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Landslide
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Alandslide,alsoknownasalandslip,isa
geologicalphenomenonthatincludesawide
rangeofgroundmovements,suchasrockfalls,
deepfailureofslopesandshallowdebris
flows.Landslidescanoccurinoffshore,
coastalandonshoreenvironments.Although
theactionofgravityistheprimarydriving
forceforalandslidetooccur,thereareother
contributingfactorsaffectingtheoriginal
slopestability.Typically,preconditional
factorsbuildupspecificsubsurface
conditionsthatmakethearea/slopeproneto
failure,whereastheactuallandslideoften
requiresatriggerbeforebeingreleased.

Contents
1Causes
2Types
2.1Debrisflow

Computersimulationofa"slump"landslideinSanMateo
County,California(USA)inJanuary1997

2.2Earthflows
2.3Debrislandslide
2.4Sturzstrom
2.5Shallowlandslide
2.6Deepseatedlandslide
3Causingtsunamis
4Relatedphenomena
5Landslidepredictionmapping
6Prehistoriclandslides
7Historicallandslides
8Extraterrestriallandslides
9Landslidemitigation
10Seealso
11References
12Externallinks

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Causes
Landslidesoccurwhenthestabilityoftheslopechangesfroma
stabletoanunstablecondition.Achangeinthestabilityofaslope
canbecausedbyanumberoffactors,actingtogetheroralone.
Naturalcausesoflandslidesinclude:
groundwater(porewater)pressureactingtodestabilizethe
slope
Lossorabsenceofverticalvegetativestructure,soilnutrients,
andsoilstructure(e.g.afterawildfireafireinforestslasting
for34days)
erosionofthetoeofaslopebyriversoroceanwaves
weakeningofaslopethroughsaturationbysnowmelt,
glaciersmelting,orheavyrains
earthquakesaddingloadstobarelystableslope

TheMameyesLandslide,inthe
Mameyesneighborhoodofbarrio
PortugusUrbanoinPonce,Puerto
Rico,whichburiedmorethan100
homes,wascausedbyextensive
accumulationofrainsand,according
tosomesources,lightning.

earthquakecausedliquefactiondestabilizingslopes
volcaniceruptions
Landslidesareaggravatedbyhumanactivities,suchas
deforestation,cultivationandconstruction,whichdestabilizethealreadyfragileslopes.
vibrationsfrommachineryortraffic
blasting
earthworkwhichalterstheshapeofaslope,orwhichimposesnewloadsonanexistingslope
inshallowsoils,theremovalofdeeprootedvegetationthatbindscolluviumtobedrock
Construction,agriculturalorforestryactivities(logging)whichchangetheamountofwaterwhich
infiltratesthesoil.

Types
Debrisflow
Slopematerialthatbecomessaturatedwithwatermaydevelopintoadebrisflowormudflow.The
resultingslurryofrockandmudmaypickuptrees,housesandcars,thusblockingbridgesandtributaries
causingfloodingalongitspath.
Debrisflowisoftenmistakenforflashflood,buttheyareentirelydifferentprocesses.

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Muddydebrisflowsinalpineareascauseseveredamageto
structuresandinfrastructureandoftenclaimhumanlives.Muddy
debrisflowscanstartasaresultofsloperelatedfactorsandshallow
landslidescandamstreambeds,resultingintemporarywater
blockage.Astheimpoundmentsfail,a"dominoeffect"maybe
created,witharemarkablegrowthinthevolumeoftheflowing
mass,whichtakesupthedebrisinthestreamchannel.Thesolid
liquidmixturecanreachdensitiesofupto2tons/mandvelocities
ofupto14m/s(ChiarleandLuino,1998Arattano,2003).These
processesnormallycausethefirstsevereroadinterruptions,duenot
onlytodepositsaccumulatedontheroad(fromseveralcubicmetres
tohundredsofcubicmetres),butinsomecasestothecomplete
removalofbridgesorroadwaysorrailwayscrossingthestream
channel.Damageusuallyderivesfromacommonunderestimation
ofmuddebrisflows:inthealpinevalleys,forexample,bridgesare
frequentlydestroyedbytheimpactforceoftheflowbecausetheir
spanisusuallycalculatedonlyforawaterdischarge.Forasmall
basinintheItalianAlps(area=1.76km)affectedbyadebrisflow,
ChiarleandLuino(1998)estimatedapeakdischargeof750m3/sfor
asectionlocatedinthemiddlestretchofthemainchannel.Atthe
samecrosssection,themaximumforeseeablewaterdischarge(by
HEC1),was19m/s,avalueabout40timeslowerthanthat
calculatedforthedebrisflowthatoccurred.

ThelandslideatSurteinSweden,
1950.Itwasaquickclayslidekilling
oneperson.

Earthflows
Earthflowsaredownslope,viscousflowsofsaturated,finegrained
materials,whichmoveatanyspeedfromslowtofast.Typically,
theycanmoveatspeedsfrom0.17to20km/h(0.1to12.4mph).
Thoughthesearealotlikemudflows,overalltheyaremoreslow
movingandarecoveredwithsolidmaterialcarriedalongbyflow
fromwithin.Theyaredifferentfromfluidflowsbecausetheyare
morerapid.Clay,finesandandsilt,andfinegrained,pyroclastic
materialareallsusceptibletoearthflows.Thevelocityofthe
earthflowisalldependentonhowmuchwatercontentisintheflow
itself:ifthereismorewatercontentintheflow,thehigherthe
velocitywillbe.

Ambooridebrisflow,occurredon9
November2001inKerala,India.The
eventkilled39people. [1]

Theseflowsusuallybeginwhentheporepressuresinafinegrainedmassincreaseuntilenoughofthe
weightofthematerialissupportedbyporewatertosignificantlydecreasetheinternalshearingstrengthof
thematerial.Thistherebycreatesabulginglobewhichadvanceswithaslow,rollingmotion.Astheselobes
spreadout,drainageofthemassincreasesandthemarginsdryout,therebyloweringtheoverallvelocityof
theflow.Thisprocesscausestheflowtothicken.Thebulbousvarietyofearthflowsarenotthatspectacular,
buttheyaremuchmorecommonthantheirrapidcounterparts.Theydevelopasagattheirheadsandare
usuallyderivedfromtheslumpingatthesource.

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Earthflowsoccurmuchmoreduringperiodsofhighprecipitation,whichsaturatesthegroundandadds
watertotheslopecontent.Fissuresdevelopduringthemovementofclaylikematerialwhichcreatesthe
intrusionofwaterintotheearthflows.Waterthenincreasestheporewaterpressureandreducesthe
shearingstrengthofthematerial.[2]

Debrislandslide
Adebrisslideisatypeofslidecharacterizedbythechaoticmovementofrockssoilanddebrismixedwith
waterorice(orboth).Theyareusuallytriggeredbythesaturationofthicklyvegetatedslopeswhichresults
inanincoherentmixtureofbrokentimber,smallervegetationandotherdebris.[2]Debrisavalanchesdiffer
fromdebrisslidesbecausetheirmovementismuchmorerapid.This
isusuallyaresultoflowercohesionorhigherwatercontentand
commonlysteeperslopes.
Steepcoastalcliffscanbecausedbycatastrophicdebrisavalanches.
Thesehavebeencommononthesubmergedflanksofoceanisland
volcanossuchastheHawaiianIslandsandtheCapeVerde
Islands.[3]AnotherslipofthistypewasStoreggalandslide.
Movement:Debrisslidesgenerallystartwithbigrocksthatstartat
thetopoftheslideandbegintobreakapartastheyslidetowardsthe
bottom.Thisismuchslowerthanadebrisavalanche.Debris
avalanchesareveryfastandtheentiremassseemstoliquefyasit
slidesdowntheslope.Thisiscausedbyacombinationofsaturated
material,andsteepslopes.Asthedebrismovesdowntheslopeit
generallyfollowsstreamchannelsleavingavshapedscarasit
movesdownthehill.ThisdiffersfromthemoreUshapedscarofa
slump.Debrisavalanchescanalsotravelwellpastthefootofthe
slopeduetotheirtremendousspeed.[4]

ArockslideinGuerrero,Mexico

Sturzstrom
Asturzstromisarare,poorlyunderstoodtypeoflandslide,typically
withalongrunout.Oftenverylarge,theseslidesareunusually
mobile,flowingveryfaroveralowangle,flat,orevenslightly
uphillterrain.

Shallowlandslide

GoodellCreekDebrisAvalanche,
Washington

Landslideinwhichtheslidingsurfaceislocatedwithinthesoil
mantleorweatheredbedrock(typicallytoadepthfromfew
decimetrestosomemetres)iscalledashallowlandslide.Theyusuallyincludedebrisslides,debrisflow,and
failuresofroadcutslopes.Landslidesoccurringassinglelargeblocksofrockmovingslowlydownslope
aresometimescalledblockglides.

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Shallowlandslidescanoftenhappeninareasthathaveslopeswithhighpermeablesoilsontopoflow
permeablebottomsoils.Thelowpermeable,bottomsoilstrapthewaterintheshallower,highpermeable
soilscreatinghighwaterpressureinthetopsoils.Asthetopsoilsarefilledwithwaterandbecomeheavy,
slopescanbecomeveryunstableandslideoverthelowpermeablebottomsoils.Saythereisaslopewith
siltandsandasitstopsoilandbedrockasitsbottomsoil.Duringanintenserainstorm,thebedrockwill
keeptheraintrappedinthetopsoilsofsiltandsand.Asthetopsoilbecomessaturatedandheavy,itcan
starttoslideoverthebedrockandbecomeashallowlandslide.R.H.
CampbelldidastudyonshallowlandslidesonSantaCruzIsland
California.Henotesthatifpermeabilitydecreaseswithdepth,a
perchedwatertablemaydevelopinsoilsatintenseprecipitation.
Whenporewaterpressuresaresufficienttoreduceeffectivenormal
stresstoacriticallevel,failureoccurs.[5]

Deepseatedlandslide
Landslidesinwhichtheslidingsurfaceismostlydeeplylocated
belowthemaximumrootingdepthoftrees(typicallytodepths
greaterthantenmeters).Deepseatedlandslidesusuallyinvolve
deepregolith,weatheredrock,and/orbedrockandincludelarge
slopefailureassociatedwithtranslational,rotational,orcomplex
movement.Thistypeoflandslidesarepotentiallyoccurinan
tectonicactiveregionlikeZagrosMountaininIran.Thesetypically
moveslowly,onlyseveralmetersperyear,butoccasionallymove
faster.Theytendtobelargerthanshallowlandslidesandformalong
aplaneofweaknesssuchasafaultorbeddingplane.Theycanbe
visuallyidentifiedbyconcavescarpsatthetopandsteepareasatthe
toe.[6]

Causingtsunamis
Landslidesthatoccurundersea,orhaveimpactintowater,can
generatetsunamis.Massivelandslidescanalsogenerate
megatsunamis,whichareusuallyhundredsofmetershigh.In1958,
onesuchtsunamioccurredinLituyaBayinAlaska.[3][7]

BlockadeofHunzariver

HotelLimoneattheLakeGarda.Part
ofahillofDevonianshalewas
removedtomaketheroad,forminga
dipslope.Theupperblockdetached
alongabeddingplaneandissliding
downthehill,formingajumbledpile
ofrockatthetoeoftheslide.

Relatedphenomena
Anavalanche,similarinmechanismtoalandslide,involvesalargeamountofice,snowandrock
fallingquicklydownthesideofamountain.
Apyroclasticflowiscausedbyacollapsingcloudofhotash,gasandrocksfromavolcanic
explosionthatmovesrapidlydownaneruptingvolcano.

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Landslidehazardanalysisandmappingcanprovideuseful
informationforcatastrophiclossreduction,andassistinthe
developmentofguidelinesforsustainablelanduseplanning.The
analysisisusedtoidentifythefactorsthatarerelatedtolandslides,
estimatetherelativecontributionoffactorscausingslopefailures,
establisharelationbetweenthefactorsandlandslides,andtopredict
thelandslidehazardinthefuturebasedonsucharelationship.[8]
Thefactorsthathavebeenusedforlandslidehazardanalysiscan
usuallybegroupedintogeomorphology,geology,landuse/land
cover,andhydrogeology.Sincemanyfactorsareconsideredfor
landslidehazardmapping,GISisanappropriatetoolbecauseithas
functionsofcollection,storage,manipulation,display,andanalysis
oflargeamountsofspatiallyreferenceddatawhichcanbehandled
fastandeffectively.[9]Remotesensingtechniquesarealsohighly
employedforlandslidehazardassessmentandanalysis.Beforeand
afteraerialphotographsandsatelliteimageryareusedtogather
landslidecharacteristics,likedistributionandclassification,and
factorslikeslope,lithology,andlanduse/landcovertobeusedto
helppredictfutureevents.[10]Beforeandafterimageryalsohelpsto
revealhowthelandscapechangedafteranevent,whatmayhave
triggeredthelandslide,andshowstheprocessofregenerationand
recovery.[11]

Deepseatedlandslideonamountain
inSehara,Kih,Japancausedby
torrentialrainofTropicalStorm
Talas

Landslideofsoilandregolithin
UsingsatelliteimageryincombinationwithGISandontheground
Pakistan
studies,itispossibletogeneratemapsoflikelyoccurrencesof
futurelandslides.[12]Suchmapsshouldshowthelocationsof
previouseventsaswellasclearlyindicatetheprobablelocationsoffutureevents.Ingeneral,topredict
landslides,onemustassumethattheiroccurrenceisdeterminedbycertaingeologicfactors,andthatfuture
landslideswilloccurunderthesameconditionsaspastevents.[13]Therefore,itisnecessarytoestablisha
relationshipbetweenthegeomorphologicconditionsinwhichthepasteventstookplaceandtheexpected
futureconditions.[14]

Naturaldisastersareadramaticexampleofpeoplelivinginconflictwiththeenvironment.Early
predictionsandwarningsareessentialforthereductionofpropertydamageandlossoflife.Because
landslidesoccurfrequentlyandcanrepresentsomeofthemostdestructiveforcesonearth,itisimperative
tohaveagoodunderstandingastowhatcausesthemandhowpeoplecaneitherhelppreventthemfrom
occurringorsimplyavoidthemwhentheydooccur.Sustainablelandmanagementanddevelopmentisan
essentialkeytoreducingthenegativeimpactsfeltbylandslides.
GISoffersasuperiormethodforlandslideanalysisbecauseitallowsonetocapture,store,manipulate,
analyze,anddisplaylargeamountsofdataquicklyandeffectively.Becausesomanyvariablesareinvolved,
itisimportanttobeabletooverlaythemanylayersofdatatodevelopafullandaccurateportrayalofwhat
istakingplaceontheEarth'ssurface.Researchersneedtoknowwhichvariablesarethemostimportant
factorsthattriggerlandslidesinanygivenlocation.UsingGIS,extremelydetailedmapscanbegenerated
toshowpasteventsandlikelyfutureeventswhichhavethepotentialtosavelives,property,andmoney.

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Globallandsliderisks

FergusonSlideon
CaliforniaStateRoute
140inJune2006

Tracksiderockslide
detectorontheUPRR
Sierragradenear
Colfax,CA

Prehistoriclandslides
LandslidewhichmovedHeartMountaintoitscurrent
location,thelargesteverdiscoveredonland.Inthe48million
yearssincetheslideoccurred,erosionhasremovedmostof
theportionoftheslide.
FlimsRockslide,ca.12km3(2.9cumi),Switzerland,some
10000yearsagoinpostglacialPleistocene/Holocene,the
largestsofardescribedinthealpsandondrylandthatcanbe
easilyidentifiedinamodestlyerodedstate.[15]
Thelandslidearound200BCwhichformedLake

RhinecuttingthroughFlims
Rockslidedebris,Switzerland

WaikaremoanaontheNorthIslandofNewZealand,wherea
largeblockoftheNgamokoRangeslidanddammedagorgeofWaikaretahekeRiver,forminga
naturalreservoirupto256metresdeep.
CheekyeFan,BritishColumbia,Canada,ca.25km2(9.7sqmi),LatePleistoceneinage.

Historicallandslides
TheGoldauonSeptember2,1806
TheCapDiamantQubecrockslideonSeptember19,1889
FrankSlide,TurtleMountain,Alberta,Canada,on29April1903
Khaitlandslide,Khait,Tajikistan,SovietUnion,onJuly10,1949
MonteToclandslide(260millionscubicmetres)fallingintotheVajontDambasininItaly,causinga
megatsunamiandabout2000deaths,onOctober9,1963
HopeSlidelandslide(46millioncubicmetres)nearHope,BritishColumbiaonJanuary9,1965.[16]
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The1966Aberfandisaster
TuvelandslideinGothenburg,SwedenonNovember30,1977.
The1979Abbotsfordlandslip,Dunedin,NewZealandonAugust8,1979.
ValPolalandslideduringValtellinadisaster(1987)Italy
Thredbolandslide,Australiaon30July1997,destroyedhostel.
Vargasmudslides,duetoheavyrainsinVargasState,Venezuela,onDecember,1999,causingtens
ofthousandsofdeaths.
2007Chittagongmudslide,inChittagong,Bangladesh,onJune11,2007.
2008CairolandslideonSeptember6,2008.
The2010Ugandalandslidecausedover100deathsfollowingheavyraininBududaregion.
ZhouqucountymudslideinGansu,ChinaonAugust8,2010.[17]
Devil'sSlide,anongoinglandslideinSanMateoCounty,California
2011RiodeJaneirolandslideinRiodeJaneiro,BrazilonJanuary11,2011,causing610deaths.[18]
2014Punelandslide,inPune,India.
2014Osomudslide,inOso,Washington

Extraterrestriallandslides
Evidenceofpastlandslideshasbeendetectedonmanybodiesinthe
solarsystem,butsincemostobservationsaremadebyprobesthat
onlyobserveforalimitedtimeandmostbodiesinthesolarsystem
appeartobegeologicallyinactivenotmanylandslidesareknownto
havehappenedinrecenttimes.BothVenusandMarshavebeen
subjecttolongtermmappingbyorbitingsatellites,andexamplesof
landslideshavebeenobservedonboth.

Landslidemitigation
Seealso
AutomaticDeformationMonitoringSystem
Californialandslides
Deformationmonitoring

Beforeandafterradarimagesofa
landslideonVenus.Inthecenterof
theimageontheright,thenew
landslide,abright,flowlikearea,can
beseenextendingtotheleftofa
brightfracture.1990image.

Earthquakeengineering
Geotechnics
Geotechnicalengineering
Huayco
Landslidedam
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Masswasting
Mudslide
Railwayslidefence
Rockslide
Slopestability
Sturzstrom
Submarinelandslide
Washaway

References
1. Historyoflandslidesusceptibilityandachorologyoflandslideprone
areasintheWesternGhatsofKerala,India

LandslideinprogressonMars,2008
0219

(http://www.springerlink.com/content/c1q6465428351032/).
EnvironmentalGeology.2008.doi:10.1007/s0025400814319.
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs0025400814319.).
2. Easterbrook,DonJ.(1999).SurfaceProcessesandLandforms.
UpperSaddleRiver:PrenticeHall.ISBN0138609586.
3. LeBas,T.P.(2007),"SlopeFailuresontheFlanksofSouthernCape
VerdeIslands",inLykousis,Vasilios,Submarinemassmovements
andtheirconsequences:3rdinternationalsymposium,Springer,
ISBN9781402065118
4. Schuster,R.L.&Krizek,R.J.(1978).Landslides:Analysisand
Control.Washington,D.C.:NationalAcademyofSciences.
5. Renwick,W.Brumbaugh,R.andLoeher,L(1982)."Landslide
MorphologyandProcessesonSantaCruzIslandCalifornia".
GeografiskaAnnaler.SeriesB,PhysicalGeography64(3/4):149

Aninfraredviewofalandslidein
theValleyoftheGeysers

159.doi:10.2307/520642(https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F520642).
JSTOR520642(https://www.jstor.org/stable/520642).
6. Johnson,B.F.(June2010)."Slipperyslopes"
(http://www.earthmagazine.org/article/slipperyslopeshowdowe
insureagainstlandslides).Earthmagazine.pp.4855.
7. Mitchell,N.(2003)Susceptibilityofmidoceanridgevolcanic
islandsandseamountstolargescalelandsliding.Journalof
GeophysicalResearch,108,123.
8. Chen,ZhaohuaWang,Jinfei(2007)."Landslidehazardmapping
usinglogisticregressionmodelinMackenzieValley,Canada".
NaturalHazards42:75.doi:10.1007/s1106900690616
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs1106900690616).
9. Clerici,APerego,STellini,CVescovi,P(2002)."Aprocedure
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forlandslidesusceptibilityzonationbytheconditionalanalysis
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(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Geomo..48..349C).
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(https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0169555X%2802%2900079X).
10. Metternicht,GHurni,LGogu,R(2005)."Remotesensingof
landslides:Ananalysisofthepotentialcontributiontogeospatial
systemsforhazardassessmentinmountainousenvironments".
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doi:10.1016/j.rse.2005.08.004
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(2002)."RemoteSensingandGISTechnologiesasToolstoSupport
SustainableManagementofAreasDevastatedbyLandslides"
(http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/35254.pdf)(PDF).
Environment,DevelopmentandSustainability4(2):221.
doi:10.1023/A:1020835932757
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1020835932757).
12. Fabbri,AndreaG.Chung,ChangJoF.Cendrero,Antonio
Remondo,Juan(2003)."IsPredictionofFutureLandslidesPossible
withaGIS?".NaturalHazards30(3):487.
doi:10.1023/B:NHAZ.0000007282.62071.75
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3ANHAZ.0000007282.62071.75).
13. Lee,STalib,JasmiAbdul(2005)."Probabilisticlandslide
susceptibilityandfactoreffectanalysis".EnvironmentalGeology47
(7):982.doi:10.1007/s002540051228z
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002540051228z).
14. Ohlmacher,G(2003)."UsingmultiplelogisticregressionandGIS
technologytopredictlandslidehazardinnortheastKansas,USA".
EngineeringGeology69(34):331.doi:10.1016/S0013
7952(03)000693(https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0013
7952%2803%29000693).
15. WeitereErkenntnisseundweitereFragenzumFlimserBergsturz
(http://www.angewandtegeologie.ch/Archiv/Volumes/vol112.htm)
A.v.Poschinger,AngewandteGeologie,Vol.11/2,2006
16. "HopeSlide"(http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/53154.html).
BCGeographicalNames.
17. "LargelandslideinGansuZhouquAugust7"
(http://www.easyseosolution.com/blog/archives/932).
Easyseosolution.com.August19,2010.
18. "Brazilmudslidedeathtollpasses450"

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18. "Brazilmudslidedeathtollpasses450"

LandslideWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

(http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/01/13/brazilflood
deaths.html).Cbc.ca.January13,2011.RetrievedJanuary13,2011.

Externallinks
UnitedStatesGeologicalSurveysite
(http://landslides.usgs.gov/)

WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoLandslide.

BritishGeologicalSurveylandslidessite
(http://www.bgs.ac.uk/landslides/)
BritishGeologicalSurveyNationalLandslideDatabase(http://www.bgs.ac.uk/landslides/NLD.html)
EuropeanSoilPortal,Landslides(http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/library/themes/LandSlides/)
BritishColumbiagovernmentlandslideinformation
(http://www.em.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Geolsurv/Surficial/landslid/)
Slide!(http://www.knowledgenetwork.ca/slide/splash.html),aprogramonB.C.'sKnowledge
Network,withvideoclips
PicturesofSlopeFailure(http://www.foundationengineering.info/photo_galleries/17/slopes/)
JTC1JointInternationalTechnicalCommitteeonNaturalSlopesandLandslides
(http://www.webforum.com/jtc1/)
LandslideblogwrittenbyProfessorDavidPetley,WilsonProfessor,DepartmentofGeography,
DurhamUniversity,UK(http://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/)
EuropeanLandslideSusceptibilityMap
(http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/library/themes/Landslides/index.html#ELSUS).Thisnewlyavailable
rastermap,calledELSUS1000,showslevelsofspatialprobabilityoflandslideoccurrenceinEU
memberstatesandneighbouringcountriesat1kmresolution.Themaphasbeenderivedthrough
spatialmulticriteriaevaluationbasedmodellingusingpanEuropeandatasetsonslopeangle,
lithology,andlandcover,alongwithover100,000landslidelocations.Ithasbeenproducedjointly
byBGR,JRC,CNRSEOSTandCNRIRPI,andisfreelyavailablefromtheEuropeanSoilPortal
togetherwithanumberofancillaryspatialdatasets.
ResearchInstituteforGeoHydrologicalProtection(IstitutodiRicercaperlaProtezione
Idrogeologica,IRPI),oftheItalianConsiglioNazionaledelleRicerche(CNR)
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landslide&oldid=655506257"
Categories: Landslides Environmentalsoilscience
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon8April2015,at13:31.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmay
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apply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisa
registeredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

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