Graffiieur

PRESENTSIMPLE
FORM
l\ffirmative

Negative

| / You work
He / She/ lt works
We / You / Theywork

| / You do not (dont) work

He / She / lt does not (doesn't) work
We / You / They do not (don't) work

Usas

t:]:it"n"tttt t^t'':"+,,'',
Do | / youwork? .

o"""n.Jrr,'.in woiz

r;;; i ii.'*"'n,

Examples

A r e o u l a rh a b i t o r r o u t i n e

Do you work on Sundays?

A g e n e r a tl r u t h o r s c i e n t i f i cf a c t

Water boils at lOO" Celsius.

Stativeverbs

Mary doesn't think my boyfriendis e v e r yw e e k ,o n c ea m o n t h ,h o w o f t e n . . . ?

,i...
attractiue.

a lways,usuaIly, generally, regulaily,occasiona

Ily,
frequently,often, sometims,rStelV,seldom,never
, t n i g h t ,i n t h e m o r n i n g o
a t 1 o ' c l o c ka
, n Fridays,

PRESENTCONTINUOUS

''t ,,,

FORM
Interrogatie,.

Affirmative

Negative

I am reading
Youare reading
He/ She/ lt is reading
We/ You/ Theyare reading

I am (l'm) not reading

You are not (aren't) reading'
He / She/ lt s not (isn't) reading
We / You / They are not (aren't) reading

Uses

,,
I
'
'
.
:
AmIreadingTr-,
nre vlu.relfins?
__ 1
ls he / she/ it readingi
Are we / Vol thVreading?

Examples

An actionwhichis happening
now He is reading a magazine now.

now,rightnow at the moment

A temporary
action

I am studying photography this year.

this year,bt'present

A d e f i n i t ep l a n f o r t h e n e a rf u t u r e

My friends are leaving for India tomorrow.

t h i s e v e n i n gt,o n i g h t ,t o m o r r o w ,
next Friday/ week / ear

+ Stative

Verbs

C o m oi n d i c a nu n e s t a d om, sq u eu n aa c c i ns,u e l e nu s a r s e n
con:
PresentSimple.Estnrelacionados
C

(dislike,enjoy,
y lossentimientos
lasemociones
hate, hope, like, love, prefer, want)

y la opinin(believe,forget, guess,
el pensamiento
know, remember, think, understand)

pciny lossentidos(feel,hear,see, smell, sound,

la perce
taste, touch)

lospreciosy lasmedidas(cost,weigh, measure)

(belong,have, own).
la posesin

t a n t oe s t a d oc o m oa c t i v i d ayd p u e d e n
u s a r se n
A l g u n o isn d i c a n
l a f o r m as i m p l ey e n l a c o n t i n u a .
Sarah thinks the film is boring.
(Sarahcreeque la pelculaes abunida.)lestado]
Sarsh is thinking of selling her house.
(Sarahestpensandoen vender su casa.)[actividad]
Mientrasqueel verbosee en PresentContinuousindicauna
accinfuturafijadade antemano.
We're seeing Ann tonight.
(Veremosa Ann estanoche.)[Yahemosquedado.]

Affirmative
| / you visited
He / She/ lt vsited
We / You/ Theyvisited

Negative

lnterrogatve

| / Youdid not (didn't) visir

He / She/ lt dd not (didn'r) visit
We lYou lTheydid not (didn't) visit

Did | / you visit?

Did he / she/ it visit?
Did we I VouI they visit?

Time expressions

Examples

Uses
A completed
a c t i o ni n t h e p a s t

We visited the museum last week.

A s e r i e so f c o m p l e t e a
d c t i o n si n t h e p a s t

lfuen I opened the door, the dog

barked at the postman.

lastweek/ year,two daysago'

vesterday,
n 2007,in the 1980s,in the 18th century
w h e nt,h e n

PAST CONTINUOUS'
FORM
Affirmative
I was watching
Youwere watching
He/ She,/lt was watching
We/ You/ Theywere watching

Negative
I was not (wasn't)watching
Youwere not (weren't)watching
He/ She/ lt was not (wasn't)watching
Wei You/ Theywere not (werent)watching

Interrogative
Was I watching?
Were you watching?
Was he / she/ it watching?
Were we/ you/ theywatching?
Time expressons

Examples,

Uses

An incomplete
actionin progress At 9 o'clock last night, they were watching the tennis
timein the past
at a specific
match.
A n i n c o m p l e t ea c t i o ni n t e r r u p t e d
b v a n o t h e ra c t i o n

She was doing her homeworkwhen herfriends arciued.

lastnight/ week/ year

when,'whiie,
at 4 o'loik,
a5

T w o i n c o m p l e t ea c t i o n si n p r o g r e s s
I was coaking dinner while he was settng the table.
a t t h e s a m et i m e i n t h e p a s t

.: .::
FUTUFE SMPLE
:FORhft
Jlffirmative

Negative

Interrogative

| / Youwill start
He/ She/ tt witl start
We/ Yo.u/ Theywill start

| / Youwill not (won't) start

He/ She/ lt will not (won't)start
We/ You/ Theywill not (won't) start

Wll | / youstart?
Will he/ she/ it start?
Will we I you lthey start?

Uses

Examples

A prediction

I'm sure Peter won't be at the party this euening.

A timetable

My parents will arrive on the 5 o'clock train.

A s o o n t a n e o uds e c i s i o n

I'll have a sandwich, please.

Time expressions
in an hour,at 3 o'clock,
thisevening,
nextmonth/ year,soon,
later,tomorrow,
in thefuture,
in a few weeks,
on 1stMav

Grammar

* El Present Continuous con valor de

futuro
A n u n c i a c c i o n ef si j a d a sd e a n t e m a nqou eo c u r r i r enn e l f u t u r o
ya concertados.
prximo.
paraplanespersonales
5e suelereservar
They're comng home tonight.
lVienenI Vendrna casaestanoche.)

UNIT

N o e x p r e suan ai n t e n c i nc ,o m o
sidoprogramado
conantelacin.y
Sedistinguedel PresentContinuousk
temporalqueva en la fraseindicaun t
The train is arrivng in

APPendix

a l g oq u eh a
s e gur i d a d .
e la expresin

y nopresente.

[El trenllega/ llegardentio

u,"t*
:: , r

Affirmative

Hegatlve

| / Youhave talked
He / She/ lt has talked
We / you / Theyhave talked

I / Youhave not (havent) talked

He / She/ lt has not (hasn't)talked
We / You / Theyhave not (haven't) talked

Have | / you talked?

Has he / she/ it talked?
Have we / you / they talked?

Time expressions

Uses
A n a c t i o nt h a t b e g a ni n t h e p a s ta n d c o n t i n u e s
u n t i lt h e f u t u r e

I haven't talked to Jim for a week.

ime
A n a c t i o nt h a t t o o k p l a c ea t a n u n d e t e r m i n et d
Jack has stopped smoking.
to the present
i n t h e p a s t ,b u t i s c o n n e c t e d

ever,never,yet,just, already,
recently,lately,how long ...?,
for, since,in recentyears

."'
deI verboprincipal'
seusahavei has+ eI participio
: ponehave/ has+ not (n't)+ el participio'
have lhas + el sujeto+ el participio.
: ponemos

O
O

y
H a b l adr e a c c i o n eqsu ee m p e z a r oenn e l .p a s a d o a n
presente)'
verbo
en
el
se
traduce
(por
veces
eso,

.ontintn
pasadas
cuyosefectossonvisiblesactualmente'
Conacciones

se pone
que unaaccinacabade ocurrir'Entonces
t6 Expresar
.iust entrehave Y el ParticiPio.
They have iust arrived' (Acabande llegar')
cu
s n t ot i e m p oh a p a s a d o
C o nh o w l o n g . ' . ? p r e g u n t a m o
q
u
e
a

n
c
o
n
t
i
n ae,m p e z .
q
u
e
a
c
c
i

n
,
l
a
desde
How long have You lived in London?
(Cuntotiempo hace que vives en Londres?)

empez'
y sncecundo
durla accin
For indica
cunto
I haven't seenBethfor two Years',
fNohevistoa Bethdurantedosaos'l
Jim hasptayed tennissrnce he was 13 yearsald'
iri..iu.rit a tenisdesdequeteniatreceaos')

* Contrast entre el Past Simple y el

Present Perfect SmPIe
esqueel PastSimpleindicalo que
Laprincipaldiferencia
mientrasqueel Presenf
ocurrien un momentoconcreto,
PerfectSimplesitala accinen un periodode tiempo'
We put an aduert in the newspoper to seII our car and
sofor, sir people have Phoned'. ..
(Psimosn nuncio en el peridico para vender el
cochey hasta ahora han llamado seispersonas''f

Forma

Usos

Afirmativa: el PresentPerfectContinuous(pretritoperfecto
seformacon have / has + been + el
continuo)
compuesto
verboen la formaing.

@ E x p r e s aarc c i o n eqsu ee m p e z a r oenn e l p a s a d yo q u ea n

resaltael
PerfectContinuous
continan.Comoel Present
oo r
t i e m o oq u ee s t d u r a n d ol a a c c i ns' o l e m otsr a d u c i r l p
" l l e v a re" n p r e s e n t+e u n v e r b oe n g e r u n d i o .

Negativa: se aadenot a have / has o usamoslasformas

haven't / hasn't + been + eI verbocon ing.
coniradas
Interrogativa: se ponehave / has + el sujeto+ been + el
verboen la formaing.

&

cuyosefectos
perorecientes
terminadas
acciones
Expresar
s o nv i s i b l etso d a v a .

usadascon estetiempoverbaldeben
temporales
Lasexpresiones
i n d i c au
r n p e r i o d on,o u n m o m e n t oc o n c r e t o .

Grammar APPendix

PAST PERFECTSIMPLE
FORM
Affirrnative

Negative

| / You had started

He / She/ lt had started
We / You/ Theyhad started

| / Youhad not (hadn't) started

He / She/ lt had not (hadn't) started
We / You/ Theyhad not (hadn't)starred

Uses

lr

Intrrogative
Hadl/youstarted?
Had he/ she/ it startod?
Hadwe / you/ they6tarted?

Examples

A completed
a c t i o nw h i c ht o o k p l a c e By the time we arriued at the cinema,the ftlm had
b e f o r ea n o t h e ra c t i o ni n t h e p a s t
alreadystarted.
Forma

'alreadv,
by the time, after,'
u e f o r eu, n t l ;n v e rj ,u s t

Usos

Afirmativn: el PastPerfectSimple(pretritopluscuamperfecto) @ I n d i c aqr u eu n aa c c i no c u r r i

a n t e sq u eo. t r a ,l a . c u avra e n
PastSimple.
s ef o r m ac o nh a d + e l p a r t i c i p idoeI v e r b op r i n c i p a l .
N e g a t i v a ;s ea a d en o t o n ' t a h a d + e l p a r t i c i p i o .
Interrogativa:se ponehad + el sujeto+ el participio.

Forma

Usos

Afirmativar seformaconhad + been + el verboen la

f o r m ai n g .

not a had (o hadn't) + been + el verbo

Negativa: aadimos
t e r m i n a deon i n g .
Interrogativa: se ponehad + el sujeto+ el verbocon ing.

H a b l adr e u n aa c c i np r o l o n g a dqau eo c u r r i e n e l p a s a d o
a n t e sq u eo t r aa c c i nb r e v et a m b i np a s a d aE. sm u yc o m n
" l l e v a re" n p r e t r i t iom p e r f e c t+o u n v e r b o
t r a d u c i r l coo m o
e ng e r u n d i o .
Shehad been wrting short storiesfor years until she
decidedto publish them. (Llevabaatus escribiendo
cuentos hasta que decidi publicarlos.)
L o h a b i t u ael s q u ee s a sd o sa c c i o n evsa y a nu n i d a sp o ru n a
que puedesertemporalcomolasdel cuadro(when,
conjuncin,
until, before),concesiva(although)o causal(because).
He put on weight becausehe hadn't been getting enough
erercise.(Engordporque no habia estadohaciendo
suficiente ejercicio.)

Grammar

APPendix

SIMPLE
FUTUREPERFECT

Affirmative
| / Youwill havefinished
He/ She/ lt wll havefinishdd
We/ You/ TheYwill havefinished

a c t i o na t
A completed
c e r t a i nf u t u r et i m e

Negative

Interrogative

| / Youwill not (won't) have finished

He / She/ lt wil not (won't) have finished
We / You/ Theywill not (won't) have finished

Wll I / vouhavefinished?
Will heI she/ it havefinished?
Will we/ you/ theYhavefinished?

b v t h i s t i m e n e x t w e e k 'b y 1 0 o ' c l o c kb, y t h e

By the end of June, we will have fnshed school- e Oo f . . . ,b y t h e n ,b y A u g u s t i' n t h r e em o n t h s

deunverbo'
Afirmativa:seusawill have+ el participio
will not (won't)+ have+ el participio'
Negativa:ponemos
Interrogativa:seponewill + el sujeto+ have+ el participio'
Usos
enunmomento
queunaaccin
terminado
habr
{F lndicar
delfuturo.
concreto

+ Los prefiios
{F Losprefijosun, im, il, in y dis se aadena algunos
y verbosparaformarsusopuestos"
nombres
adjetivos,
unpleasant(desagradable)
pleasant(agradable)
impatient(imPaciente)
(Paciente)
patient
llegal (ilegal)
legal (legal)
i n correct(incorrecto)
correctIcorrectol
(satisfecho)
dssatisfied (insatisfecho)
satisfied
y verbospara
G El prefijomis seaadea algunosnombres
i n d i c aqr u ea l g os e h a c em a lo i n c o r r e c t a m e n t e '
misuse(mal uso)
use(uso)

quedescriben
el pasoal estado
Conen seformanverbos
esteprefijo'
porla palabra
a la queseaade
indicado
close(cerrar)

enclose(encerrar)

y
{F Losprefijosunder, over y non sonfcilesde entender,
lo
y
pre
significan
multi
bi,
inter,
anti,
re,
co,
a
en cuanfo
lengua:
m i s m oq u ee n n u e s t r a
international (internacional)
underline (subrayar)
overloaded(sobretargado) anti-hero (antihroe)
bilingual (bilinge)
non-smoker(no fumldor)
prehistoric (prehistrico)
co-pilot (copiloto)
(multirracial)
multiracial
,"*rit, [reeicribir)

C o m oc o m p lm
e e n t od i r e c t od e a l g u n ovse r b o sc:o n t i n u e '
dislike, "nioy, finish, hate, like, love, miss' prefer'
recommend, suggest, etc'
I{e likes running marathons.(Le gusta correr maratones')
G Detrsde lasprePosiciones.
She'sinterestedin doing Pilates'
(Estinteresada en hacer Pilates')
be / get used to'
t- Detrsde algunasformasverbales:
mind
/ wouldn't mind'
can't help,"can't stand, don't
spend {time)' etc'
to,
forward
look
use'
no
feel like, it's
tonight'
I feet like gong to the concert
gaas ai ir al concierto esta noche')
i*g"

Forma

El gerundo y el infinitivo

El gerundio
E sl a f o r m av e r b atle r m i n a dean i n g q u ef u n c i o n ac o m ou n
no la utilizadaen lostiemposcontinuos'Poreso
sustantivo,
p o d e m oesn c o n t r a r l o :
G C o m os u j e t oh, a b l a n ddoe h e c h o es n g e n e r a l '
Eating healthy food helps you keepfi.t'
(C";.; imld sana te yaa a mantenerte en forma')

El infinitivo
deto y se usaen estoscasos:
Esla formaverbalprecedida
I Comosujeto,hablandode un hechoconcreto'
To apptyfor that job would be a good idea',
( S o l i c i t a re s et r a b a j os e r i au n a b u e n al d e a ' J
G Detrsde verboscomo:agree, appear, choose, decide'
expect, hope, learn' manage' plan, promise, refuse,
seem, want, wish, etc.
I promisedto help him with his homework'
(Promet ayudarle con los deberes.)
t Detrsde algunosadjetivos(busy'happy,ready,tired, etc')y
adverbioslfast, high,Iow, slowly, etc')
I am happy to be here. (Estoy contenta de estar aqu')
s Detrsdel complementoindirectode'rerboscomo:advise,
invite, persuade, teach, tell o warn'
They told him to eat three meals a a!:
(Le dljeron que hiciera tres comidas al da')
(feel' hear,s9e.,5tc )' make y let
Algunosverbosde percepcin
base(infinitivosinto)'
forma
la
de veibosn
va seguidos
His parents let him participate in the race'
(Supadres le dejaron participar en la carrera')
Verbos seguidos de gerundio y de infinitivo
Verboscomobegin, propose,forbid, intend o start puedenir
y s i g n i f i c alno m i s m o .
c o ng e r u n d i o i n f i n i t i v o
I've started to go / going to the gym'
{He empezadoa ir al gimnasio.)
Perostop, remember, regret y forget no significanlo mismo
s i v a n s e g u i d odse u n g e r u n d i o d e u n i n f i n i t i v o .

Grammar
forget + gerundio se empleaen frasesnegativas
para
i n d i c alra i m p o s i b i l i d d
ae
d o l v i d aar l g oo c u r r i d e
one l p a s a d o .
I'll neuer forget seeing the EffiI Towerfor thefirst
fime. (Nunca olvidar haber visto la Torre Eiffel por
primera vez.)
forget + infinitivo significa"olvidarse
de haceralgo'i
I forgot to buy the newspaper.
(Me olvid de comprar el peridico.)
regret + gerundio significa"arrepentirse
de haberhecho
a l g oe n e l p a s a d o ' l
He regrets staying at home.
(Searrepientede habersequedadoen casa.)
regret + infinitivo significa"lamentarlo queseva a decir
a continuacin'i
I regret to tell you that we can't do anything.
(Lamentodecirte que no podemoshacernada.)

APPendix

"recordar
remember+ gerundiosigniflca
algoquesehizo
enel pasado'l
I remember buying the tickets.
lRecuerdo
habercomptado
lasentradas.)
"acordarse
remember+ infinitivo'siijnifica
algo'i
dehacer
Bememberto take your nassoon.
(Acurdate
de cogerl priupoit..)
'rdejar
stop + gerundiosignifica
un hbito'i
SJre.
stopped trainingfor a few weeks,
(ueJocleentrenarduranteuhassemanas.)
'"
'

i'i iJ

::'

;:

stop + infinitivo signifi

qlgoparhacer
h.t
" |rijai.Oe
otra cosa".
.
i*r:
,*i
We stopped to have lunch.:,(Pararns'para
comer.)

UNIT
rir:

EL ESTLO INDIRECTO
Direct Speech

Tense
"He

PresentSimple

works in a restaurant."

Shesaidthat he worked ih'rt!.Si'Auiant.

worked in a restaurant."

ShesaidthathefraaW.oiff.ffi staurant.

will work in a restaurant."

shesaid
,i", i,;iiiiffi:q1

is working in a restaurant."

Shesaidthat he -r" w,b-fftglj1 a ,estauront.

was working in a restaurant."

a rstaurant.
Shesaid that heaaltr$njtfitiitgtin

has worked in a restaurant."

She saidfhai he had worked in a restauranl.

has been working in a restaurant.

llbkntg in a restaurant.
Shesaid that he had b,iii,en

had worked in a restaurant."

Shesaid that he nWoliilin a restaurant,

"He

Past Simple

FutureSimple

"He

PresentContinuous

"He

PastContinuous

"He

PresentPerfectSimple

"He

PresentPerfectContinuou

"He
"He

Past Perfect Simple

Past PerfectContinuous

"He

had been working in a restaurant." She said that he had.begn working in a restauront.
I r:iir: r:i:

CAMBIOS EN LOS MODALES

Direct

Speech

Reported

c&n

could

mny

might

vnust/ haueto

must / had to

utill

would

Speeeh

Graiimar

APPendix

c o n t a rl o q u ea l g u i e nh a d i c h o ,
E l e s t i l oi n d i r e c tsoeu t i l i z ap a r a
suspalabras'
pir iit citarexactamente
statements
Reported
a c a b ad e d e c i rp, a r a
p o d e m ocso n t a re n p r e s e n tl eo q u ea l g u i e n
i o . r r l O r t t uc o ns u p r i m ilra sc o m i l l ays c a m b i aer l p r o n o m b r e
delverbo.
sujetoY la Persona
"I hauegot a part-time
iob."
He says that he has got a pafr-timejob.
(Dice que tiene un trabajo a tiempo parcial.)
e n p a s a d(oH es a i d . . . ) .E n t o n c eesl
P e r ol o n o r m ael sc o n t a r l o
da un saltoatrs:el PresentSimplepasaa Past
verbosiguiente
Simple,will a would, etc. (soloel PastPerfectpermanece
p se r s o n a l ec sa,m b i a n
los
i g u a l )y, a d e m ds e l o sp r o n o m b r e
y lasexpresiones
losposesivos
de tiempoy de lugar.
demostrativos,
"I graduated
from uniuersity last year," shesaid,
She said that she had graduatedfrom uniuersitlt
the year before. (DiJoque se haba licenciado en la
universidad el ao anterior.)
u n h e c h oq u es i g u et e n i e n dvoi g e n c iean e l
S i l a f r a s ee n u n c i a
presente,
no haycambiosen lostiemposverbales.
"London the capital of Great Britin," he said.
is
He said that London is the capital of Great Britain.
(Dijo que Londres es Ia capital de Gran tsretaa.)
paraintroducirlo
son
Comova sabes,losverbosmscomunes
s a y y t e l l . T e l l s i e m p r lel e v au n c o m p l e m e nitnod i r e c tsoi nl a
p r e p o s i c i ton. S a y p u e d el l e v acr o m p l e m e nitnod i r e c too n o ,
perosi lo llevadebeir conesapreposicin.
"The
ftm will startat I o'c!ock,"he said.
He said / said to us /told us (that) therttu would start
at I o'clock.(Dijo que la pelicula empezariaa las 8.)

Reported questions

"si"
o
ffi LasYes / No questions (lasquese contestancon un
"no") pasana estiloindirectoempleando
el verboask +
un
se
if o whether.
Entonces,
comola preguntadejade serloy se convierteen una
ao
, h a yi n v e r s i dne ls u j e t oy e l v e r b os, i g n o
o r a c i ne n u n c i a t i v n
d e i n t e r r o g a c i nni ,c o m i l l a s .
"Did you haue an eram yestertlay?"Mum asked.
My mum asked me if I had had an eraw the day before.
(Mi madre me pregunt si haba tenido un examen el
dia anterior.J
conwho, what, etc.
@ LasWh-questions (lasqueempiezan
"s"
"no")
utilizan
y n o s e p u e d e nc o n t e s t acro nu n
ni un
la particulainterrogativa
en lugarde if o whether, pero
signode interrogacin,
sujeto-verbo,
tampocohay inversin
ni comillas.
"IMat
are thejob requirements?"I asked.
I asked what thejob requirementswere.
(Pregunt cules eran los requisitos para el trabajo.)
"How
many people work here?" he asked.
He asked how many people worked there.
. (Pregunt cuntas personastrabajaban all.)

+ Reported orders
el imperativo
Paraoasarunaordena estiloindirectocambiamos
mandato'
porei infinitiuo.Peroantesusamosun verboqueexprese
indirecto'
I
de
complemento
o
tell,
comoorder
seguido
"Pleasebe quiet."
The teacher told us to be quiet'
(La profesoranos dijo que nos callramos.)
S i l a o r d e ne s n e g a t i v ap,o n e m onso t d e l a n t ed e li n f i n i t i v o .
"Don't park your ccr here."
Thepoiicemn ordered me not to park my car there'
(El polica me ordenque no aparcarael cocheall')

+ Reported suggestions
en estiloindirectousamoslosverbos
unasugerencia
Paraexpresar
contamoslo quedijo
Luego,
suggest o recommend en pasado'
de dosformas:
esa0ersona
C o nu n v e r b oe n g e r u n d i oi n, d i c a n dqou eq u i e nh i z ol a
s u g e r e n csi ae i n c l u ae n e l l a .
"Let's go to the cinema tomorolu,"Jim said.
Jim suggested gaing to the cintma the following day.
(Jim sugiri ir / que furamos al cine al da siguiente'J
G 0 usandouna oracinconthat + sujeto+ verboen la forma
se referaa otra u otras
base,indicandoque la sugerencia
personas.
"Try the new restaurant,"Beth said.
Beth suggested that I try thf new restaurant.
(Beth sugiri que probara el nuevo restaurante.)

+ Reporting verbs
S a y ,t e l l y a s k s o l oi n t r o d u c eenl m e n s a jsei na a d i rm s
m,i e n t r aqs u el o ss i g u i e n t evse r b o st r a n s m i t e n
informacin
e e l m o d oe n q u eh a b l :
n e lh a b l a n to
t a m b i nl a i n t e n c i d
admit, agree, answer, apologise, boast,
@ en afirmaciones:
claim, complain, declare, deny, explain, inform, insist,
mention, offer, promise, refuse, remind, reply
"I'ue
had problems with my computer,"he said.
He complained that he had had problemswith his
computer.(Sequej de que haba tenido problemascon
su ordenador.)
enquire, request, want to know, wonder
@' en preguntas:
"Did you leaueyour previous
i65?" John asked'
John wanted to know if I had lefr my previousjob.
(John quera saber si habia dejado mi trabajo anterior.)
demand, order, shout, warn
@ en rdenes:
"Stay here!" shesaid.
She ordered me to stay there.
(Me orden que me quedara all.)
ffi

e n s p l i c ays r u e g o sb; e g
"Please
wait for me," he said.
He begged me to wait for him. (Me rog que lo esperara.)

advise, invite, suggest, recommend

@ en sugerencias:
"You

should apply for that job," Lucy said.

Lucy advised hint to apply for that job. (Lucy Ie aconsej
que solicitara esetrabajo.)

Grammar

* Los sufijos
queaadimos
palabras
paraformar
Sonterminaciones
a algunas
otrasnuevas.
Sufijos para formar sustantvos
@ Paraformarsustantivos
lossufijos
a partirdeverbos
usamos
ment, tion / sion y er / or.
agreement(acuerdo)
inuitatio n (invitacin)
conclusian (conclusin)
drfzer (conductor)
acfor (actor)

agree(acordar)
iadte (invitar)
conclude(concluir)
driue (conducir)
acf (actuar)

ity,ship,
lossufijos
& Tambin
seforman
sustantivos
aadiento
sustantivos
o verbos.
nessy ence/ ancea algunos
adjetivos,
personal(personal)
p ersonality (personalidad)
(amigo)
friend
friendship (amistad)
happiness (felicidad)
happy (feliz)
obedient(obediente) obedience(obediencia)
antoy (molestar)
annoyance(molestia)

Sufijos para formar adjetivos

y
sustantivos
@ Lossufijos
ful y lessseaaden
a algunos
ya
resultantes,
a saberel significado
delosadjetivos
ayudan
"con"y less"sin'l
queful significa

(cuidado'
care

UNIT

:;;:Hilt'J,iifi:1",

APPendix

# Tambin
ous,al,
lossufijos
aadiendo
seformanadjetivos
y verbos.
able/ ible e ive a algunos
sustantivos
(peligroso)
danger(peligro)
dangerous
' national(nacional)
nqtion (nacin)
predict (predecir)
, predictable(predecible)
reuersf (inverso)
reuersib Ie{feversible)
attract (atraer)
a.ttractive (atractivo)
ffi! 0trossufijos
soned e ing.
queaadimos
a verbos
bore(aburrir)
bored([estar]aburrido)
boring(lserjaburrido)
Cuandoel adjetivoterminaeried; significaquela ilersona
o cosa
a la queserefiereexperimenta
y cuando
uri efctoconcieto;
acabaen ing, significaquela ngliro.n:l,o
cosa'locausa.

* Verbos segudos dd preposicin

Algunos
verbos
Oensdtpreposicin:
vanseguidos
applyfor (solicitar)'
ua!tfoifsgerarf
listen to (escuchar(a))
Perootrospuedenllevarmsde una: :,.::-.1
,
affiue qt ("llegara" un lugar) .'lrr;": '
arciuein ("llegar a" una ciudad o un pas)
hear about("enterarsede")
' ,,,
hear of ("oir\ablar de")
, , .,i.
talk sbout ("hablar de / sobre" algb)
talk to / with ("hablar con" una pef5ona)
"pafecr"; "pensar en")
think about ("opinar (sobre)'!,
, ,' '...:'
think of ("pensar en")
.,
quehayen la p9ina129.
Mirala listade verboscon preposicin

shnp+,ing
LA VOZ PASIVI\

Tense
PresentSimple

Active
Manypeoplesellunwantedgifis.

PresentGontinuousMany peopleare selling unwantedgifis.

IJnwantedgifis are saldby manypeople.

[Jnwantedgifts are being soldby monypeople.

PastSimple

Many peoplesold unwantedgifis.

Ilnwantedgifis were soldby manypeople.

FutureSimple

Many people will sell unwanted gifis.

Unwanted gifis will be sold by many people.

PresentPerfectSimple Many people have sold unwantedgifrs.

Unwanted gifis have been soldby many people.

Modals

Many people can sell unwanted gifts.

[Jnwantedgifts can be soldby many people.

PastContinuous

Many people were selling unwanted gifis.

Unwanted gifis were being sold by many people.

PastPerfectSimple Many peoplehad sold unwantedgifis.

Unwantedgifis had been soldby manypeople.

Modal Perfects

Many people must have sold unwanted giits. Unwantedgifrs must have been sold by manypeople.

have to

Many people have to sell unwanted gifis.

be going to

Manypeopleare going to sell unwantedgifrs. Unwanted gifis are going to be sold by many people.

Unwsnted gifis have to be soldby many people.

Forma
Interrogativa:laspreguntas
delverbo
empiezan
conto be,yaqueel
Afirmativa:seformaconto be + el participio
y el participio.
sujeto
secoloca
entreel auxiliar
principal,
queacabar
ened si esregular.
Wereyou advisedbyyourparents?
to be + el participio
not al auxiliar
Negativa:solohayqueaadir
(Te
aconsejaron
tus padres?)
delverbo.
In the end,theparty wasn't held last night.
(Al final no se celebrla fiestaanoche.)

Grammar

APPendix

en
o un
C 5 i e n l a p r e g u n t ha a yu n m o d a lu, n v e r b o f u t u r o
modal
pasiva
con
el
o el
empieza
la
frase
conipuesto,
tiempo
v e r b oa u x i l i a ri g, u a lq u ee n l a v o za c t i v a '
Can the dressbe taken backto the shop?
(Sepuede devolver el vestido a la tienda?)
Hasthe baby already been born?
(Hanacido ya el beb?)
G

L a sp r e g u n t aqsu el l e v a np a r t c u lian t e r r o g a t i vt aam b i n

, enos
i n v i e r t e en l o r d e nd e lv e r b oa u x i l i ayr d e ls u j e t om
c u a n d ol a p a r t c u lhaa c ed e s u j e t o .
What present have you been given?
(Quregalo te han hecho?)
Who was chosen as president?
(Quinfue elegido como presidente?)

Gmo pasar una oracin a pasiva

Usos
son:
L o sp r i n c i p a l euss o sd e l a v o zp a s i v a
R e s a l t al a
r a c c i nm sq u ea l s u j e t oq u el a r e a l i z a '
C Cuandoel sujetoque realizala accines obvio,o
d e s c o n o c i doon, o s e l o q u i e r en o m b r a r '
Alt the monry has been stolen.
lHan robado todo el dinero.)
G Y relacionado
con lo anterior,paraevitarunafraseactiva
cuyosujetoseathey, somebody, nobody, etc'

Someoneleft ths hat here'

This hat vias left here.(Han dejadoaqui estesombrero')

* Los verbos causativos:

have / get + something + done

+ un participioexpresan
Losverboshave y get + un sustantivo
oo
, rl o
e s m sf i e c u e n t e n i n g l sq u ee n c a s t e l l a n p
L ap a s i v a
a c c i o n eqsu ee n c a r g a m oasa l g u i e n .
q u es o l e m otsr a d u c i er l v e r b oe n a c t i v ao e n l a f o r m ai m p e r s o n a l .
I had / gat my bedroomPainted.
(Pint / Me pintaron el dormitorio.)
S P o n eer l v e r b ot o b e e n e l m i s m ot i e m p oq u et e n aeI v e r b o
puesel nombrequeva
p r i n c i p ael n l a v o za c t i v a .
Estaestructuratieneun sentidopasivo,
q
u
e
v a en p a r t i c i p i oP.e r os e
v
e
r
b
o
d
e
l
l
a
a
c
c
i

n
r
e
c
i
b
e
m
e
d
i
o
e
n
He sold his car last week.
I
sueletraduciren la voz activa.
His car was sold last week.
(Sucochefue vendido la semana.pasadaJ
I'm going to have / get nry hair cut nert .week'
(Voi a crtarme e-lpelo la semanaque viene') llo har
quehayadetrs
3 Ponercomosujetoel primercpmplemento
no Yol
otra persona,
delverboen activa,seael directoo el,indirecto., ,:rr
get es ms
y
get
se usanindistintamente,
Aunquehave
,',,.,
Theywill send some books to Pam..r .,i;"-i';i
c o m ne n e l i n g l sh a b l a d o .
y
,
p
o
r
m

s
t

n
t
o
,
i
n
f
o
r
i

a
l
'.
Some books will be sent to Pam. .,
, .. .
1::i.:r:r: '':i: I
I must get ttY watch rePaired.
(Le mandarn algunos libros a Pam l':::'l'ri!r
(Tengoque arreglar mi reloj.)
They witt send Pam s;omebooks.
:
'
i
Pam will be sent somebooks.,
+ Phrasal Verbs
(A Pam le mandarn algulos libros.)
S el l a m a na s p o r q u ev a ns e g u i d odse u n ap a r t c u l(aq u ep u e d e
o d i r e c t o s u n p i o n o m b r eh,a yq u e
S i e l c o m p l e m e n ti n
con
s e ru n ap r e p o s i c i unn, a d v e r b io l a sd o sc o s a sf)o, r m a n d o
cambiarloa la formade sujeto.
e l l au n ap a l a b r an u e v a .
Sheshowedme her new house.
Pck out the shoesyou like the most..
I was shown her new hoase.(Me ensesu nueva casa)
(Elige los zapatosque ms te $usten.J
Estapasivase suele utilizarcon losverbosask, give, lend,
y lostransitivos
e intransitivos,
Hayphrasalverbstransitivos
pay, offer, promise, sell, send. show y tell, que llevan
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
:
e
l c o m p lm
e ento
s
i
l
a
v
e
r
b
o
d
e
p
e
r
m
i
t
e
n
e
l
s
e
p
a
r
a
r
e l d o b l ec o m o l e m e n tdoi:r e c t oe i n d i r e c t o .
directoes un nombre,estepuedeir detrsdelverboo de la
G P a s aer l s u j e t od e l a o r a c i na c t i v aa l f i n a ld e l a p a s i v a
e e b ec o l o c a r sdee t r s
p a r t c u l ap,e r os i e s u n p r o n o m b rsei e m p r d
, mbiarlo
p r e c e d i ddoe b y . Y s i e su n p r o n o m b rpee r s o n acl a
delverbo.
porsu formaobjetocorrespondiente.
You can try on a few more dresses.
Shakespeare didn't write that play(Puedesprobarte algunos vestidos ms.)
That play wasn't wrtten by ShakespeareE neI e j e m p l oa n t e r i oer l c o m p l e m e ndt oi r e c t ov a d e t r sd e l
(sa br no la escribi Shakespeare')
phrasalverby no en medioporquetry on es inseparable.
The police arrested the thief.
Mirala listade phrasalverbsquehayen laspginas128-129para
The thief was arrested by the P!l!ce..
mscasos.
ver
polica-)
por
la
(El ladrn fue arrestado
y
A Comose ve en el cuadrode la pginaanterior,losmodales
b e g o i n g t o n o c a m b i a ne,se l . v e r bqou e l o ss i g u ee l q u es e
ponen pasiva(be + particiPio).
You can open the window.
Thewindow can be opened. (Sepuede abrir la ventana.)

ffi

l
I
I

r l

Grammar

Appendix

uNr
Conditional

if

Exarnples

Retult clause

clause

F u t u r eS i m p l e

If I feel better lqter, we will go shopping together.

m o d a l+ b a s ef o r m

We might /,may vsit our relatiues if we have got some

txme.

SimPle
Present

If I am late, my p&rents worry.

i mp e r a t i v e

Search on the Internet if you want to learn more about

the Amish.

+ Present
Simple
u n tess

" . , '

l
wout0

if
+ PastSimple

I would read more books if I had spare time.

+ baseform
Jane could / mght help us if she were here.

c o u l d/ m i g h t

unless

THIRD CONDITTONAL
w o u l dh a v e
if

+ Past Perfect

+ p a s tp a r t i c i p l e
c o u l d/ m i g h th a v e

S o no r a c i o n ecso m p u e s t apso ru n ap r o p o s i c i snu b o r d i n a dqau e

la condicin(conditional clause)y una principalque
expresa
(result clause).Lashayde trestipos:
indicael resultado
El primer condicional
Usamosi + PresentSimple en la condiciny Future Simple
enel resultado
E.x p r e slao q u eo c u r r i r s i s e c u m p l el a c o n d i c i n
lada.
sea
pero
No importael ordenen quese coloquenlasproposiciones,
s i l a c o n d i c i vna p r i m e r o
s es u e l ep o n e ru n ac o m ae n t r ea m b a s .
lf we are honest with each other, our relationship will
work. (Si somos sinceros el uno con el otro, nuestra
relacin funcionar.)
tambinse pueden
AdemsdelFuture Simple,en el resultado
usarlosverbosmodales,
el PresentSimpleo el imperativo.
lf it rains, we can't ga to the beach.
(Si llueve, no podemosir a la playa.)
P a r ae x p r e s aqru ea l g on o o c u r r i r s i n o s ec u m p l el a c o n d i c i n ,
por la conjuncin
unless,que
es introducida
la proposicin
"a
e q u i v a lae i f n o t ( " an o s e rq u e " , m e n o sq u e " )o, s e n i e g ae l
verboen PresentSimple.
Unless Anne moves to another city. she won't leave
herjob. (A menos que Anne se mue a otra ciudad, ella
no dejar su trabajo.)
Tenen cuentaqueunless se usacon bastanteasiduidad
en
e l p r i m e cr o n d i c i o n apl e, r oe s m e n o sf r e c u e n teen e l s e g u n d o
c o n d i c i o nva ln u n c as e e m p l e ae n e l t e r c e r o .

If Mark and Jim had visited us, we would have been

delighted.
If you hadn't been so busy, we could / might have met,

El segundo

condicional

Se usaif + Past Simpleen la condicinywould t el verboen

hipotticas
Expresa
condiciones
la formabaseen el resultado.
queocurran,
esdecir,quees pocoprobable
referidas
al presente,
de subjuntivo.
poresolo traducimos
comoun pretritoimperfecto
If Tom liked Mary, he would invte her to haue dinner
with him. (Si a Tom le gustara Mary, le hubiera
invitado a cenar con 1.)
were en
Si el verbode la condicinesto be, sueleutilizarse
t o d a sl a sp e r s o n adse ls i n g u l ayr d eI p l u r a l .
If he weren't so upset, he would phone you.
(Si l no estuviera tan disgustado,te-llamara.)
Paradarconsejos
se empleala frmulalf I were.
lf I were you, I would ask my parents for permission.
(Si yo fuera t, pediria permiso a mis padres.)
En lugarde would se puedenusarcould y might, peroambos
"podra"
o
i n d i c a nq u el a p r o b a b i l i d aeds m e n o rE. q u i v anl ea
"tal
"quizs".
vez"|
I could go to the porty if my parents lent me the car.
(Podra ir a la fiesta si mis padres me dejaran el coche.)
Unless I were certain, I wouldn't say anyth.ingto him.
(A no ser que estuviera segura, no le dira nada a 1.)

Graiinar

APPendix

El tercer condicional
have +
Seformacon if + PastPerfecten la condicin,.y.would
es imposible'
caso
condicin
la
En
este
resultado.
n
el
e
;;d;i;i"
puederealizarse'
[r.i t refiereal pasadoy ya no
in loue with her if you had
have
fallen
You wouldn't
(No
te habras enamorado de
intentians.
her
known
ella si hubiesesconocido sus intenciones'.}

* Las oraciones temporales

condicional:
comolasdelprimer
al futurosefrman
Lasreferidas
y futuroconwill
prrsiit Simpleen la proposicin
subordinada
queeneste
sonlasconjunciones'
Loque'cambian
enla frincip1.
.rro ,on wtren, ai soon 45,as long as,by the time' etc'
I will phane youas soonas I arrve home'
lTellamaren cuantolleuea casa'l

soncould have
Lasvariantesparaformarel tercercondicional
y m i g h t h a v b + p a r t i c i p ieon l a p r o p o s i c i pnr i n c i p a l '
If you hadn't gone out last night, you could / might
hve finished the proiect' (Si no hubieras salido
anoche,habrias'terminadoel proyecto.J

LAS ORACIONESDESIDERATIVAS
w i s h/ i f o n l y
+ P a s tS i m p l e

Refersto a presentsituationthat the

s p e a k ei sr u n h a P PaYb o u t

wish/ if only
+ PastPerfect
to
a desirefor something
Expresses
wish/ if only
in thefuture
+ could/ would+ baseform happen
expresan
un deseoy se puedenformar
desiderativas
Lasoraciones
if only'
con el verbowish o con la expresin
de dosmaneras:
directouna
Elverbowieh suele llevarcomocomplemento
o r a c i ns u b o r d i n a di nat r o d u c i dpao rl a c"odnejsuenacriatnh""agt. r[1qsuteq l F " ,
o
. q u i v a lael c o n d i c i o n a l
s es u e l eo m i t i r ) E
"0jal"'
d e ls i n g u l aqr u es et r a d u c ep o r
en 1'persona
excepto
" O j a l "",S ia l
L ae x p r e s i i nf o n l y t i e n ee l m i s m os i g n i f i c a d o :
menos...".
I lusn / If onty he had been here tast night'
(Ojal l hubiera estado aqui anoche.)
Tantowish comoif only puedenusarseconvariostiempos
v e r b a l e cs o
, m os ev e e n e l c u a d r o :
presentes
a situaciones
ffi Conel Pasf Simplenosreferimos
q u eq u i s i r a m opsa m b i aor m e j o r a r .
Rick wishes Mary had morePatience'
(Rick deseariaque Mary tuviese ms paciencia')
Si el verboqueva en PastSimpleesto be, hayqueusar
w e r e n t o d a sl a sp e r s o n aisn,c l u i d alsa 1 ' y l a 3 ' d e l
s i n g u l a(re su n r e s t od e ls u b j u n t i v o ) .
I wish he weren't angry with me(0jal l no estuviera enfadado conmigo')
a hechospasados,
@ Conel Pasf Perfectnosreferimos
l a m e n t a n dlo q u eh a o c u r r i d o '
I wish the eram hadn't been so dfficult'
(Ojal que el examen no hubiesesido tan difcil.)
Concould o would + un verboen la formabase
futuras,
deseos
sobresituaciones
nuestros
expresamos
, , i n d i c a n dqou ee s p o c op r o b a b lqeu eo c u r r a n .
'I
wish / lf only I could go to the pafi tomorrow'
(0jal pudiera ir a la fiesta maana.)
&

He wehes his house were bigger'

lf ontv I llved near the school.

Pam wishessheand Tomhadn't broken up'

ll onlv Sarqhhad arrived earlier.
I wish I could imProve mYmarks.
tf onlv he would call me.
Siel sujetodewish y el deI verboen laformabaseson
would.
usamos
diferenies,
stop behauingso badly'
would
I wish Peter
(0jalPeterdejaradeportarsetan mal')

* Adjetivs$egudosd preposcn
A l g u n oas d j e t i v ossu e l e ni r s eg u i d o sd e u n ap r e p o s i c i +nu n
n o m b r ep,r o n o m b roeg e r u n d i o .
Sophie is uery fond af her grandmother'(Sphietiene mucho cario a su abuela')
His parents were Proud of him.
(suJpadresestabanorgullososde 1.)
I'm afraid of flying. (Me da miedo volar.)
qn
u eh a ye n l a p g i n a1 2 9 '
M i r al a l i s t ad e a d j e t i v ocso np r e p o s i c i

r Adietivos compuesto-s
S o nd o sp a l a b r ausn i d a sc o nu n g u i o no s i n l y q u em o d i f i c aan
u n n o m b r eA. l g u n a cs o m b i n a c i o nseosn :
@ adjetivo o nmero + sustantivo + ed
(destrozado,desconsoladoJ
.broken-hearfed
@ adjetivo, adverbio o sustantivo + verbo con ing
hard-working(trabqiador)
& adjetivo o adverbio + ParticiPio
well-knopr (conocido,famoso)
@ adjetivo + sustantivo
Iast-minute (de ltima hora)
#: sustantivo + adjetivo
world-famou.s(famoso en todo el mundo)
& sustantivo + ParticiPio
air-conditioned(con aire acondicionado)

Grammar

u*\#[T--S

r",,,.-

S o no r a c i o n essu b o r d i n a daads j e t i v aisn t r o d u c i d apso ru n

p r o n o m b roeu n a d v e r b iroe l a t i v oP. u e d esne rd e d o st i o o s :
defining (especificativas)
y non-defining (explicativas).
Defining

,
:,r:.i,,i,
,.-.'
Losadverbios
relativos
sonwhen v *lb.
S

Relative Clauses

Lasespecificativas
aportaninformacin
tan esencial
sobre
s u a n t e c e d e nqt eu es i ne l l a sl a f r a s eq u e d a r ian c o m p l e t a .
G

Appendix

L a sm sc o m u n ees m p i e z acno nl o sp r o n o m b r ewsh o ,

w h i c h y t h a t , q u es e p u e d ne o m i t i rs i e m p r ye c u a n o on o
s e a ne l s u j e t od e l a o r a c i n
subordinada.
The man who liues nefi door is an actor(El hombreque vive al lado es actor.)
Who se refierea personas
y which a cosas,perothat se
puedereferira personas
y a cosas.
That is the girl (who / that) I met yesterday.
(Esaes Ia chica que conocayer.)
We went to seethefilm (which / that) you recommendeil.
(Fuimosa ver la pelicula que recomendaste.)
W h o s e n u n c as e p u e d eo m i t i rn i s u s t i t u ipr o rt h a t .
Tltis is the painter whose pictures are in the museum.
(Estees el pintor cuyos cuadrosestn en el museo.)
The book whose suthor died last year has becomea
bestseller.(El libro cu)aoautor muri el ao pasadose
ha convertido en un best seller.)

Whom se usadetrsde laspreposiciones,

perose
s u e l eo m i t i ry p a s a lra p r e p o s i c i dne t r sd e lv e r b o .
Mrs Smith is the person to whom you have to talk.
Mrs Smith is the personyou haue to talk to.
(La Sra. Smith es la personacon quien tienes que hablar.)

What solose usacuandoel antecedente

estomitido.
I forgot what I wanted to tell you.
(0lvid lo que queradecirte.)

When se puedeomiiir o sustituirpr,that.,

I don't remember the year when f that you were born.
(No recuerdo el ao en que naciste,).
Where no se puedesustituirporthat y en algunoscasosse
omtte.
That's the room where I slept last:time:
[Esaes la habitacin dondl dorm.ila ltima vez.)

Non-defining

Relative Glauses

Lasexplicativas
aadeninformacin
exirasobresu antecedente.
S u e l e ni r e n t r ec o m a sp, e r os i v a na l f i n a ld e l a o r a c i n
s ed e b e n
separarcon una coma.Seformanconwho, which, when,
where y whose peronuncacon that, y ademsno se puede
o m i t i re l r e l a t i v o .
Mary, who is my neighbtour, has gotlwo cats.
(Mary, que es mi vecina, tiene dos gatos.)
He sent meflowers, which was very nce of him.
(Me envi flores, lo cual f,uemuy amable de su parte.)
S o nm u y f o r m a l e a
s ,s q u en o s e u s a ne n e l i r [ - l sh a b l a d o .
Estructuras

formal

e informal

Cuando
e l r el a t i v ov a a c o m p a a ddoe u n ap r e p o s i c i s n
es i q u e
u t i l i z a n dw
o h i e h s i e l a n t e c e d e net es u n ac o s a ; p e rsoi e s n a
p e r s o n ae,n l u g a rd e w h o s e e m p l e a
w h o m , e s t ee su n u s om u v
formal.Lo mscomnen amboscasoses poner la preposicin
a
f i n a ld e l a o r a c i nd e r e l a t i v o
y o m i t i re l p r o n o m b r e .
This is the hotel in which we stayed.[Formal]
This is the hotel (which) we staytedrn. [lnformall
(Estees el hotel en el que nos aiojamos.)

Grammar

ApPendix

+ to o / e n o u g h

* Adietivos segudos de infinitivo

a r ai n d i c aqr u el a
T o o p r e c e dae u n a d j e t i v o a d v e r b ipo"demasiado'i
Significa
cualidadde estosesexcesiva.
These shoesare too small for me.
(Estoszapatosson demasiadopequeospara m.)

deun
predicativa
vanseguidos
Muchos
adjetivos
en posicin
o reaccones
actitudes
infinitivo
sentimientos,
praexpresar
antealgo.
I'm pleasedto seeyou. (Estoyencantadade verte')
It's not easyto understand.(Noesfcil de entender.)

y expresa
del adjetivoo adverbio
Enough, en cambio,va detrs
"bastante'i
"suficientemente"
la ideade
i
Sheis good enoughfor that job.
(EIla es lo suficientementebuena para esetrabajo')
solohayqueponerel verboto be en
Paraexpresarlo contrario,
negativa.
Dehecho,not + adjetivoo adverbio+ enough suele
usarsebastantemsquela afirmativa.
My coffee is not hot enough.
(Mi caf no est lo bastante caliente.)
ou
, es
U nc a s oa p a r t ee sc u a n d ou s a m oesn o u g h + u n s u s t a n t i v p
d e 1 .
c o m ou n d e t e r m i n a nyt es e p o n ed e l a n t e
e n t o n c efsu n c i o n a
I had enough reasons to be suspiciousof him.
(Tenamotivos suficientespara sospecharde 1.)

UNIT-S

* La comparacin de los adjetivos:

as ... as
P a r ac o m p a r adro sp e r s o n aosc o s a ys d e c i rq u es o n . i g u a l e sn
a :s . ' . a s ( " t a n. " c o m o " ,
ei g u a l d a d
alcomparatid
a l g os ee m p l e e
vo
" i g u a ld e . . .q u e " )y
e n n e g a t i v an,o t a s . . ' a s .
He is as tatl as hisfather. (Estan alto como su padre.)
My marks qre nat as high as Yours.
lNisnotas no son tan buenascomo las tuyas.)

Celehretions
LOSIVIODALES
Examples

Uses

Modal
can

Ability
Request
Possibility
Suggestion

You can swim uery well.

Can you help me wash the car?
I can lend you my car.
You can bring somethingfor my brthday party.

be ableto

Ability

Don't worry.I will be able to find the street.

can't

Inability
Prohibition
Disbelief

could

Pastability
Politerequest
Politesuggestion
Possibility

He is uery neruolts. He can't sleep.

You can't eat sweets before dinner.
Thqt can't betour father. He looks uery younq.
My mother could dance when she was q child.
Could you pass me that book,please?
We could vsit him nefi week.
Mv sister could come to the party.

may / might

Possibility

It may I might be a sunny weekenil.

may

P o l i t er e q u e s t

May I barrow your dictionary,please?

would

F o r m a lr e q u e s t
0ffer
0 b l i g a t i o ns, t r o n gn e c e s s i t y
C e r t a i n t yt h a t s o m e t h i n gi s t r u e

Would you come with me to the wedding?

Would you like some coffee?

have to

0 b l i g a t i o n n, e c e s s i t y

Shem,ust wear a uniform at her school.

My cousin has broken his leq. It must hurt him uery much.
You have to study hard if you want to get good marks.

need to

0 b l i g a t i o n n, e c e s s i t Y

I need to buy some meatfor dinner.

needn't

Lackof obligation
/ necessity

You needn't take me home today.

don't haveto

Lackof obligation
/ necessitY

We don't have to attend the conference.

mustn't

Prohibition

You mustn't

should/ ought to

Adviceo
, pinion

Sheshould / ought to tellthem the truth.

must

step on the grass.

Grammar

* Los modales
Losmodales
sonverbosespeciales
quetienenestascaractersticas:
s o ni n v a r i a b l eess,d e c i ri,g u a l ees n s i n g u l ayr e n p l u r a l n; o
necesitan
do paraformarla negativai l, int.rrgrtiva;siempre
v a ns e g u i d odse u n v e r b oe n l ai o r m ab a s ey; n o t n e ni n f i n i t i v o ,
participioni futuro,formasen ing, ni tiempscompuestos.
Be able to y have to sonsemimodales,
puesse pueoen
conjugar,
y need to no es un modal,pero'lostresse han
incluido
e n e l c u a d r op o r q u ec o m p a r t eanl q u n o u
s s o sd e l o s
m o d a l e sh:a b i l i d a do,b l i g a c i ynn e c e s i d a d l
can I be able to / can't
C a n t i e n el o ss i g u i e n t euss o s :
,,pode/').
C Expresar
habilidado capacidad
(,,saber"
/
C Hacer peticiones,
dary pedirpermiso.
O I n d i c apr o s i b i l i d a d .
O T a m b i sne u t i l i z ap a r ah a c e sr u g e r e n c i a s .

maY / might
Losdosexpresan
rposibilidad,:pero
msremota
conmight.En
lrterrogativa,
may esunaforinaeducada
depediralgo;las
queempiezan
por.May
por
I hauepueden
traducirse
P:rtjclo.ne:
"ZMe
das?"
o 'M,e
dausted?,*
_.
would
;,;.,-,r_,,
,
9,.*
1
que
ientoso
must / have to
Lo.s
dosexpresan
obliqacin,
y have to en losdemls
tiem

Must tambinse usaparaex

un hechopresente
(,,deber
de"

need to / needn,t

C a n ' t , a d e m dse s i g n i f i c ai m
r p o s i b i l i deande l , p r e s e n st ee,
utilizaparaexpresar:

N e e d t o n o e su n m o d a lp, er o s e
have to, paraexpresar
oUiqaciO.

O Faltade habilidad(nosaber)o de capacidad

(no poder).
C Prohbicin.
G D e d u c c i nne g a t i v o
a certezd
a e q u ea l g oe s i m p o s i b l e .

N e e d n ' t e n c a m b i os e su n m o d

3
3
C
G

mustn't

/ don't

have to

Mustn't indicaprohibicin.

H a b i l i d aod c a p a c i d aedn e l p a s a d o .
P e t i c i o n ems se d u c a d aqsu ec o nc a n .
S u g e r e n c im
a se n o sd i r e c t aqs u ec o nc a n .
P o s i b i l i d amd sr e m o t aq u ec o nc a n .

Modal Perfect

obligacin
y necesidad,
iguatqued?i

Enca
"no
tenerque"o "notenerporqu",
y denecesidad,
obligacin
comonej

Esel pasado
de can y seempleaparaexpresar:

Uses

must have

C e r t a i n t yt h a t s o m e t h i n gw a s t r u e

may / might have

A g u e s sa b o u t a p a s ta c t i o n

'mundo
para

emptean
must,mientras
que
decirlo quetienequehacer.

B e a b l e t o e x p r e shaa b i l i d a d
, m oc a n ,y s e u s ae n t o d o sl o s
co
t i e m p o vs e r b a l eqsu ec a n n o t i e n e .

could

Appendix

-iiipl";

sobr

HFt#'Li

,
que
rguar
?Ilva;

#e,
setiCiade

L;!9:r:;
i,;i l:r:'

,lhaveto significa

It must have been ueryhardfor her to heqrthe truth.

could have

She may have forgotten about our meetingj.

A b i l i t yt o d o s o m e t h i n gi n t h e p a s tw h i c h I-could have gone with him, but * decidedto stay
i n t h e e n dw a s n o t d o n e
nome.

couldn't have

They were really in loue with each other.

Certainty
that something
did not happe
n

would have

D e s i r et o d o s o m e t h i n gi n t h e p a s tw h i c h We would have travelled to the USA, but we didn,t

i n f a c t c o u l dn o t b e d o n e
haue enoughmoney

She cauldn't have hroken up wth him.

should/ ought to have Criticismor regretafter an event

You should / ought to have told them ue aren't

friends any more.

shouldnt have

Criticism
or regretafteran event

We shouldn't have left before the concert ended.

needn'thave

An unnecessary
pastaction

I was going to make dinner. you needn,t have

made it.

i:',.

.t:.]ris:. :,"':

t',1aiE*

have + ParticiPio
'Expresa conclusin
lgicasobreun hechopasado'
una
ma | might have + ParticiPio
sobrealgopasado'
Seusaparahacerunasuposicin
could have + Partcipo
r e c h oa l g oe n e l p a s a d po e r oq u e
l n d i c aq u es e p u d oh a b e h
h
i
z
o
.
f i n a l m e n tneo s e
have + PartcPio
la certezade quealgono ocurri.
Expresa

couldn't

vrould have + PartcPo

o e r oq u en o s e
r e c h oa l g oe n e l p a s a d p
I n d i c aq u es eq u i s oh a b e h
causas
externas.
o
factores
pudodebidoa
/ ought to have + ParticiPio
oe
s l o o c u r r i dyo d e q u en o h a y a
C o na m b o sp o d e m ol sa m e n t a r n d
p a s a d loo q u eq u e r i a m o s .

should

shouldn't

have + PartciPo

E x p r e suan ao p i n i nc r t i c as o b r eu n h e c h op a s a d oi n, d i c a n dqou e
r currido.
n o d e b e r haa b e o
have + ParticiPio
I n d i c aq u en o h a b an e c e s i d adde h a c e lro q u es e h i z o .

needn't

r Verbos segudos de adietivos

M u c h o sv e r b o sv a na c o m p a a ddoesa d v e r b i odse m o d oq u e
a accin.
d e s c r i b el n
PauI musttt't sing at the party' He sings badlY'
(Paul no debe cantar en la fiesta. Canta mal')
o percepcio.nes
a estados
losverbosquese refieren
5in embargo,
al
vanseguidlide adjetivoi'Enestecasoel adjetivodescribe
la frase,no se refierea la accindelverbo'
sujeto-de
taste+ sclfl (adjJ - .
smell + good/ bad {adi')
(adj.)
serm + iired
feel + emotional (adj')
Jane's perfume smells nice.
(El perfume de Jane huele bien.)
s u e d e inn d i c atra n t oa c c i o n ecso m o
F i j a t ee n q u ea l g u n ovse r b o p
. i t r d o t , y ' p o re i o p u e d e inr s e g u i d odse u n a d v e r b iyod e u n
adjetivo.
You haue to look quickly at the questions'
(Tienesque mirar rpidamentelas preguntas')
She looks happy. (Parececontenta')

* should I had better

que
Ya hasvistoqueshould s utilizaparadecirloque creemos
better
had
se deberiahacer,dar un consejoo unaopinin'Pues
'd better) esotra formamuy coloquialde
(o la-contraccin
e x p r e s al or m i s m o .
had,better + un
del sujetop.onemos
Afirmativa: despus
"Es
verboen la formbase.Significa mejorque"+ un verboen
presente
de subjuntivo.
You had belter (You'd better) see the iloctor'
(Es mejor que veas al mdico.)
Negativa: solonecesitanot, es decir,had better + not +
verboen la formabase.
You'd better not go out in the rain' .
(Es mejor que no salgascon la lluvia')
Nota: No se sueleusarhad better en interrogativa'
Porotra parte,tieneun usodistintode should ya quetambin
s e u t i l i z ap a r ae x p r e s aurn aa d v e r t e n c icao, m oa v i s a n daol
o y e n t ed e ' q u ea l g om a l oo d e s a g r a d a bl el e.p u . e doec u r r i sr i n o
h c el o q u . l . d . l i t o s . E n t o n c evsi e n ea s i g n i f i c aarl g oc o m o
sv a l eq u e . . . " .
" S e r m e j o rq u e . . . "" M
,
You'd better tidY Your room now!
(Sermejor que'aireglestu habitacinahora!)
You'd better not take mrycar!
(Msvale que no cojasmi coche!)