focal lengths to be as follows:

Is the image seen through the telescope upright or upside-down?

Approximately how long must the telescope tube be?

(This question continues on the following page)

State one practical use for optical fibres.

(This question continues on the following page)

H4. A thin lens for use in spectacles is shown below.

Is this a converging or diverging lens?

The refractive index of glass is greater than that of water.

On each diagram sketch the reflected and refracted rays.

(This question continues on the following page)

The situation is shown in the diagram below.

H2. This question is about diffraction.

distance along screen

Calculate the width of the central maxima.

H3. This question is about the compound microscope.

the approximate position, X, of the image formed by the objective lens;

the approximate position, C, of the eyepiece lens;

(iii) the principal foci (focal points), F, of the eyepiece lens;

(iv) the approximate position, Y, of the final image.

H4. This question is about optical resolution

Explain, assuming that Abigails eyes are functioning normally,

how the telescope enables her to distinguish the two stars.

If the object height is 1.5 cm and linear magnification is +2.0, calculate

the height of the image.

the distance from the lens to the object.

the tree top.

the bottom of the pond.

the particle nature of light.

the wave nature of light.

focal length of lens = 90 cm

light from a star

(This question continues on the following page)

Calculate the diameter in m of the central maximum on the photographic film.

State the Rayleigh criterion for the stars to be just resolved.

(This question continues on the following page)

H2. This question is about a diffraction grating.

(This question continues on the following page)

Determine the angle at which the first principal maximum is formed.

Position of the centre

H3. This question is about short-sightedness and its correction.

H4. This question is about optical resolution.

Distance along screen

H2. This question is about a concave (diverging) lens.

Define the term focal point.

State and explain whether the image is real or virtual.

(This question continues on the following page)

H3. This question is about single slit diffraction.

(This question continues on the following page)

distance along screen

(This question continues on the following page)

H2. This question is about real and apparent depth.

Direction from which

Explain whether the image that Jody observes is real or virtual.

H3. This question is about the simple magnifying glass.

construct rays to locate the position of the image.

draw in the image and label it I.

(This question continues on the following page)

Explain what is meant by the term near point.

Calculate the minimum film thickness.

(This question continues on the following page)