List of Australian Inventions - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia PDF

3/19/2015
ListofAustralianinventionsWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
ListofAustralianinventions
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
ThisisalistofAustralianinventionsconsistingofproductsand
technologyinventedinAustraliafrompreEuropeansettlement
in1788tothepresent.Theinventionsarelistedinchronological
orderbasedonthedateoftheirintroduction.
Australianinventionsincludetheveryold,suchaswoomera,and
Planoftheoriginalsinglefurrow
theverynew,suchasthescramjet,firstfiredattheWoomera
stumpjumpplough
rocketrange.TheAustraliangovernmenthassuggestedthat
Australianinventivenessspringsfromthenation'sgeographyand
isolation.[1]Perhapsduetoitsstatusasanislandcontinentconnectedtotherestoftheworldonlybyair
andsea,Australianshavebeenleadersininventionsrelatingtobothmaritimeandaeronauticalmatters,
includingpoweredflight,theblackboxflightrecorder,theinflatableescapeslide,thesurfski,thewave
piercingcatamaranwingedkeel.SincetheearliestdaysofEuropeansettlement,Australia'smain
industrieshavebeenagricultureandmining,andAustralianinventionsintheseareashaveincludedthe
grainstripper,thestumpjumpplough,mechanicalsheepshears,theDethridgewaterwheel,thefroth
flotationoreseparationprocess,theinstreamoreanalysisprocessandthebuffaloflytrap.
Australianinventionsalsoincludeanumberofweaponsorweaponssystems,includingthewoomera,
thetank,andtheunderwatertorpedo.Inrecentyears,Australianshavebeenattheforefrontofmedical
technologywithinventionsincludingultrasound,thebionicear,thefirstplasticspectaclelenses,the
electronicpacemaker,themultifocalcontactlens,sprayonartificialskinandantiflumedication.
Australiansalsodevelopedanumberofusefulhouseholditems,includingVegemite,andtheprocessfor
producingpermanentlycreasedfabric.
ManyofAustralia'sinventionswererealisedbyindividualswhogetlittlecredit
orwhoareoftenoverlookedformorefamousAmericansorEuropeans.[1]
AustralianAborigineDavidUnaiponisknownas"Australia'sLeonardo"forhis
contributionstoscienceandtheAboriginalpeople.[1]Hisinventionsincludea
toolforsheepshearing,acentrifugalmotor,amultiradialwheelandmechanical
propulsiondevice.UnaiponappearsonAustralia's$50note.
TheCommonwealthScientificandIndustrialResearchOrganisation(CSIRO)is
DavidUnaipon
anAustraliangovernmentfundedinstitution.AnumberofCSIROfunded
scientistsandengineersarefeaturedinthislist.CSIROscientistsleadAustralian
researchacrossanumberofdifferentfields,andworkwithindustryandgovernmenttosolveproblems
suchasusinginsectstotackleweeds,growingmoresustainablecropsandimprovingtransportation.[1]
Contents
1Aboriginaltechnologybefore1788
2Colonialera19thcentury
320thcenturyPostFederation19011945
420thcenturyPostWorldWarII
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_inventions
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521stcentury
6References
Aboriginaltechnologybefore1788
Theoriginalinventorsoftheseuniquely
Australianinventionsareunknown.
DidgeridooThedidgeridooisawindinstrument
Adidgeridoo
ofnorthernAustralia.[2]Itissometimesdescribedas
a"dronepipe,"butmusicologistsclassifyitasan
aerophone.Traditionally,thedidgeridoowasmadebyselectingasectionof
Eucalyptusbranch,thenburiednearatermitemoundtobehollowedoutby
thetermitestoproducealong,hollowpieceofwoodsuitableforfashioning
theinstrument.
WoomeraThewoomeraisatypeofspearthrower,addingthrusttoa
spearaspartofathrowingaction.[1]
Colonialera19thcentury
1843GrainstripperJohnWrathallBullinventedandJohnRidley
manufacturedinSouthAustraliatheworld'sfirstmechanisedgrainstripper.
Itutilisedacombtolifttheearsofthecroptowhererevolvingbeaters
depositedthegrainintoabin.[3]
Mokarewithspearand
woomera,another
woomeraliesathisfeet.
1856RefrigeratorUsingtheprincipleofvapourcompression,JamesHarrisonproducedtheworld's
firstpracticalicemakingmachineandrefrigerator.[4]
1858AustralianrulesfootballbeganitsdevelopmentwhenTomWillswrotealetterpublishedin
Bell'sLifeinVictoria&SportingChronicleon10July1858,callingfora"footballclub,arifleclub,or
otherathleticpursuits"tokeepcricketersfitduringwinter.[5]Anexperimentalmatchwasplayedby
WillsandothersattheRichmondPaddock,laterknownasYarraParknexttotheMelbourneCricket
Groundon31July1858.TheMelbourneFootballClubrulesof1859aretheoldestsurvivingsetoflaws
forAustralianfootball.TheyweredrawnupattheParadeHotel,EastMelbourne,on17May,byWills,
W.J.Hammersley,J.B.ThompsonandThomasSmith.[6]TheMelbourneclubsgamewasnot
immediatelyadoptedbyneighbouringclubs.Beforeeachmatchtheruleshadtobeagreedbythetwo
teamsinvolved.By1866,severalotherclubshadagreedtoplaybyanupdatedversionofMelbourne's
rules.
1874UnderwatertorpedoInventedbyLouisBrennan,thetorpedohadtwopropellers,rotatedby
wireswhichwereattachedtowindingenginesontheshorestation.Byvaryingthespeedatwhichthe
twowireswereextracted,thetorpedocouldbesteeredtotheleftorrightbyanoperatorontheshore.[7]
1876StumpjumpploughRichardandClarenceBowyerSmithdevelopedaploughwhichcould
jumpoverstumpsandstones,enablingnewlyclearedlandtobecultivated.[8]
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1877MechanicalclippersVariousmechanicalshearingpatentswere
registeredinAustraliabeforeFrederickYorkWolseleyfinallysucceededin
developingapracticalhandpiecewithacombandreciprocatingcutter
drivenbypowertransmittedfromastationaryengine.[9]
1889ElectricdrillArthurJamesArnotpatentedtheworld'sfirst
electricdrillon20August1889whileworkingfortheUnionElectric
CompanyinMelbourne.Hedesigneditprimarilytodrillrockandtodig
coal.[10]
Statuenexttothe
MelbourneCricket
Groundonthe
approximatesiteofthe
1858"football"match
betweenMelbourne
GrammarandScotch
College.TomWillsis
depictedumpiringbehind
twoyoungplayers
contestingtheball.
1892CoolgardiesafeArthurPatrick
McCormicknoticedthatawetbagplacedovera
bottlecooleditscontents,andthecoolingwasmore
pronouncedinabreeze.TheCoolgardiesafewasa
boxmadeofwireandhessiansittinginwater,which
wasplacedonaverandahsothatanybreezewould
evaporatethewaterinthehessianandviathe
principleofevaporation,cooltheairinsidethebox.
TheCoolgardiesafewasusedintothemiddleofthe
20thcenturyasameansofpreservingfood.[11][12]
Coolgardiesafein
theWAMuseum
20thcenturyPostFederation
19011945
1902NotepadFor500years,paperhadbeensuppliedinloosesheets.LauncestonstationerJ.A.
Birchalldecidedthatitwouldbeagoodideatocutthesheetsinhalf,backthemwithcardboardandglue
themtogetheratthetop.[13]
1903FrothflotationTheprocessofseparatingmineralsfromrockbyflotationwasdevelopedby
CharlesPotterandGuillaumeDelpratinNewSouthWales.Bothworkedindependentlyatthesametime
ondifferentpartsoftheprocessfortheminingcompanyBrokenHillPty.Ltd.(BHP)[14][15]
1906FeaturefilmTheworld'sfirstfeaturelengthfilm,TheStoryofthe
KellyGang,wasalittleoveranhourlong.[16]
1906SurflifesavingreelThefirstsurflifesavingreelintheworld
wasdemonstratedatBondiBeachon23December1906byitsdesigner,
BondisurferLesterOrmsby.[13]
Stillfrom'Storyofthe
KellyGang'
1907MichellthrustblockbearingFluidfilmthrustbearingswere
inventedbyAustralianengineerGeorgeMichell.Michellbearingscontaina
numberofsectorshapedpads,arrangedinacirclearoundtheshaft,andthat
arefreetotilt.Thesecreatewedgeshapedregionsofoilinsidethebearingbetweenthepadsanda
rotatingdisk,whichsupporttheappliedthrustandeliminatemetalonmetalcontact.Thesmallsize
(onetenththesizeofoldbearingdesigns),lowfrictionandlonglifeofMichell'sinventionmade
possiblethedevelopmentoflargerpropellersandenginesinships.Theywereusedextensivelyinships
builtduringWorldWarI,andhavebecomethestandardbearingusedonturbineshaftsinshipsand
powerplantsworldwide.[17]
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1910HumespunpipemakingprocessTheHumespunprocesswas
developedbyWalterHumeofHumesLtdformakingconcretepipesofhigh
strengthandlowpermeability.Theprocessusedcentrifugalforcetoevenly
distributeconcreteontowirereinforcing,revolutionisingpipe
manufacture.[18]
Dethridgewheelin1936
1910DethridgewheelThewheel,usedto
measurethewaterflowinanirrigationchannel,
consistingofadrumonanaxle,witheightv
shapedvanesfixedtoitsoutside,wasinvented
byJohnDethridge,Commissionerofthe
VictorianStateRiversandWaterSupply
Commission.[19]
1912SurfskiHarry
McLarenandhisbrotherJackusedanearlyversion
ofthesurfskiforusearoundthefamily'soysterbeds
onLakeInnes,nearPortMacquarie,NewSouth
Wales,andthebrothersusedtheminthesurfonPort
Macquarie'sbeaches.Theboardwaspropelledina
sittingpositionwithtwosmallhandblades,which
wasprobablynotahighlyefficientmethodto
negotiatethesurf.Thedeckisflatwithabungplug
attherearandanoseringwithaleash,possibly
originallyrequiredformooring.Therailsaresquare
andthereispronouncedrocker.Theboards'obvious
buoyancyindicateshollowconstruction,withthin
boardsofcedarfixedlongtitudinallydownthe
board.[20]
Afluidfilmthrust
bearing
HarryMcLaren,thefirstmakerofsurfskis,second
fromtheleft,withRayDick,HerbRecklessand
BertMcLaren,lefttoright.1919ontheHastings
River,PortMacquarie
1912TankSouthAustralianLancedeMolesubmittedaproposaltotheBritishWarOffice,fora
'chainrailvehiclewhichcouldbeeasilysteeredandcarryheavyloadsoverroughgroundandtrenches,'
completewithextensivedrawings.TheBritishwarofficerejectedtheideaatthetime,butDeMole
madeseveralmoreproposalstotheBritishWarOfficein1914and1916,andformallyrequestedhebe
recognisedastheinventoroftheMarkItank.TheBritishRoyalCommissiononAwardstoInventors
eventuallymadeapaymentof987toDeMoletocoverhisexpensesandpromotedhimtoanhonorary
corporal.[21]
1912SelfPropelledRotaryHoeAttheageof16CliffHowardofGilgandrainventedamachine
withrotatinghoebladesonanaxlethatsimultaneouslyhoedthegroundandpulledthemachine
forward.[22]
1913AutomatictotalisatorTheworld'sfirstautomatictotalisatorforcalculatinghorseracingbets
wasmadebySirGeorgeJulius.[23]
1928ElectronicPacemakerTheheartpacemakerhadaportableapparatuswhich'pluggedintoa
lightingpoint.Onepolewasappliedtoaskinpadsoakedinstrongsaltsolution'whiletheotherpole
'consistedofaneedleinsulatedexceptatitspoint,andwasplungedintotheappropriatecardiac
chamber'.'Thepacemakerratewasnotgoodfromabout80to120pulsesperminute,andlikewisethe
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voltagevariablefrom1.5to120volts.'Theapparatuswasusedtoreviveapotentiallystillborninfantat
CrownStreetWomen'sHospital,Sydneywhoseheartcontinued'tobeatonitsownaccord','attheendof
10minutes'ofstimulation.[24]
1930ClapperboardThewoodenmarkerusedtosynchronisesoundandfilm
wasinventedbyFrankThringSrofEffteeStudiosinMelbourne.[25]
195153Holden
Ute
1934CouputilityThecarbodystyle,known
colloquiallyastheuteinAustraliaandNewZealand,
combinesatwodoor"coup"cabinwithanintegral
cargobedbehindthecabinusingalightduty
Clapperboard
passengervehiclederivedplatform.Itwasdesignedby
LewisBrandtattheFordMotorCompanyinGeelong,
Victoria.ThefirstuterolledofftheFordproductionlinesin1934.Theidea
camefromaGeelongfarmer'swifewhowrotetoFordin1933advisingtheneed
foranewsortofvehicletotakeher'tochurchonSundaysandpigstomarketon
Mondays.'[26]
1938PolocrosseInspiredbyatrainingexercisewitnessedattheNationalSchoolofEquitationat
KingstonValenearLondon,Mr.andMrs.EdwardHirstofSydneyinventedthecombinationpoloand
lacrossesportwhichwasfirstplayedatIngleburnnearSydneyin1939.[27]
1940ZincCreamThiswhitesunblockmadefromzincoxidewasdevelopedbytheFauldings
pharmaceuticalcompany.[28]
1943SplaydThecombinationofknife,forkandspoonwasinventedby
WilliamMcArthurafterseeingladiesstruggletoeatatbarbecueswith
standardcutleryfromplatesontheirlaps.[29]
20thcenturyPostWorldWarII
1945HillsHoistThefamousHillsHoistrotaryclotheslinewitha
windingmechanismallowingtheframetobeloweredandraisedwithease
wasdevelopedbyLanceHillin1945,althoughtheclotheslinedesignitself
wasoriginallypatentedbyGilbertToyneinAdelaidein1926.[30]
Splaydgiftpack
1952AtomicAbsorptionSpectrophotometerTheatomicabsorption
spectrophotometerisacomplexanalyticalinstrumentincorporatingmicro
computerelectronicsandprecisionopticsandmechanics,usedinchemical
analysistodeterminelowconcentrationsofmetalsinawidevarietyof
substances.ItwasfirstdevelopedbySirAlanWalshoftheCSIRO.[31]
Atomicabsorption
spectroscopy
1953SolarhotwaterDevelopedbyateamattheCSIROledbyRoger
NMorse[32]
1955DistanceMeasuringEquipment(DME)Inventedanddeveloped
byEdwardGeorgeBowenoftheCSIRO,thefirstDMEnetwork,operatinginthe200MHzband,
becameoperationalinAustralia.[33]
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1956PneumaticbroadacreairseederInventedandpatentedbyAlbertFussin1956,the
lightweightairseederusesaspinningdistributor,blewtheseedsthroughapipeintotheplatingtynes.It
wasfirstusedthatsameyeartosowwheatnearDalbyinQueensland.[34]
1957FlameionisationdetectorTheflameionisationdetectorisoneofthemostaccurate
instrumentseverdevelopedforthedetectionofemissions.ItwasinventedbyIanMcWilliam.The
instrument,whichcanmeasureonepartin10million,hasbeenusedinchemicalanalysisinthe
petrochemicalindustry,medicalandbiochemicalresearch,andinthemonitoringoftheenvironment.[35]
1957Woolclothingwithapermanentcrease"SiroSet,"theprocessforproducingpermanently
creasedfabric,wasinventedbyDrArthurFarnworthoftheCSIRO.[36]
1958BlackboxflightrecorderThe'blackbox'voiceandinstrument
datarecorderwasinventedbyDrDavidWarreninMelbourne.[37]
1960PlasticspectaclelensesTheworld'sfirstplasticspectaclelenses,
60percentlighterthanglasslenses,weredesignedbyScientificOptical
LaboratoriesinAdelaide.[38]
Cockpitvoicerecorder
1961UltrasoundDavidRobinsonandGeorgeKossoff'sworkattheAustralianDepartmentof
Health,resultedinthefirstcommerciallypracticalwaterpathultrasonicscannerin1961.[39]
1965InflatableescapeslideTheinflatableaircraftescapeslidewhichdoublesasaraftwas
inventedbyJackGrantofQantas.[40]
1965WinecaskInventedbyThomasAngoveofRenmark,South
Australia,thewinecaskisacardboardboxhousingaplasticcontainer
whichcollapsesasthewineisdrawnoff,thuspreventingcontactwiththe
air.Angroves'originaldesignwitharesealablespoutwasreplacedwitha
tapbythePenfoldswinecompanyin1972[41]
4LofAustralianwhite
wine
1970StaysharpknifeTheselfsharpeningknifewasdevelopedby
Wiltshire.[42]
1971VariablerackandpinionsteeringThevariableratiorackand
pinionsteeringinmotorvehiclesallowingsmoothsteeringwithminimalfeedbackwasinventedby
Australianengineer,ArthurBishop.[43]
1972OrbitalengineTheorbitalinternalcombustionprocessenginewasinventedbyengineer
RalphSarichofPerth,WesternAustralia.Thesystemusesasinglepistontodirectlyinjectfuelinto5
orbitingchambers.Ithasneverchallengedthedominanceoffourstrokecombustionenginesbuthas
replacedmanytwostrokeengineswithamoreefficient,powerfulandcleanersystem.Orbitalengines
nowappearinboats,motorcyclesandsmallcars.[44]
1972InstreamanalysisTospeedupanalysisofmetalsduringtherecoveryprocess,whichusedto
takeupto24hours,AmdelLimiteddevelopedanonthespotanalysisequipmentcalledtheInStream
AnalysisSystem,fortheprocessingofcopper,zinc,leadandplatinumandthewashingofcoal.This
computerisedsystemallowedcontinuousanalysisofkeymetalsandmeantgreaterproductivityforthe
mineralindustryworldwide.
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1972PowerboardPeterTalbot,workingunderFrankBanniganat
Kambrook,inventedthepowerboard.Thisallowsmultipleelectrical
devicestobepoweredwhereonlyasinglewallsocketisavailable.Thisisa
wellknownexampleoffailingtoprotectintellectualproperty.Kambrook
wasmoreinterestedinimmediatecommercialreleasethanpatentingitsidea
andhasneverreceivedanyroyaltiesfromthisnowubiquitousproduct.[45]
1974SuperSopperGordonWithnallattheageof56inventedthe
SuperSopper,agiantrollingspongeusedtoquicklysoakupwaterfrom
sportinggroundssothatplaycancontinue.[46]
AnAustralianpower
boardoneofmanynot
manufacturedby
Kambrook
1978SynrocThesyntheticceramicSynrocthatincorporatesradioactivewasteintoitscrystal
structurewasinventedin1978byateamledbyDrTedRingwoodattheAustralianNational
University.[47]
1979DigitalsamplerTheFairlightCMI(ComputerMusical
Instrument)wasthefirstpolyphonicdigitalsamplingsynthesizer.Itwas
designedin1979bythefoundersofFairlight,PeterVogelandKimRyriein
Sydney,Australia.[48]
FairlightCMIkeyboard
1979RaceCamRaceCamwasdevelopedbyGeoffHealey,anengineer
withAustralianTelevisionNetworkSeveninSydney.Thetinylightweight
cameraisusedinsportsbroadcastsandprovidesviewerswithspectacular
viewsofeventssuchasmotorracing,whichareimpossiblewith
conventionalcameras.[49]
1979BionicearThecochlearimplantwasinventedbyProfessor
GraemeClarkoftheUniversityofMelbourne.[50]
1980DualflushtoiletBruceThompson,workingforCaromain
Australia,developedtheDuosetcistern,withtwobuttons,andtwoflush
volumesasawatersavingmeasure,nowresponsibleforsavingsinexcess
of32000litresofwaterperhouseholdperyear.[51]
1980WavepiercingcatamaranThefirsthighspeed,stable
catamaransweredevelopedbyPhillipHercusandRobertCliffordofIncat
inTasmania.[52]
Illustrationofinternal
partsofacochlear
implant
1981CPAPmaskProfessorColinSullivanofSydneyUniversity
developedtheContinuousPositiveAirflowPressure(CPAP)mask.The
CPAPsystemfirstdevelopedbySullivanhasbecomethemostcommontreatmentforsleepdisordered
breathing.Theinventionwascommercialisedin1989byAustralianfirmResMed,whichiscurrently
oneoftheworld'stwolargestsuppliersofCPAPtechnology.[53][54][55]
1983WingedKeelBenLexcendesignedawingedkeelthathelpedAustraliaIIendtheNewYork
YachtClub's132yearownershipoftheAmerica'sCup.Thekeelgavetheyachtbettersteeringand
manoeuvrabilityinheavywinds.[56]
1984FrozenembryobabyTheworld'sfirstfrozenembryobabywasborninMelbourneon28
March1984[57]
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1984BabySafetyCapsuleIn1984,forthefirsttimebabieshada
bassinettewithanairbubbleinthebaseandaharnessthatdistributedforces
acrossthebassinetteprotectingthebaby.NewSouthWalespublichospitals
nowrefusetoallowparentstakeababyhomebycarwithoutone.[58]
WingedkeelofAustralia
II
1985TechnegasTechnegasisaninhalableaerosolradioactivelylabelled
withtheisotope99mTc,andisemployedinnuclearmedicineimagingfor
lungventilationscanning.Technegaslungscansinconjunctionwithlung
perfusionscansdemonstratethepresenceofthelifethreateningconditionof
pulmonaryembolism.TechnegaswasinventedinAustraliabyDrRichard
FawdryandDrBillBurch.[59]
1986GeneshearsThediscoveryofgeneshearswasmadebyCSIROscientists,WayneGerlachand
JimHaseloff.SocalledhammerheadribozymesarebitsofgeneticmaterialthatinterruptaDNAcodeat
aparticularpoint,andcanbeusedtocutoutgenesthatcausediseaseorharmfulproteins.[60]
1988PolymerbanknoteThedevelopmentofthepolymerbanknotewasmadebyCSIROscientists
ledbyDr.DavidSolomon.SecurencyPtyLtd,ajointventurebetweentheReserveBankofAustralia
(RBA)andUCB,broughtthenoteintofullproductionandpolymerbanknotesarenowusedin30
countriesbesidesAustralia.Thechiefadvantagesarehighcounterfeitingresistanceandlonger
circulationlifetimes.[61][62]
1989PolilightforensiclampRonWarrenderandMilutinStoilovic,forensicscientistsatthe
AustralianNationalUniversityinCanberra,developedUnilitewhichcouldbesettojusttheright
wavelengthtoshowfingerprintsupwellagainstanybackground.RofinAustraliaPtyLtd,developed
thisproductintotheportablePolilightwhichshowsupinvisiblecluessuchasfingerprintsandwriting
thathasbeenscribbledover,aswellasreworkedsectionsonpaintings.[63]
1991BuffaloflytrapIn1991theCSIROdevelopedalowtechtranslucentplastictentwithadark
innertunnellinedwithbrushes.Whenacowwalksthrough,thebrushedfliesflyupwardstowardthe
lightandbecometrappedinthesolarheatedplasticdomewheretheyquicklydiefromdesiccation
(dryingout)andfalltotheground,whereantseatthem.[64]
1992MultifocalcontactlensTheworld'sfirstmultifocalcontactlenswasinventedbyoptical
researchscientist,StephenNewmaninQueensland.[65]
1992SprayonskinDevelopedbyDrFionaWoodatRoyalPerthHospital[66]
1992ProductActivationPatentedbyRicRichardsonofSydney'snorthernbeachesinitiallyto
allowdigitaldistributionofhisownsoftware.Nowtheprocessisusedbythemajorityofsoftware
publishersintheworld.[67]
1992WiFiAmethoddevelopedbyCSIROresearchersusedto"unsmear"radiowavesthatechooff
indoorsurfaceswaspatented.[68][69]ThismethodhascausedWiFitobeattributedasanAustralian
invention,[70]althoughtheWiFitrademark,underwhichmostproductsaresold,isundertheownership
oftheWiFiAlliancebasedinAustin,Texas.[71]
1993UnderwaterPCTheworld'sfirstunderwatercomputerwithafivebuttonhandheldkeypad
wasdevelopedbyBruceMacdonaldattheAustralianInstituteofMarineScience.[72]
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1993FrazierlensTheFrazierlensisaspecialcameralensdesignedbyAustralianphotographerJim
Frazier.TheFrazierlensprovidesamassivedepthoffield,allowingtheforegroundandbackgroundof
animagetobeinfocus.Frazier'slenseshavebeenwidelyusedinHollywoodandwildlife
cinematography.[73]
1995EXELGRAMTheworld'smostsophisticatedopticalanticounterfeitingtechnologywas
developedbytheCSIRO.[74]
1995GenesilencingACSIROteamledbyDrPeterWaterhousediscoveredthatdoublestranded
RNAwasthetriggerforRNAinterference(RNAi)orgenesilencing.[75]
1995JindaleeRadarSystemDevelopedbyScientistsattheCSIRO,theJindaleeRadarSystem
detectsstealthaircraftandmissilesbysearchingfortheairturbulencegeneratedbysuchvehicles.[76]
1996AntifluMedicationRelenzawasdevelopedbyateamofscientistsattheVictorianCollegeof
PharmacyatMonashUniversityinMelbourne.TheteamwasledbyMarkvonItzsteininassociation
withtheCSIRO.RelenzawasdiscoveredasapartoftheAustralianbiotechnologycompanyBiota's
projecttodevelopantiviralagentsviarationaldrugdesign.[77]
21stcentury
2002ScramjetOn30July2002,theUniversityofQueensland'sHyShot
teamandtheirinternationalpartnersconductedthefirsteversuccessfultest
flightofascramjet.Thistestwasconductedattherocketrangeinoutback
SouthAustraliacalledWoomera.[78][79]
2003BlastGlassAballisticandblastresistantglasssystemwasinvented
byPeterStephinson.Unlikeconventionalbulletproofglassitincorporatesan
aircavitytoabsorbtheshockwaveofexplosions,andwaseffectivein
protectingtheAustralianEmbassyintheJakartabombingsof2004.[80]
2006CervicalCancerVaccineProfessorIanFrazerfromUniversityof
QueenslandtheworkingwithresearchersintheUScreatedapreventativefor
cervicalcancer.Thecommercialapplication,Gardasil,isavaccinetowork
againstcertaintypesofhumanpapillomavirus(HPV).[81]
HyshottrialPhase2
2010RoboticVisualHorizonAnautomatedsystemthatallowsunmannedaeroplanestoperform
complexmanouvreswasadaptedfromthewayabee'sbrainprocessesvisualinformationduringflight
byresearchersandengineersattheVisionCentre,theQueenslandBrainInstituteandtheSchoolof
InformationTechnologyandElectricalEngineeringattheUniversityofQueensland.[82]
2011AntiHackingSoftwareKernelNationalICTAustralia(NICTA),andOpenKernelLabs(OK
Labs)releasedtheseL4microkernel,asmalloperatingsystemkernelwhichregulatesaccesstoa
computershardwareandisabletodistinguishbetweentrustedanduntrustedsoftware,allowingsecure
financialorsecretdatatobeusedonthesameplatformaseverydayapplications,protectingthesecure
datafromhackers.[83]
2012QuantumbitAteamofAustralianscientistsbuiltthefirstquantumbit,thebasicunitof
quantumcomputing,usingasinglephosphorusatomimplantedintoasiliconchip.Researchleaders
includeAndrewDzurakoftheUniversityofSydneyandAndreaMorellooftheUniversityofNSW.[84]
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2012HegScottBoocockcameupwiththeideaofaclothespegwithahookwhilehewashangingup
ablackgarmentforhiswife.Heneededahook,sothatpegmarkswouldnotbeleftonthegarment.The
heg(hookedpeg)wentintoproductioninSeptember2013andwasaGoldWinnerintheSouth
AustralianDesignAwards2013.[85]
2013BloodtesttopreventstillbirthAMelbournemedicalresearchinstitution,MercyHealth,
identifiedamethodofanalysingRNAfragmentsinamother'sbloodthatindicatesoxygenandnutrient
deprivationinthefoetus.[86]
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