STYLESHEET

1. CITATIONS
Footnotes should be numbered serially in each chapter. The following
conventions should be followed.
A. When a source appears the first time in the footnote (a) give the full
name of the author in its normal order, beginning with initials and ending
with the surname, (b) cite reference details: full title of the source, place
of publication, year of publication. Published books are underlined or
italicized, names of articles are enclosed within quotation marks.
Example:
R. McC. Adams, Heartland of Cities, Chicago, 1981, pp. 130-38.
S. Robins, `Agricultural production' in C. Bhatt ed., Rural Economics,
Bombay, 1980.
E P Thompson, `Moral economy of the English crowd in the eighteenth
century', Past and Present (PP), 50, 1971.
B. After the first reference, it is not necessary to repeat the full name of
the author, publisher and date of publication. Use (i) the surname of
authors, (ii) shortened title of the essay/ book, in case several books by
the came author are being cited, (iii) op.cit., if only one essay /book by
an author is cited. (iv) ibid., when reference is to a source/authority cited
in the immediately preceding footnote (it should not be used if the
preceding footnote refers to more than one work), (v) abbreviated initials
of journal titles.
Example:
Adams, Heartland.
Robins, op.cit., p.30.
Thompson, `Moral economy'.
Please do not use Latin abbreviations other than ibid. and op. cit.
C. Titles of unpublished papers, Ph.D. dissertations, private papers,
archival records and other unpublished sources are not underlined. For
records and manuscripts, reference details are to be mentioned in full,
and in a consistent order through the text.
If you have several abbreviations of titles cited, please give a list at the
beginning of the notes/references.
2. BIBLIOGRAPHY:
A consolidated alphabetical list of all books, articles, essays, and theses referred to
(including any referred to in the tables, graphs, and maps) should be provided. It

should be typed in double-spacing and will be printed at the end of the

thesis/dissertation.
A. Records/manuscripts/reports consulted should be listed according to
the type of source and their location.
Books and articles should be listed according to author surnames and
organized alphabetically. Unlike footnotes, in the bibliography, initials
should follow surnames. In case there are more than one author, reverse
the surname and initials of the first author, but not of the second.
Clapham, J. H. An Economic History of Modern Britain (3 vols.),
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951.
Corrigan, Philip and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: The English State
Formation as Cultural Revolution, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1985.
Thompson E.P., `Moral economy of the English crowd in the eighteenth
century', Past and Present, 50, 1971.
When several books by the same author are cited, the references should
be listed according to the chronological order of their publication.
B. Use capital for all key words in the titles of books and journals. For
articles, manuscripts, theses, and unpublished papers use capital only to
begin proper nouns and the first word of the title. If a reference
comprises more than one volume, the entry must state the total number
of volumes comprising the reference (see example above).
C. Titles of books and journals are italicized; unpublished
theses/papers/manuscripts are not. Titles of articles are enclosed within
quotations, not underlined (see example above).
D. Further examples:
I.

FOR PUBLISHED SOURCES in the bibliography at the end the

following examples illustrate the style to be followed:

(a) Books:
Arasaratnam, S., Merchants, Companies and Commerce on the
Coromandel Coast 1650-1740, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1986, pp.
123-28.
(Note: If a book is published simultaneously at different places, one or at
most two of them may be cited.)

(b) Edited Volumes:

Troll, C.W. , ed., Muslim Shrines in India: Their Character, History and
Significance, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989.
(c) Articles in Journals:
Maharatna, Arup, 'The demography of the Bengal famine of 1943-44: A
detailed study', The Indian Economic and Social History Review
(henceforth IESHR), Vol. 31:2, 1994, pp. 169-215. (Note: As illustrated
in this example, the names of journals need be cited in full only on first
occurrence.

In all subsequent references to articles from the same

journal, only the initials or known short forms of the journals are to be
used.)
(d) Articles in Edited Volumes:
Weber, S., 'Demarcations: Deconstruction, institutionalization and
ambivalence', in G. Lenz and K. Shell, eds, The Crisis of Modernity,
Frankfurt and Boulder: Westview, 1986, p. 302.
II.

REFERENCE TO UNPUBLISHED DISSERTATIONS AND

THESES

Sinha, Nandini, The Guhila Lineages and Emergence of State in Early

Medieval Mewar: A.D. 7th century-A.D. 13th century, unpublished M.Phil.
Dissertation, Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University,
1988, Chap. 4.
3. SPELLINGS: Where alternative forms exist, choose -ize spellings instead of
'ise. This means that most words with that ending will be spelt with a z. (civilize,
commercialize, organize). However, please look out for exceptions such as comprise,
supervise and incise, where the 's' is not an ending but part of the root. Use British
spellings rather than American (hence, programme not program, labour not
labor, and centre and not center).

4. ITALICS: Avoid excessive italicization for emphasis but use them for book titles
and foreign words, unless particular terms occur so frequently that they are better in
upright (roman) type. Proper nouns in a foreign language should always be in roman.
We also prefer to set common terms such as status quo, a prior and et al. in
roman; ibid. however, will be in italics.
5. HYPHENATION: Please pay attention to consistency in the hyphenation of
words.

Do

not

alternate,

for

example,

between

macro-economic

macroeconomic, decision making and decision-making.

and

(A distinction is,

however, often made between noun and attributive adjective: for example:

the

middle class but middle class ethics.)

6. ABBREVIATIONS: Include a final stop in abbreviations (words shortened by
omitting the end), such as p., vol. and ed., but not in contractions (words shortened by
omitting the middle), such as Mr, Dr, edn, eds and Rs. No stops are needed between
capitals: e.g., CPI, INTUC, MLA.

Short forms likely to be unfamiliar to some

readers should be spelt out in full the first time they occur. Please avoid i.e. and
e.g. in the text but use them in notes if you wish. If few in number, list abbreviations
early in the notes. Alternatively, they can be introduced at first use e.g., Indian
Office Library and Records (hereafter IOLR) or Board of Revenue Proceedings
(hereafter BRP).
7. NUMBERS: Write numbers in figure (rather than words) for exact measurements
and series of quantities, including percentages. In more general description, numbers
below 100 should be spelt out in words. In text use per cent; in tables the symbol
%. Write 0.8 rather than .8, except for levels of probability. Use lower-case
italics for p (probability) and n (number). Use fuller forms for numbers and dates
e.g., 1780-88, pp. 178-84, and pp. 200-2.
8. DATES: Give specific dates in the form 10 September 1760. Decades may be
referred to as either 'the eighties' or 'the 1880s'. Spell out the 'nineteenth century', etc.
9. QUOTATIONS:
A. The basic form of a quotation is determined by its length.

Short quotations (up to four lines): (i) incorporate the quote into a
sentence or paragraph framework, without disrupting the flow of the text
(ii) use quotation marks at the beginning and the end of the quotation
(iii) use the same spacing as the rest of the text.
Long quotation (over four lines): (i) break off the quote from the
paragraph (ii) indent the quote three spaces from the left (iii) use single
line spacing (iv) do not use quotation marks.
B. Omissions: To indicate omission of words from the original quote,
ellipsis, use three points. When three points are used at the end of an
incomplete sentence, a fourth full point should not be added; the first full
point should be preceded by a space. Where the sentence is complete, the
closing point is set close up, followed by three points for omission.
If words are omitted at the beginning of a quote, there is no need to use
three points; just begin the quote with a lower case letter. This would
indicate that the quote begins mid-sentence.
C. Punctuation: While quoting the following system of punctuation may
be followed.
(i) When the quotation is not a complete sentence, the final full stop
comes outside the quotation mark:
Example: This is said to be the `post-modern condition'.
(ii) When a comma breaks the enveloping sentence, and is not part of the
quotation, the comma is placed outside the quotation marks:
Example: `I am inclined', Field remarks, `to be suspicious.'
(iii) When the final stop is part of the quotation, ending a complete
sentence, the full stop is placed inside the quotation marks. (See previous
example)
(iii) When a comma is part of the quotation, the comma is placed inside
the quotation marks:
Example: `I felt that, all things considered,' the Doctor continues, `he
was to be congratulated'; and we cannot but agree.
D. Interpolations: In general the words, spellings and punctuations of the
original text are to be reproduced in the quotations. In case the tense of
the quotation does not fit the introduction to the quotation, or if a nonspecific pronoun is used, interpolations may be used in the quoted
material. Every interpolation has to be enclosed in square brackets.

Errors in the original text should not be corrected in the quote. Insert
[sic] after the error in the quote.
E. Use single quotation marks, reserving double quotation marks for quoted words
within a quotation. Spellings of words in quotation should not be changed
Further Reading:
Rael, Patrick, Reading, Writing and Researching for History, Bowdoin, 2004
http://academic.bowdoin.edu/WritingGuides
Truss, Lynne, Eats, Shoots and Leaves, London: Fourth Estate, 2009
Gowers, Ernest, The Complete Plain Words, 2002
Anderson, J, B. Durston and M. Poole, Thesis and Assignment Writing,
Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi, 1986.